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Topic: The Canon of Medicine

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Avicenna

Early Muslim medicine

The Book of Healing

History of medicine

Ibn Sina

Rhazes

Pedanius Dioscorides

History of traditional Chinese medicine

John Scotus Eriugena

Galen

George Sarton

Robert Koch

Timeline of medicine and medical technology

William Harvey

Medieval

	Avicenna article - Avicenna Persian 980 1037 Persian Book Healing Canon Medicine Persia - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Every evening extracts from his great works, the Canon and the Sanatio, were dictated and explained to his pupils; among whom, when the lesson was over, he spent the rest of the night in festive enjoyment with a band of singers and players.
		But the Canon of Avicenna is distinguished from the Al-Hawi (Continens) or Summary of Rhazes by its greater method, due perhaps to the logical studies of the former, and entitling him to his surname Of Prince of the Physicians.
		The best-known amongst them, and that to which Avicenna owed ‘his European reputation, is the Canon of Medicine; an Arabic edition of it appeared at Rome in 1593, and a Hebrew version at Naples in 1491.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Ibn_Sina (2643 words)

	The Canon of Medicine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Canon of Medicine (original title in Arabic: "qanun fil tibb") is a book by the Persian scientist Ibn Sina (Avicenna) in the 10th century.
		The principles of medicine described by him ten centuries ago in this book, are still taught at UCLA and Yale University, among others, as part of the history of medicine.
		The earliest known copy of the Canon of Medicine dated 1052 is held in the collection of the Aga Khan and is to be housed in the Aga Khan Museum planned for Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicine (844 words)

	"Avicenna's Canon of Medicine."
		Avicenna begins The Canon with a definition of the science of medicine: Medicine (tibb) is the science by which we learn the various states of the human body in health and when not in health, and the means by which health is likely to be lost, and when lost, is likely to be restored.
		It merely means that such a medicine, after having been acted upon by the innate heat [metabolised], fails to produce any material change in the normal state of the body, and that its pharmacological actions remain within the limits of the normal human temperament.
		A medicine which, for example, is cold for a human being may be hot for a scorpion, while a medicine which is hot for the human being may be cold for a serpent.
	www.traditionalmedicine.net.au /canonavi.htm (3611 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Medicine and Canon Law
		In the early centuries the practice of medicine by clerics, whether secular or regular, was not treated with disapproval by the Church, nor was it at all uncommon for them to devote a considerable part of their time to the medical avocation.
		This general prohibition is extended to all clerics, inasmuch as the art of medicine is of its nature secular and, moreover, involves the danger of incurring an irregularity (c.
		The canons also declare that when a physician is paid by the public community, he is bound to treat ecclesiastics gratis, though the bishop may allow them to make voluntary contributions.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/10142a.htm (1590 words)

	Arabian Medicine in the Middle Ages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Medicine was mainly performed by ‘the quack', barbers and keepers of baths.
		Performers of the Art of Medicine were able to distinguish a large number of diseases, some of which they had learned of from ancient medical sources, and others, like small-pox, meningitis, whooping cough and hay fever which they were the first to distinguish and describe correctly in the history of medicine 5.
		The Canon was the definitive codification of all Greco-Arabic Medicine, and formed half of the medical curriculum of European Universities in the latter part of the fifteenth century 1.
	www.globalcomment.com /science&technology/article_14.asp (3927 words)

	Medicine
		Traditional Chinese medicine is an important part of the cultural heritage of the naton.
		Chinese medicine is based on the theories of yin (negative) and yang (positive), and of the five elements: metal, wood, water, fire, and earth.
		Guided by these two theories, doctors of traditional Chinese medicine emphasize not only local treatment but treament of the whole body, which is aimed at readjusting its balance.Attention is also paid to the season of the year, the environment, and living conditions of thw patient.
	www.pasadena.edu /chinese/cultural/medicine.html (2657 words)

	Contributions of Islam To Medicine
		Medicine, as it stands today, did not develop overnight, It is the culmination of efforts of millions of people, some we know and others we do not.
		The third stage is the stage of decline where medicine, as well as other branches of science, became stagnant and deteriorated.
		This is particularly true in the history of medicine during the Arab period.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Parthenon/4482/article32.htm (1907 words)

	Course Proposal: Medicine in China
		Although the "Classics" of Chinese medicine were compiled between the Han and Tang periods, centuries during which medicine continued to change in China, it has been difficult for scholars to unravel many of the conceptual and practical changes that occurred across these centuries.
		For an introduction to canonical medicine, we will rely primarily on an ahistorical presentation of the basic concepts in Chinese medicine by Ted Kaptchuk, and compare his analyses with those of other scholars and of primary texts in translation.
		The Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor (or as Veith translates it, The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine), largely compiled in the second and first centuries b.c.e., came to be viewed as the highest authority in canonical medicine.
	www.albion.edu /history/chimed/tjhsyll.html (2587 words)

	Niclaus Copernicus
		Canon of cathedral of Frauenburg (1497); studied canon law, medicine in Italy; adviser and secretary to uncle, Lucas Waczenrode, bishop of Ermeland (1503-12).
		After he was elected a canon through his uncle's influence, he had sufficient income to devote more of his time to astronomy, his first love.
		From 1501 to 1503 Nicolaus was in Padua and Ferrara studying medicine and jurisprudence.
	www.thocp.net /biographies/copernicus_nicolaus.htm (1986 words)

	Islamic Medical Manuscripts : Catalogue - Encycolopedias 8
		The Canon of Medicine was widely read by Europeans in the Latin translation of Gerard of Cremona made in the 12th century.
		The National Library of Medicine has one of the few complete copies (MS A 53) -- a carefully executed copy probably made at the beginning of the 15th century in a Timurid workshop in Iran.
		In the Canon of Medicine by Avicenna, the discussions of anatomy are scattered throughout the huge encyclopaedia, with the anatomy of a particular organ being discussed in the section concerned with diseases particular to that organ.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /hmd/arabic/E8.html (1646 words)

	Introduction to Islam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		He synthesized Islamic medicine in his major masterpiece, al-Qanun fi'ltibb (The Canon of Medicine), which is the most famous of all medical books in history.
		Islamic medicine continued in Persia and the other eastern lands of the Islamic world under the influence of Ibn Sina with the appearance of major Persian medical compendia such as the Treasury of Sharaf al-Din al-Jurjani and the commentaries upon the Canon by Fakhr al-Din al-Razi and Qutb al Din al-Shirazi.
		Islamic medicine combined the use of drugs for medical purposes with dietary considerations and a whole lifestyle derived from the teachings of Islam to create a synthesis which has not died out to this day despite the introduction of modern medicine into most of the Islamic world.
	www.iad.org /Islam/medicine.html (960 words)

	ISLAMIC MEDICINE
		The period of decline: during which the knowlege of Islamic Medicine was translated into european languages and became the basis of further development and discoveries and ultimately led to basis for the development of Modern Medicine.
		The Canon was translated into Latin by Gerard of Cremora and Andrea Alpago and remained the standard textbook of medicine in Louvain and Montpellier until the 17th Century.
		Under modern medicine such a concept would be unacceptable or at least untenable; because in modern medicine causation of disease is related to etilogical agents or factors.
	www.iiim.org /islamed3.html (6705 words)

	Medicine and Health
		Medicine and health care were perhaps the highest scientific achievement of the Muslims during the Middle Ages.
		Ibn Sina's portrait is in the hall of the Faculty of Medicine in the University of Paris.
		See a more detailed biography which tells about his work and his Canon of Medicine which was used as a medical text throughout Europe for centuries, and for a good image.
	www.sfusd.k12.ca.us /schwww/sch618/Medicine/Medicine_and_Health.html (2340 words)

	American Journal of Chinese Medicine: Anesthetic and Analgesic Practices in Avicenna's Canon of Medicine
		Abstract: Anesthetic and analgesic practices during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance are presented from a translation of the relevant sections of the Canon of Medicine by Avicenna (980-1037) one of the most widely read and authoritative textbooks of the period.
		While he made no major discoveries, he stands out in the history of medicine as a figure whose stature is almost as great as Hippocrates and Galen in being able, through his writings, to influence and dominate medical thought, knowledge and practice for many centuries.
		The success of the Canon as a textbook of medicine was phenomenal and unprecedented and was due to its comprehensiveness no less than to its organization, classifications and easy-to-use format.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0HKP/is_1_28/ai_65014423 (465 words)

	avicenna
		A treatise on the first volume of the Canon was written by O Cameron Gruner, a British medical doctor who was introduced to the medical teachings of Avicenna and who translated the first volume from Latin and wrote an extensive commentary on the book.
		The Canon and other of Avicenna's works became the basis of thought in most of the medieval schools of thought, especially that of the Franciscans.
		The Canon of Avicenna is the medical authority for all therapeutics, and its influence upon the development of all medicine cannot be overestimated.
	www.unani.com /avicenna.htm (898 words)

	islam-usa.com
		For example, in Syria, medicine was advanced and was greatly influenced by the Byzantine civilization which affected also the economic and administrative systems (Hammameh 1962).
		He defined medicine as "the art concerned in preserving healthy bodies, in combating disease, and in restoring health to the sick." He thus showed the three aspects of medicine namely, public health, preventive medicine, and treatment of specific diseases.
		In a Treatise on the Canon of Medicine by Gruner it is stated by Avicenna under the article 8l4 ANESTHETICS:"If it is desirable to get a person unconscious quickly, without him being harmed, add sweet smelling moss to the wine, or lignum aloes.
	www.islam-usa.com /im3.html (10372 words)

	ATGCI > Avicenna (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		He composed the Kitab ash-shifa` ("Book of Healing"), a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopedia, and the Canon of Medicine, which is among the most famous books in the history of medicine.
		It is a systematic encyclopedia based for the most part on the achievements of Greek physicians of the Roman imperial age and on other Arabic works and, to a lesser extent, on his own experience (his own clinical notes were lost during his journeys).
		In medicine the Canon became the medical authority for several centuries, and Avicenna enjoyed an undisputed place of honor equaled only by the early Greek physicians Hippocrates and Galen.
	www.atgci.org /avicenna.htm (1638 words)

	Herbal shop - A Comprehensive guide to Traditional Chinese Medicinal Herbs
		More than 2,000 years ago Canon of Medicine, the earliest of the extant medical classics in China was produced.
		It has exerted a great influence upon the medicine of acupuncture and moxibustion all over the world.It was stipulated by the Japanese authorities as early as 701 A.D. as one of the required reading books for B.M. candidates.
		In the last 100 years, with the widespread use of Western medicine in China, a new situation has arisen in which TCM and Western medicine are developing side by side.
	www.herbalshop.com /tcm/AboutChineseHerb_2.htm (1269 words)

	Avicenna
		That textbook called the Canon of Medicine (Laws of Medicine), forms the basis of modern medicine.
		This 'Canon', with its encyclopaedic content, its systematic arrangement and philosophical plan, soon worked its way into a position of pre-eminence in the medical literature of the age displacing the works of Galen, al-Razi and al-Majusi, and becoming the text book for medical education in the schools of Europe.
		The Canon became the standard of medical science and was on par with works of Hippocrates (460–377 B.C.) and Galen (129–199 A.D.) in all important libraries of European universities.
	www.cidpusa.org /avicenna.htm (482 words)

	Medicine in Azerbaijan: A Brief Historical Overview by Dr. Nigar Efendiyev
		To use traditional medicine during the Soviet power was interpreted to mean that the Soviet doctors were not capable of treating people.
		In the 19th century there were Hasanbek Zardabi and Mirza Fatali Akhundov (1812-1873) who used medicine as a basis for their philosophic ideas during a period when scientific medical thought was just developing.
		Medicine was one of the first areas of study.
	www.azer.com /aiweb/categories/magazine/34_folder/34_articles/34_medicalhistory.html (1026 words)

	Avicenna
		"Medicine is a science from which one learns the states of the human body with respect to what is healthy and what is not, in order to preserve good health when it exists and restore it when it is lacking."
		These practical and reasonable words were put on paper in the 11th century by one of the greatest of all Muslim physicians, Abu Ali al'Husain ibn Abdullah ibn Sina, better known to the Western world as Avicenna.
		In his travels he met and later corresponded with a famous scholar, Al-Biruni, who was influential in the fields of mathematics, history, astronomy, physics and medicine.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/oriental_history/24244 (522 words)

	Commentary Magazine - The musical canon; alternative medicine; Central America; etc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		...those involved in promulgating alternative medicine claim that they have a different paradigm of what constitutes knowledge and can see a different reality in the workings of living systems, especially the human body...
		...In mainstream medicine, he states, the tradition is that "the arena of testing not be tainted by prejudice...
		...If we define alternative medicine as any health-related method or practice for which scientific evidence concerning safety and efficacy is lacking or largely contradictory, the numbers are even higher than most health professionals know...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V108I2P7-1.htm (11263 words)

	Avicenna's "Canon of Medicine" (Health grouping)
		To read the first book of his Canon of Medicine is to see the healing art as the practice of all forms of knowledge by which man has learned something of his own nature.
		At the opening of the Canon, and frequently thereafter, he states that physical science is not sufficient for the physician.
		In 1930 he published A Treatise on the Canon of Medicine of Avicenna (Luzac and Co., London), which is being quoted here, and in 1932 he transferred to cancer research at McGill university.
	www.wisdomworld.org /additional/HealthMedicine-SicknessDisease/AvicenaCanonOfMedicine.html (2212 words)

	Avicenna
		It is a systematic encyclopaedia based for the most part on the achievements of Greek physicians of the Roman imperial age and on other Arabic works and, to a lesser extent, on his own experience (his own clinical notes were lost during his journeys).
		In medicine the Canon became the medical authority for several centuries, and Avicenna enjoyed an undisputed place of honour equalled only by the early Greek physicians Hippocrates and Galen.
		In the East his dominating influence in medicine, philosophy, and theology has lasted over the ages and is still alive within the circles of Islamic thought.
	www.crystalinks.com /avicenna.html (1229 words)

	Recovery From Carbimazole-Induced Aplastic Anemia
		The torch of medicine was in the hands of Muslims in the historical period from ancient Athens to the Renaissance.
		In the ninth chapter of the treatise on nutrition, he gave the basis of nutrition in medicine and the beneficial and harmful effects of foods on health.
		This book was standard Arabic text even before Avicenna’s Canon came upon the scene.7 Early Christian translators introduced the works of Haly Abbas to the West, especially his surgical writings, the section on anatomy of Liber Regius being the main source of knowledge for the next hundred years, even at Salerno.
	www.ijem.org /1/8.html (1114 words)

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