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Topic: The Child Migrants

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	orphanage clothes: Australia -- child migrants
		Child migration was a separate category from youth migration or juvenile migration.
		Child migrants were apparently-abandoned, illegitimate, poverty-stricken children of primary school age who were usually in care in the United Kingdom before their despatch to Australia.
		The child migrants are demanding a full judicial inquiry into orphanages and reasons for their "deportation" to Australia, which they claim was an attempt to help populate the country with "good healthy white British stock".
	histclo.com /insti/orp/orp-ozcm.html (792 words)

	Child Migrants from the United Kingdom
		Child Migrants Trust which was established in 1987 to assist child migrants seeking family reunions.
		To qualify for assistance under the Fund, former child migrants must be able to show that they have traced a close family relative, (mother, father, brother, sister, aunt or uncle), and that they wish to reunite for the first time, but cannot meet the costs of travel to the UK.
		Child migrant experiences have been portrayed in the television documentary Lost Children of the Empire, broadcast by the ABC in 1989, and in the television mini-series The leaving of Liverpool broadcast on ABC TV in 1994.
	www.aph.gov.au /library/intguide/sp/childmigrantuk.htm (957 words)

	Child migrants sculpture unveiled - Breaking News - National - Breaking News
		Child migrants, some of whom suffered abuse and exploitation in Australian institutions, have been recognised at the Sydney dedication of a sculpture in their honour.
		Child migrant programs resettled orphans from the UK and Malta to Australia between 1912 and 1967 with the aim of giving them a better life.
		Child migrant John Hennessy, who spent nine years in a Christian Brothers institution in Western Australia in the 1940s and 50s, found the sculpture "cold".
	www.theage.com.au /news/National/Child-migrants-sculpture-unveiled/2006/03/23/1143083894887.html (414 words)

	**** - Statistical Information and Montoring Programme on Child Labour
		If the child labour is defined in terms of economic reasons for migration of children, so to say migrant child labourer type 1, it is estimated to be 1.06 per cent (80 thousands) of the total children aged 5-17 years for the country.
		Migrant Child Labourer Type 2: Migrant child labourer as of those who moved due to economic reasons and those who moved due to non-economic reasons but were working in economic activities before and after migration.
		Examining the migration stream of child labourers, the flow from rural to rural is 49.2 per cent and that from urban to urban is 54.3 per cent.
	www.ilo.org /public/english/standards/ipec/publ/nepal (1815 words)

	A child migration timeline
		Child and youth migration was to be a major part of this effort.
		Following the CMT’s submission, citizenship fees were waived for former child migrants, thus effectively recognising their unique position in Australian society, as well as the expertise of the Trust in verifying the bona fides of former child migrants seeking Australian citizenship.
		Its report, issued in August, was critical of child migration policy in general and of the treatment many former child migrants experienced in Australia, especially in certain Catholic homes in Western Australia and Queensland.
	www.goldonian.org /barnardo/child_migrationl.htm (2459 words)

	House of Commons - Health - Third Report
		Although the origins of British child migration as a settled and publicly promoted policy can be traced back to the reign of James I, the peak of child migration appears to have occurred at about the turn of the Twentieth Century.
		Exact number of child migrants to Australia and New Zealand are not known, but it is thought that during the final period in which the migration policy operated, from 1947 to 1967, between 7,000 and 10,000 children were sent to Australia.
		Child migration was also seen to be of economic benefit both to Britain (because it relieved the burden on public finances of looking after these children) and to the receiving countries (because child migrants were seen as being potential members of a healthy and well-trained workforce).
	www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk /pa/cm199798/cmselect/cmhealth/755/75504.htm (1483 words)

	[No title]
		Child migration schemes - from Thomas Barnardo's to the Catholic emigration to the Western Australian orphanages of the Christian Brothers after World War II - were often awash w ith controversy.
		It should be mentioned that there were many more youth migrants brought to Austr a lia than 'child migrants' as the term is used: some 4500 young men came to New South Wales under the Dreadnought scheme before World War II and some 12,500 lads emigrated with the Big Brother Movement from 1925 to 1983.
		Child migration was, at first, considered a major part of this new immigration policy; there was talk of 50,000 child migrants over three years.
	www.geocities.com /brett_usher/childmigration.rtf (18645 words)

	Cash for former child migrants but no apology - theage.com.au
		Former child migrants sent to Australia after World War Two would receive nearly $4 million to help reunite them with their families but they would not be given an apology, the Federal Government said yesterday.
		A statement of regret was instead tabled in the Senate acknowledging "the injustices and suffering that some child migrants may have experienced as a result of past practices".
		Former child migrant John Hennessy said yesterday he was surprised by the generosity but disappointed that the government issued no apology.
	www.theage.com.au /articles/2002/05/13/1021002430559.html (268 words)

	Australian Catholic Leaders of Religious Institutes - Publications
		A highlight of the National Conference on Child Migration convened at the National Centre for Religious, Sydney, in February was a review of a 12 month-old family tracing scheme and its success in reuniting some of the former child migrants with their families overseas.
		The child migrants who came to Australia were originally in the care of Catholic orphanages in Britain after the war.
		Today among the child migrant group there is a common sense of identities that were lost through their separation from family and country of origin.
	www.aclri.catholic.org.au /publications/03_autumn/09.html (545 words)

	BBC News \| ASIA-PACIFIC \| Australian church apologies to child migrants
		The child migration scheme, partly organised by the Church, was aimed at bringing "pure white stock" from Britain to former colonies.
		The International Association of Former Child Migrants Vice- President, Don Coleshill, who was shipped to Australia from Britain as a five-year-old in 1937, accepted the apology with "a very large grain of salt".
		The inquiry found that migrant children were subjected to systematic abuse in religious schools in Australia, New Zealand and other countries.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1236641.stm (462 words)

	House of Commons - Health - Third Report
		To enable child migrants to make a completely new start it was often seen as advantageous to cut all family ties and to make available birth certificates only in the shortened format which omitted details about parents.
		Some of us handled a leather implement made by a former child migrant which was a replica of what he had been compelled to stitch as a boy, knowing it would be used on himself or other boys.
		We regret that when some former child migrants attempted to bring legal action in a different State, the Christian Brothers used every legal avenue towards getting the action transferred to Western Australia where it would inevitably have been dismissed, and there was eventually an out-of-Court settlement which gave the litigants only a small sum each.
	www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk /pa/cm199798/cmselect/cmhealth/755/75507.htm (2299 words)

	British child migrants: a church scandal \| NAC
		Most of the child migrants were sent overseas by church organisations and well-known British charities, with the financial backing of governments.
		Child migrants were on average just nine years old.
		Former child migrants have argued that reparation should be made for: physical, sexual and emotional abuse; loss of family and identity; deprivation of liberty; loss of opportunity through the lack of education; use as slave labour; loss of wages and trust monies; and denial of access to documents.
	www.nac1.bravehost.com /child_migrants/index.html (358 words)

	Migration News
		Implemented in 1980, when the population hit one billion, the one-child policy was most strictly enforced in cities, where parents could lose their job and housing if they had a second child.
		The one-child policy was unevenly enforced in rural areas, and by the late 1980s most rural officials allowed families to have a second child if the first was a girl.
		However, in other areas, the one-child policy is still enforced strictly, prompting some parents wanting more children to become "extra-birth migrants," moving to urban areas and having several children.
	migration.ucdavis.edu /mn/comments.php?id=2800_0_3_0_C (747 words)

	HREOC Website: Speeches
		Or the child's parents may have died [17] forcing them to leave the country in order to survive.
		For example, in Australia in 2002, a group of unaccompanied child asylum seekers from Afghanistan were removed from detention and placed in foster care while their refugee applications continued to be processed.
		If the child is unaccompanied, the immigration authorities have the power to grant temporary admission ("exceptional leave to remain").
	www.hreoc.gov.au /speeches/human_rights/imhlp.html (4057 words)

	Mexico has problem with migrants, too
		After decades as the main source of undocumented immigrants in the United States, Mexico is struggling to stop a rising tide of illegal migration on its own soil, building detention centers, adding immigration agents and expelling record numbers of foreigners.
		The wave of migrants from Central America, Ecuador, Brazil and other countries threatens to drive up Mexico's border patrol costs by 30 percent this year as authorities repatriate an unprecedented 215,000 people, the head of the country's National Migration Institute has warned Mexico's Congress.
		Other migrants are trying to escape the economic slump in Honduras, Guatemala and other countries that followed the U.S. recession of 2001.
	www.azcentral.com /rsslinks/84614 (958 words)

	BBC - Radio 4 - The Child Migrants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The series is based largely on the personal testimony of over 150 former child migrants sent to Australia, Rhodesia, Canada and New Zealand, making it the largest project ever undertaken on the subject.
		Also interviewed are many of the original legislators and child care specialists involved in the policy.
		Charles Wheeler is three times RTS Journalist of the year, a former BBC foreign correspondent (Berlin, Delhi, Washington, Brussels), producer/presenter on Panorama, presenter and special correspondent on Newsnight, presenter on Correspondent, Assignment, the LBJ Tapes (BAFTA winner), a Sony Gold winner for "Evacuation: The True story" and presenter "The Peacetime Conscripts" for BBC Radio 4.
	www.bbc.co.uk /radio4/history/child_migrants.shtml (403 words)

	National Archives of Australia - Fact Sheet 124 - Child migration to Australia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Children constituted a particularly attractive category of migrant because they were seen to assimilate more easily, were more adaptable, had a long working life ahead and could be cheaply housed in dormitory style accommodation.
		Child migration schemes were administered by State governments, therefore there may be relevant records (particularly case files created by the State welfare departments) in the various State government archives.
		The Child Migrants Trust can also assist you to trace the background and families of children who came to Australia as unaccompanied child migrants.
	www.naa.gov.au /publications/fact_sheets/fs124.html (807 words)

	State Records NSW - Archives in Brief 91
		Child migrants were school age children in care institutions in the United Kingdom.
		Youth migrants were usually young men aged 15-19 years of age who had left school and had made their own decision to migrate.
		Child and youth migration to New South Wales ceased in 1967.
	www.records.nsw.gov.au /archives/archives_in_brief_91_2751.asp (1165 words)

	Australian DemocratsAustralian Democrat Speeches
		It is a real privilege to be here, its a special occasion for me, and Im especially pleased to be here amongst former child migrants, and their relatives and friends.
		For former child migrants themselves, it provided a much-needed forum for them to tell their stories and be believed.
		Thank you too to the WA Department for Community Development for the trouble taken to ensure that as many former child migrants were invited as was possible.
	www.democrats.org.au /speeches?speech_id=1508 (767 words)

	Britons sent to Australia in childhood want apology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		THOUSANDS of British child migrants, forcibly sent to Australia up to 60 years ago, are demanding a public apology from Tony Blair, the Prime Minister, and financial help to fund family reunions.
		Comparing themselves to the "stolen generation" of Aboriginal children who were removed from their natural parents, the migrants want Britain to acknowledge the pain and suffering caused by resettlement.
		While several of the British child migrants - often wrongly described as orphans as a large number had one or both parents living - have gone on to successful careers in Australia, they claim that the resettlement program was inhumane.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1998/06/07/wmig07.html (554 words)

	History
		However, Labour was in power, memories of the Depression were etched in members minds and a large scheme of child migration seemed the ideal spearhead for post war mass immigration with it's slogan "Populate or Perish".
		This possibility was explored by a Sub-Committee on Child Migration within the Inter-Departmental Committee on Immigration Policy and out of these deliberations the plan was evolved to take 50,000 "war orphans" during the first three years after the end of the war.
		In fact, and ironically, this program of child migration was the most specific immigration program to emerge from the war years.
	www.multiline.com.au /~johnm/ethics/childmigrants.htm (1806 words)

	Child Migrants: Accessing records held by Commonwealth and State Archives
		Child migration policy files which cover issues such as the various schemes, agreements with governments and private organisations, inquiries and financial arrangements.
		Child Welfare Act became effective, and, as a result, all places defined as a Depot, Home or Hostel which provided residential care for six or more children up to 16 years of age had to be licensed in terms of the new provisions.
		Immigration: Maltese child migrants, 1031, AN 145/1, 133/58
	www.caara.org.au /Publications/child_migrants.htm (4963 words)

	HREOC Website: Speeches
		The child victims of trafficking are overwhelmingly girls, whereas unaccompanied smuggled children may be of either sex but are usually boys.
		In 2002 the Federal Court found against two child asylum seekers Odhiambo and Martizi, in their argument that there was an irreconcilable conflict of interest between the Minister for Immigration acting as both the determining visa authority and their legal guardian.
		While in B and B the High Court absolutely found that the protective child custody provisions of the Family Law Act (regulating all divorce issues within Australia, including child custody and by extension welfare) could not be extended to include protection of children in immigration detention.
	www.hreoc.gov.au /speeches/human_rights/child_migrants.html (5957 words)

	Child Migrants monument to be inaugurated later this year
		Child Migrants monument to be inaugurated later this year
		The Foreign Affairs Minister recognised the trauma of Maltese child migration and the need to bring it to the attention of the Maltese of different generations and to bring closure to this issue for the child migrants.
		Minister Frendo also referred to the migrants and their descendants as being part of the Maltese nation, adding that this stronger sense of nationhood of the Maltese people spread around the world forms an integral part of the Strategic Objectives of Malta's Foreign Policy.
	www.di-ve.com /dive/portal/portal.jhtml?id=223838&pid=1 (255 words)

	Forced migrants given £1m to help search for families (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The British Government has announced a £1 million fund to enable former child migrants to return to their homeland.
		It also called for a central database to help migrants trace their families and demanded free counselling and a conference on child migration.
		Alan Rees, who spent five years researching the subject for his book, Orphans of the Empire, said that the idea behind the child migration programme was that the government was aiming to help deprived children to make a "new start in a new land".
	www.telegraph.co.uk /htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1998/12/16/noz16.html (668 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| The Guardian \| Cruelty to child migrants
		Australia's immigration detention system is "cruel, inhumane and degrading" and breaches UN conventions on the rights of children, a report by the country's human rights watchdog has found.
		The report by the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (Hreoc) said that detention risked endangering children's mental health, and called on the government to release all child detainees within a month.
		Asylum seekers in Australia are locked up in detention camps while their cases are being examined, a process that can last years.
	www.guardian.co.uk /international/story/0,3604,1216346,00.html (337 words)

	americas.org - Dickensian America (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In 2003, the Immigration and Naturalization Service, with its law enforcement culture, transferred care and custody of unaccompanied child migrants to the Department of Health and Human Services, which uses a more humane child-welfare model.
		Children now are supposed to be placed in home-like shelters 72 hours after apprehension, though in practice immigration officials routinely fail to meet the deadline.
		It is the duty of all who find child refugees and child migrants to protect them.
	www.americas.org /item_24399 (582 words)

	orphanage clothes: Australia
		Because of litigation, and accusations of child abuse, often associated with the child migration program, churches and charitable groups are no longer willing to run children's homes as they once did.
		Many of these children, separated from their parents and familiar surroundings, suffered from the disruption and dislocation, and this part of a family history can be a distressing one to uncover.
		HBC notes that quite a large number of institutions were involved in the child migration program, but the horendous stories which have emerged come from a relatively small number of those institutions.
	histclo.com /insti/orp/orp-oz.html (1191 words)

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