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Topic: The Concept of Mind

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Gilbert Ryle

	20th WCP: Mind, Intelligence and Spirit
		The attribution of mind to frogs, bees or eels is accomplished by analogy with the human mental processes; for instance, if we observe in an animal a behaviour showing reception of information, then we can attribute some type of sensation or even some type of perception to it.
		Likewise the attribution of mind to computers or robots is made by analogy with the human mental processes; for example, if we observe in a robot a behaviour indicating a plan of activity, then we can attribute to it some type of planning.
		The philosophy of mind, that should be philosophy of psychology as well as philosophy of artificial intelligence, must distinguish different kinds of mind, diverse kinds of intelligence, but also the existence of spiritual processes in human beings as specific properties.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Mind/MindMart.htm (3165 words)

	Rene Descartes and the Legacy of Mind/Body Dualism
		While the great philosophical distinction between mind and body in western thought can be traced to the Greeks, it is to the seminal work of René Descartes (1596-1650) [see figure 1], French mathematician, philosopher, and physiologist, that we owe the first systematic account of the mind/body relationship.
		In Descartes' conception, the rational soul, an entity distinct from the body and making contact with the body at the pineal gland, might or might not become aware of the differential outflow of animal spirits brought about through the rearrangement of the interfibrillar spaces.
		It is either beyond our ability to understand how body and mind are united, or, at best, we are forced back to the common sense conception of their mutual interaction.
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /Mind/Descartes.html (998 words)

	Classics in the History of Psychology -- Wundt (1897) Section 22
		The concept of matter that has been accepted in natural science up to the present time, is based upon the mechanical physics of Galileo, and uses as its secondary supplementary concept the concept of force which is defined as the product of the mass and the momentary acceleration.
		Both the concept of mind and that of matter arose primarily not so much from the need of explaining experience as from the effort to reach a systematic doctrine of the general interconnection of all things.
		That this concept is really foreign to psychology, is further attested by the close interconnection in which it stands to the concept of material substance.
	psychclassics.yorku.ca /Wundt/Outlines/sec22.htm (2336 words)

	Mind maps
		Mind mapping is a very diffused graphical organization technique, and somehow related to concept maps and semantic networks.
		Mind maps resulting from specialized software (that-only-produce-mind-maps) have a monotonous aspect, because they always offer the same graphical model, in which only branch names change, that are attached to semi-fixed -or exchangeable- positions.
		Mind maps are not adequate to represent the blurred nature and events of life (things are not as logic as they seem to be).
	www.mappementali.it /default-eng.htm (1292 words)

	Mind: Concepts
		Within GISAI, the term concept is used to refer to the kind of mental stuff that exists as a pattern in the modality.
		The experience of hearing the word for a single concept, such as "triangle", is not necessarily a mere concept; it may be more valid to view it as a thought composed of the single concept "triangle".
		Of course, this concept is precisely identical to the modality's built-in feature-detector for "group-of-equal-letters", which again points up that only very simple conceptual categories, lying very close to the surface of the modality's preprogrammed assumptions about which features are important, can be implemented by direct information-loss.
	www.singinst.org /ourresearch/publications/GISAI/mind/concept.html (5862 words)

	20th WCP: The Concept of Intelligence
		To say that the brittleness of glass (or the magnetism of a bit of iron) is a dispositional concept is not to deny that the hypotheticals in which that concept is couched may not be explicable in terms of categoricals such as a molecular substructure, or stress and force factors.
		Some concepts which were thought to be somehow "intrinsically" linked with intelligence (such as "intention" or "learning") will be found to be either a part of the general context (not a condition) of application, or to have only a contingent relationship to that concept.
		Holoway's analysis of the concept of intelligence suggests that aside from criteria of intelligence, there may also be criteria that focus on the antitheses of intelligence, or on intelligence-contrasts, that would allow us to recognize the intelligence of specific acts in specific contexts.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Mind/MindAltm.htm (3002 words)

	Concept Maps and mind Maps
		The difference between concept and mind maps is that a mind map has only one main concept, whilst a concept map may have several.
		Mind Mapping©, developed (and copyrighted) by Tony Buzan, describes mind maps as consisting `` of a central word or concept, around the central word you draw the 5 to 10 main ideas (child words) that relate to that word.
		He also reports that concept maps are not appropriate for assessment purposes, because the complexity of a map does not appear to be correlated with concept understanding: Some of the simplest concept maps were produced by the most able students.
	dbweb.liv.ac.uk /ltsnpsc/AB/AB-html/node12.html (669 words)

	Philosophy of Mind by Roger Jones (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		He is called a dualist because he thinks that mind and body are separate and distinct substances: Mind is conscious and non-spatial and body is spatial but not conscious.
		Mind and body are not 2 different substances that interact; rather they are both attributes of one substance.
		The current version of the theory is that the mind is the brain and the brain is the mind.
	www.philosopher.org.uk /mind.htm (1112 words)

	mind
		The brain may decay, disintegrate, and be forever annihilated, but the mind (or soul) does not depend on the body for its existence and so may continue to flourish in another world.
		This belief in the mind as a substance which exists independently of the brain, however implausible, seems to be required for most religious doctrines, as well as for many New Age notions and therapies.
		Yet, despite the fact that the key to understanding the human mind is likely to be found in the study of the functioning human brain, many philosophers and psychologists continue to be guided by the belief that the mind can be adequately understood independently of the brain.
	skepdic.com /mind.html (775 words)

	[No title]
		The Concept of Mind (1949) is a critique of the notion that the mind is distinct from the body, and it is a rejection of the theory that mental states are searable from physical states.
		The workings of the mind are not distinct from the actions of the body and may be better conceptualized as a way of explaining the actions of the body.
		Ryle admits that his approach to the theory of mind is behavioristic in being opposed to the theory that there are hidden mental processes which are distinct from observable behaviors.
	www.angelfire.com /md2/timewarp/ryle.html (1082 words)

	Instructional Strategies Online - Concept Attainment
		Concept attainment, then, is the search for and identification of attributes that can be used to distinguish examples of a given group or category from non-examples.
		Students who catch onto the idea before others are able to resolve the concept and then are invited to suggest their own examples, while other students are still trying to form the concept.
		Concept attainment can be used to introduce or conclude a unit of study.
	olc.spsd.sk.ca /DE/PD/instr/strats/cattain (812 words)

	Concept maps and mind maps : support4learning
		Concept Mapping - advice on developing concept maps, organisational patterns, advantages of concept maps & using maps in a range of learning situations.
		Concept maps & mind maps - short explanation of the differences with a bibliography of books & articles.
		Mind Maps - a powerful approach to note taking - basic description of mind mapping & suggestions for improving your mind maps, from MindTools.
	www.support4learning.org.uk /education/concept_maps_and_mind_maps.cfm (272 words)

	Learn how to draw Mind Maps with Mind Tools - MindMaps, Note Taking Skills & Techniques, and Reviews of Mind ...
		Mind Mapping is an important technique that improves the way you take notes, and supports and enhances your creative problem solving.
		While drawing Mind Maps by hand is appropriate in many cases, software tools like MindGenius improve the process by helping to you to produce high quality Concept Maps, which can easily be edited and redrafted.
		Mind Maps are particularly helpful in that they show the structure of information as well as the facts themselves.
	www.mindtools.com /pages/article/newISS_01.htm (1693 words)

	Concept Mapping Homepage
		Concepts and links may be categorised, they can be simply associative, specified or divided in categories such as causal or temporal relations.
		Mind Mapping® is a popular related technique, invented (and copyrighted) by Tony Buzan in the UK.
		The difference between concept maps and mind maps is that a mind map has only one main concept, while a concept map may have several.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Acropolis/4351/cm.html (553 words)

	Mind Mapping: A Concept That Will Change Your Life by Jeffrey Mayer \| Succeeding In Business.com \| Advising, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Mind mapping enables me to do in minutes what used to take me hours, sometimes even days.
		Mind Mapping Improves Productivity Over the past few months I've been teaching my consulting clients how to mind map their ideas and their productivity has soared.
		Mind Mapping has enabled me to organize my material for a new book in a way that just couldn't be done in outline form, saving me time and giving me more structure.
	www.succeedinginbusiness.com /Tips/MindMapping.shtml (1045 words)

	Mind Mapping
		Mind maps are tools that you can use when reviewing for a test to take advantage of right-brain processing.
		A mind map is a device that represents a concept in both verbal and nonverbal terms.
		As you create each mind map, you will be establishing relationships that will strengthen your overall understanding of the topic, and you should be able to recall the images and the content on each mind map better than you would just the class notes or textbook material.
	www.brazosport.cc.tx.us /~lac/mindmap.htm (952 words)

	What is the Mind?
		When this clear light nature of mind is veiled or inhibited from expressing its true essence by the conditioning of the afflictive emotions and thoughts, the person is said to be caught in the cycle of existence, samsara.
		But when, by applying appropriate meditative techniques and practices, the individual is able to fully experience this clear light nature of mind free from the influence and conditioning of the afflictive states, he or she is on the way to true liberation and full enlightenment.
		Here, because both observing mind and observed mental states are present at the same time, we cannot explain the phenomenon of the mind becoming self-aware, being subject and object simultaneously, through appealing to the factor of time lapse.
	www.lamayeshe.com /otherteachers/hhdl/mind.shtml (2219 words)

	Stoic Philosophy of Mind [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		The soul (a concept broader than the modern concept of mind) was believed to be a hot, fiery breath [pneuma] that infused the physical body.
		Perhaps the closest we come to a Cartesian concept of the soul in ancient Greek thought would be Plato, the Pythagoreans, and their successors.
		The concept of tensional motion allowed the Stoics to have a unified physical theory based on pneuma, while at the same time having one that distinguished and explained the difference between organic and inorganic substances.
	www.iep.utm.edu /s/stoicmind.htm (7003 words)

	Concept- or mind-mapping
		In particular, schools and universities are encouraged to download it and install it in as many computers as desired, and students and teachers may make copies of it and install it at home.
		Concept maps have their origin in the work of David Ausubel (advanced organizers).
		The technique of concept mapping was developed by Joseph D Novak at Cornell.
	www.studygs.net /mapping (461 words)

	Contact map and concept mapping in Mind Pad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		If you ever asked for simplicity of mind mapping and for mind map topics with some properties that are right for your business needs, then Mind Pad is a great tool to start with.
		Mind Pad allows you to organize in mind map objects with any properties set.
		Typically, a concept map consists of concepts enclosed in circles or boxes called nodes, linked by lines or arrows that may be labeled and illustrate relationships between concepts.
	www.mind-pad.com /support/contact-map-concept-issue2.htm (825 words)

	Agile Testing: Mind mapping
		I first encountered the concept of mind maps when I read the 1st edition of "Extreme programming explained" by Kent Beck.
		To put it briefly, a mind map is a graph-like structure that starts with a central image of the concept you're trying to focus on.
		The usual method of describing a concept by using linear lists and slides with bullet points is much more analytical, and tends to engage only the left side of the brain.
	agiletesting.blogspot.com /2006/03/mind-mapping.html (885 words)

	Harvard University Press: Descartes's Concept of Mind by Lilli Alanen
		Descartes's concept of the mind, as distinct from the body with which it forms a union, set the agenda for much of Western philosophy's subsequent reflection on human nature and thought.
		This is the first book to give an analysis of Descartes's pivotal concept that deals with all the functions of the mind, cognitive as well as volitional, theoretical as well as practical and moral.
		Focusing on Descartes's view of the mind as intimately united to and intermingled with the body, and exploring its implications for his philosophy of mind and moral psychology, Lilli Alanen argues that the epistemological and methodological consequences of this view have been largely misconstrued in the modern debate.
	www.hup.harvard.edu /catalog/ALADES.html (239 words)

	New Concepts of Matter, Life and Mind
		Everything that goes on in our mind could leave its wave traces in the quantum vacuum, and everything could be received by those who know how to 'tune in' to the subtle patterns that propagate there.
		That people in all parts of the world search for a deeper awareness of their own subconscious mind may not be accidental: at this critical juncture of our sociocultural evolution it may be part of the survival dynamics of the human species.
		A greater awareness that all that goes on in our mind is accessible to others, and that all that goes on in the mind of others is accessible to us, would prompt us to develop greater empathy and solidarity with each other.
	www.physlink.com /Education/essay_laszlo.cfm (1978 words)

	Diagrams, concept- and mind-maps
		Labelling the links makes quite a lot of difference, and changes the way in which concept maps are likely to be used, in comparison with mind-maps.
		Concept maps, as diagrams, have been around for hundreds of years; Comenius' Orbis Pictus (1658) was probably the first to introduce labelled pictures into an educational text.
		There is a great deal to be said for drawing such maps by hand; hand-drawn versions are far less constrained by the technical limitations of software, and are easy to annotate and expand (and rub out if done in pencil or on the whiteboard).
	www.learningandteaching.info /teaching/concept_mind_maps.htm (1396 words)

	3D Mind Maps / Concept Maps - New Software Helps Manage Creativity, Projects And Information
		Then, Topicscape's powerful concept searching comes into play: By flying and zooming in the 3D landscape, and digging down (or up) to different levels, success is much more likely.
		To help with searching by concept, a topic is allowed to appear in more than one place.
		People familiar with mind maps or concept maps find the approach familiar, and see that the limitations of size and the 2D sheet are largely overcome in the 3D environment.
	www.emediawire.com /releases/2006/7/emw406819.htm (971 words)

	Paul Vanderveen Home
		Formation of the Concept of Mind explores human development from the preschool years, with its active learning about such actions as thinking, remembering, guessing and pretending, to adulthood and explicit knowledge of minds as such.
		Conceptualizing minds instead requires that one cognitively integrate two or more -- that is, one's own and other minds.
		My first post, "Forming the concept of mind," responds to a member's comment that "we introspectively identify" the mind.
	pacific.telebyte.com /~jp5 (337 words)

	Enchanted Mind - The Attributes of a Creative Mind
		If we accept the concept that mind is created by consciousness acting upon the brain, we can see that we need to create flexibility in the brain to have flexibility of mind.
		Not only is doing puzzles daily an excellent way of keeping the mind sharp, but different puzzles exercise different portions of the brain.
		The soul is lifted by noble reflections from minds and hearts that have soared beyond the norm.
	www.enchantedmind.com /html/creativity/attributes.html (852 words)

	Amazon.com: The Concept of Mind: Books: Gilbert Ryle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		However we soon get into a muddle when we misunderstand what kind of noun 'mind' is. People possess certain capacities that we call 'mental' by way of distinguishing them from capacities of the senses such as eyesight, or from capacities of the physique like weight-lifting, and anything that is `mental' is of the mind.
		The mind is nothing except certain capacities, and the noun 'mind' is the convenient way of referring to these.
		His cogent exposition leads us to see mind in persons as other than a "Ghost in a Machine." More than this, though, his comprehensive scrutiny of the many elements of the life of the mind constitutes an incisive study of the synergy of mind and body in an integrated life.
	www.amazon.com /Concept-Mind-Gilbert-Ryle/dp/0226732959 (2531 words)

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