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Topic: The Crusade and Death of Richard I

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	Richard I of England - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Richard was a younger maternal half-brother of Marie de Champagne and Alix of France.
		Richard officially proclaimed his nephew, the son of Geoffrey, Arthur of Brittany, as his heir, and Tancred promised to later marry one of his daughters to Arthur when he came of age (Arthur was only four years old at the time).
		Richard's bowels were buried at the foot of the tower from which the shot was loosed, his heart was buried at Rouen, while the rest of his remains were buried next to his father at Fontevraud Abbey near Chinon and Saumur, France.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Richard_I_of_England (3620 words)

	King Richard I - The Lionheart \| The Knights Templar \| templarhistory.com
		While Richard Plantagenet is revered as one of the great warrior kings of England, he is perhaps best known as "the absent king." This is due to the fact that during his reign from 1189-1199, he spent a total of six months in England.
		Richard Plantagenet came into the world September 8th in the year 1157 AD Although born in Oxfordshire England, Richard was a child of Aquitaine a part of Southern France.
		At the age of fourteen, Richard was named the Duke of Aquitane in the church of St. Hillaire at Poitiers which was one of the lands made homage to the French King.
	www.templarhistory.com /richard.html (836 words)

	CYPRUS UNDER RICHARD I AND THE TEMPLARS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Richard then placed a large force under the command of Guy de Lusignan with orders to pursue and capture Isaac, while he himself with his ships sailed round the island seizing all the towns and ports on the coast.
		On 12 May, 1191, Richard, king of England, was married at Limassol to Berengaria, daughter of the king of Navvare, and on the same day Berengaria was crowned queen of England by John, bishop of Evereux.
		The crusaders determined to elect a new king, and their choice fell on Richard's nephew, Henri, count of Champagne, who with the consent of his uncle, was elected king of Jerusalem.
	www.cyprus-holidays-hotels.com /.ncyprus/templars.html (1845 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Richard I, King of England
		Richard I, born at Oxford, 6 Sept, 1157; died at Chaluz, France, 6 April, 1199; was known to the minstrels of a later age, rather than to his contemporaries, as "Coeur-de-Lion".
		But other quarrels followed between Richard and his father, and it was in the heat of the most desperate of these, in which the astuteness of Philip Augustus had contrived to implicate Henry's favourite son John, that the old King died broken-hearted, 6 July, 1189.
		Richard was induced to surrender England to the Emperor (as John a few years later was to make over England to the Holy See), and then Henry conferred the kingdom upon his captive as a fief at the Diet of Mainz, in Feb., 1194 (see Bloch, "Forschungen", Appendix IV).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13041b.htm (1520 words)

	GENUKI: Kings of England - R
		Richard died of his wound on the 6th of April, 1199, in the 42nd year of his age, and the 10th of his reign, leaving no issue.
		Richard showed no small courage and presence of mind on the outbreak of the insurrection provoked by the poll tax and the scandalous manner in which it was collected ; meeting the insurgents with their leader Wat the Tyler, in Smithfield, and persuading them, by promises of full charters of freedom to quit the city.
		King of England, brother of Edward IV and youngest son of Richard, Duke of York, was born at Fotheringay Castle on the 2nd of October, 1452.
	www.genuki.org.uk /big/royalty/kingr.html (1520 words)

	Britannia: Monarchs of Britain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Richard received word of John's treachery and decided to return home; he was captured by Leopold V of Austria and imprisoned by Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI.
		Richard's war with Philip continued sporadically until the French were finally defeated near Gisors in 1198.
		Richard died April 6, 1199, from a wound received in a skirmish at the castle of Chalus in the Limousin.
	www.britannia.com /history/monarchs/mon27.html (363 words)

	Richard I. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		However, he was captured (Dec., 1192) by Leopold V of Austria, with whom Richard had quarreled on crusade, and was imprisoned in the castle of Dürnstein, where the troubadour Blondel de Nesle is supposed (by legend) to have found him.
		Richard returned (1194) briefly to England to complete the suppression of the revolt raised against him by his brother John and to raise funds.
		Richard spent only six months of his reign in England, which he was concerned with chiefly as a source of revenue, but his ministers, William of Longchamp and Hubert Walter, were able to rule the kingdom effectively by the excellent administrative system set up by Henry II and extended by them.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ri/Richard1.html (482 words)

	Richard I (1157-1199) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Richard was the third son of King Henry II (1133-1189) and Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122-1204), and he was given the Duchy of Aquitaine, his mother's inheritance, at the age of 11 and was enthroned as duke at Poitiers in 1172.
		Richard was now heir to England, and to Normandy and Anjou (which were regarded as inseparable), and his father wished him to yield Aquitaine to his youngest brother, John.
		By the Treaty of Messina Richard obtained for Joan her release and her dower, acknowledged Tancred as king of Sicily, declared Arthur of Brittany (Richard's nephew) to be his own heir, and provided for Arthur to marry Tancred's daughter.
	www.hfac.uh.edu /gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/KingRichard-I/KingRichard-I.html (1230 words)

	Articles - Third Crusade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Richard captured the capital city of Messina on October 4, 1190 and Joan was released.
		Richard arrived at Acre on June 8, 1191 and immediately began supervising the construction of siege weapons to assault the city.
		Richard returned to England in 1194 and died of an arrow wound in 1199 at the age of 42.
	www.gaple.com /articles/Third_Crusade?mySession=a0ed8d05505728f424210cea52bee4db (1836 words)

	ORB Bibliographies: Crusades
		Latin Greece, the Hospitallers, and the Crusades, 1291-1440.
		Papal crusading policy: the chief instruments of papal crusading policy and crusade to the Holy Land from the final loss of Jerusalem to the fall of Acre, 1244-1291.
		The northern crusades: the Baltic and the Catholic frontier, 1100-1525.
	www.the-orb.net /bibliographies/crusades.html (2661 words)

	Saladin
		Saladin and Richard the Lionheart are two names that tend to dominate the Crusades.
		It was lead by Richard I (Richard the Lionheart), Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany and King Philip II of France.
		Richard was betrayed to Leopold who held him captive for two years until a ransom was paid for him.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /Saladin.htm (852 words)

	ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies
		Richard decided that this hunting bird was far too noble to be owned by such a churl.
		Richard's reign provided challenges to the power of the new royal bureaucracy built up in his father's time, and it passed those tests with flying colors.
		Richard, like the rest of his family, got he was by pushing his claims to the limit, even in such trivial matters.
	the-orb.net /textbooks/muhlberger/lionheart.html (2534 words)

	Richard I
		The Third Crusade was organized by Pope Clement III (1187-91) in response to the conquest of the Christian states by Saladin (Salah al-Din Yusuf, 1137-93) culminating in the fall of Jerusalem (September 1187).
		Richard I disposed his troops carefully - the column transporting supplies marched closest to the sea, his knights formed a central column, and the infantry (armed with spears and crossbows marched furthest inland where Saladin's army awaited its chance to attack.
		Richard's successes meant nothing after he was hit in the shoulder by a cross-bow bolt fired from the ramparts of the castle of one of Philip's allies at Châlus-Chabrol.
	history.wisc.edu /sommerville/123/123%2011%20Richard%20I.htm (800 words)

	Richard I of England - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Richard attacked Messina and captured it on October 4, 1190.
		It seems that Richard had previously met his fiancÃ©e Berengaria only once, years before their marriage.
		It was attended by his sister Joan, whom Richard had brought from Sicily.
	www.wikipedia.com /wiki/Richard_I_of_England (3620 words)

	Richard I of Normandy
		Richard is described by such a wide range of words ( comes, marchio, consul, princeps, dux) by various sources (sometimes of dubious authority) that it would be difficult to argue that there is a specific "title" by which he should be called [see Helmerichs 1997].
		The key pieces of evidence given by Potts are the statement of Vita Gauzlini that Robert's son Richard was a nephew of Richard II, and a charter of William the Conqueror referring to Robert as brother of Richard II.
		Richard II for a discussion of why they should not be placed as daughters of either one of these Norman leaders.
	sbaldw.home.mindspring.com /hproject/prov/richa000.htm (1124 words)

	Richard I, Salah al-Din and the Knights Templar
		Richard I, Salah al-Din and the Knights Templar
		The third Crusade from 1190 to 1192 involved the confrontation of two great military leaders: on the European side Richard I, King of England and ruler of a large part of France and Salah al-Din, known by the Europeans as Saladin.
		Richard I, known as Richard "the Lionhearted" is remembered as a background character in the Robin Hood Myth.
	www.bearcave.com /bookrev/crusades.html (2584 words)

	History of the Monarchy > The Angevins > Richard I
		In early 1193, Richard was transferred to Emperor Henry VI's custody.
		In England, Richard's brother John occupied Windsor Castle and prepared an invasion of England by Flemish mercenaries, accompanied by armed uprisings.
		John's subversive activities were ended by the payment of a crushing ransom of 150,000 marks of silver to the emperor, for Richard's release in 1194.
	www.royal.gov.uk /output/Page63.asp (260 words)

	King Richard I, II and III - Kings and Queens - Miscellaneous (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The death of Henry in 1183 made Richard the next heir to the throne, to which he succeeded after the death of his father in 1189.
		Richard II was the son of Edward, a hero of the Hundred Years' War.
		The group was led by one of Richard's uncles, the unscrupulous Thomas of Woodstock, duke of Gloucester.
	maxpages.com /richardi - !http://www.maxpages.com/richardi (1668 words)

	Richard I on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		(kör de lyôN´) Richard Cœur de Lion, or Richard Lion-Heart, 1157-99, king of England (1189-99); third son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine.
		Richard Snead, president and CEO of Carlson Restaurants, is shown at the T.G.I. Friday's in Addison, Texas, on February 5, 2005.
		Richard Ryan, of Great Britain, and his guide, Ricardo Hamond leap off the edge of Pedra Bonita Mountain in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/R/Richard1.asp (901 words)

	ISN News: The Zocalo Today -- Babylon 5/Crusade Newsletter
		The official report indicates cause of death was a tear in his aorta.
		Richard was just 43 and leaves behind a loving wife and two small sons.
		Richard has two small children, and I am sure everyone in the B5 community will want to show the family how much Rick meant to us -- not only as a fine actor, but as a wonderful human being.
	www.isnnews.net /zocalo/rbiggs.shtml (3107 words)

	TimeRef - History Timelines - RICHARD (I, King of England 1189-1199)
		Geoffrey died in a tournament in 1186 and in 1189 Henry II died at Chinon and was buried in the choir church of Fontevrault leaving Richard the new King of England.
		Richard had no children and in the event of his death, John his youngest brother or Geoffrey, Henry's illegitimate son could have become king.
		He had arranged that after his death his brain was to be buried in the abbey of Charroux (Poitou) and his heart in Rouen (Normandy) while the rest was to lie at the feet of his father in the abbey church of Fontevrault (Anjou).
	www.timeref.btinternet.co.uk /hpr64.htm (946 words)

	Military Art of Richard the Lionheart
		Richard of the Lion heart is a type of the Knight errant who has made captive the imagination of posterity.
		Richard was riding round the outer wall's to discover a weak point for his assault when a arrow from a long bow struck him in the shoulder.
		Death of Richard Coeur-de-Lion, 1199 by Henry Dupray
	www.medieval-art.com /richard_the_lionheart.htm (1208 words)

	BBC - Radio 4 - This Sceptred Isle - The Third Crusade and the Death of the Lionheart
		Richard I and other Princes of Europe buried their differences and journeyed to the Holy Land.
		It was a temporary truce indeed on his way home, in 1193, Richard was captured and imprisoned by one of those Princes, the Duke Leopold of Austria.
		Richard I never returned to England, he died trying to win treasure in order to continue the defence of his French territories.
	www.bbc.co.uk /radio4/history/sceptred_isle/page/21.shtml? (419 words)

	Richard Lionheart / Richard LöwenherzRichard Lionheart / Richard LöwenherzRichard Lionheart / Richard ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A nightmare of a father, a legend of a mother, a bride for 20 years, a short-term wife, and in return a life-long enemy - these are the personal circumstances of Richard Lionheart.
		Richard was no adventurer neither in military nor in political matters.
		Thus we are confronted with a stranger: Richard Lionheart, unencumbered by legends and clichés.
	www.ping.at /kessler (258 words)

	Nottinghamshire: history and archaeology \| Nottingham Castle (1904): Stephen and Maud / Henry II / Richard I
		After the death of Henry I. a sanguinary struggle took place between the adherents of his daughter Maud and his nephew Stephen of Blois, who claimed the crown as first Prince of the blood Royal.
		The Castle was besieged and taken by the Earl of Gloucester, half-brother to Maud, and William Peveril’s son was for a time deprived of his possessions and placed in captivity; but on regaining his liberty he forced his way through one of the secret passages in the rock and regained possession.
		When Richard I. came to the throne in 1189 his great ambition was, not to rule England, but to take part in a Crusade.
	www.nottshistory.org.uk /gill1904/stephen.htm (558 words)

	BBC - History - Richard I (1157 - 1199)
		Also called Richard the Lion-Heart and famous for his exploits in the Third Crusade (1189-92), during his ten-year reign he spent only some six months in England.
		Richard refused and, in 1189, joined forces with Philip II of France against his father, hounding him to a premature death in July 1189.
		As king, Richard wanted only to lead the crusade prompted by Saladin's capture of Jerusalem in 1187.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/historic_figures/richard_i_king.shtml (362 words)

	The Richard O'Brien Crusade
		I think the analogy with chart singles is appropriate here because Richard O’Brien has done exactly the same silly trick that old-fashioned pop stars used to do; he’s tried to pull off the mix as before.
		Similarly, Richard Hartley’s music sets off on the promise of a unifying hoedown-rock infrastructure but the melodies soon disappear into generalised anonymity.
		But the application of the cast is not enough to hide the emptiness of the project, and the audience, resolutely unmoved throughout, file out at the end as silent as if from a funeral.
	www.robcrusade.com /stage/tzee/tzeerev4.htm (628 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Historia de Expeditione Frederici Imperator
		The accession of his son, Richard, greatly improved the prospects for the expedition.
		Everyone was afflicted with great sorrow over his death; so much so, indeed, that some, caught between hope and dread, would have ended their lives with him.
		Mourning and unrestrained sorrow not unmerited by the death of such a prince occupied the hearts of all, so that they could rightly lament, saying with the prophet: "Alas, we are sinners, the wreath has faded from our brows; there are sad hearts everywhere.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/1190barbarossa.html (1174 words)

	Slashdot \| Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade
		Although I was already involved with free software advocacy, my first encounter with Richard Stallman came when he turned up to a rehearsal of my gamelan group; afterwards I tried without much success to explain to my fellow musicians just how important the strange bearded man they'd just met was.
		He's got a lot of enemies (or people who are strongly opposed to his philosophy), however, and a lot of the things you hear about him are lies and exaggarations propagate by those enemies in an attempt to undermine him.
		I'm guessing that if not for a few people, Richard would be stil slightly controversial, but pretty globally respected, in the general slashdot community.
	slashdot.org /books/02/03/20/0258238.shtml?tid=117 (3823 words)

	Elliot Abrams: defender of death squads to direct US "democracy" crusade
		Similarly, Abrams had heatedly denied that Salvadoran rightist and death squad leader Roberto D’Aubuisson was involved in the assassination of Archbishop Oscar Arnulfo Romero, who had called for an end to the repression in El Salvador.
		Similarly, Abrams brushed off reports of massacres in Guatemala that the Catholic Church there described as “genocidal.” In one particularly grotesque incident, he dismissed the 1985 abduction, torture and murder of Guatemalan human rights activist Maria Rosario Godoy, who was killed together with her 21-year-old brother and her 2-year-old son.
		This individual is the standard-bearer of Washington’s worldwide crusade for “democracy.” His appointment only underscores that the Bush administration’s vacuous rhetoric about “freedom” and “liberty” are merely window dressing for a global campaign of military aggression in pursuit of US imperialism’s strategic aims
	www.wsws.org /articles/2005/feb2005/abra-f10.shtml (1480 words)

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