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Topic: The Destruction of the European Jews

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	THHP Short Essay: What were the Nuremberg Laws? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Since Jews were not considered by the Nazis to be of German blood, this law effectively ended their status as citizens of the Reich and reduced them to subjects.
		It forbade marriages between Germans and Jews, outlawed extramarital sexual relations between Germans and Jews, prohibited Jews from employing Germans under the age of 45 in their household and denied Jews the right to fly the German flag.
		5 This is meant in the stereotypical context of Nazi propaganda, and is not meant to imply that Jews have a particular appearance.
	www.holocaust-history.org /short-essays/nuremberg-laws.shtml (965 words)

	frontline: shtetl: Treblinka \| PBS
		As with all villages and towns within a twenty to thirty mile radius of this death camp, Treblinka was the final destination for the nearly 2500 Jews of Bransk.
		From outside Poland many thousands of Jews were transported to and killed in Treblinka: 7.000 from Slovakia, 8,000 from Theresienstadt concentration camp, 4,000 Jews from Greece, and 7,000 Jews from the Macedonia portion of Bulgaria.
		Jews from the Polish Districts of Warsaw, Radom, Bialystok and Lublin as well as others from Theresienstadt concentration camp, Macedonia and the Reich comprised the nearly 750,000 people who would die in the gas chambers of Treblinka between July 1942 and April 1943.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shtetl/treblinka (1611 words)

	Treblinka Death Camp - one of the 3 Operation Reinhard Camps
		The first Jews to be deported to the Treblinka death camp were from the Warsaw ghetto; the first transport of 6,000 Jews arrived at Treblinka at about 9:30 on 23 July 1942.
		Jews were also deported to Treblinka from Lublin and Bialystok, two major cities in eastern Poland, which were then in the General Government, as German-occupied Poland was called.
		Bomba was one of the 1,000 Jews who lived in the barracks in a separate section of the Treblinka II camp and worked for the Germans who ran the death camp.
	www.scrapbookpages.com /Poland/Treblinka/introduction.html (3109 words)

	Debating the Holocaust, by Philippe Burrin
		Countless works deal with the fate of European Jews at local, regional or national level, their daily lives under Nazi oppression, the various concentration and annihilation camps, and the attitude of the surrounding population (4).
		Departure of the Jews for a distant "reservation", announced on several occasions from 1939 to 1941, was postponed indefinitely when the advance in the East came to a halt.
		To the Jews killed by shooting or gassing must be added more than 800,000 who perished as a result of the living conditions imposed by the Nazis in the ghettos.
	mondediplo.com /1997/06/jews (2419 words)

	Destruction of European Jewry Explanatory Timeline
		Jews must be given only such first names as are specified in the directives issued by the Reich Minister of the Interior concerning the bearing of first names.
		In addition to the destruction, injury and loss of life that accompanied the pogrom, the Jews of Germany were subjected to a 1 billion Reichsmarks fine and 30,000 Jewish males were rounded up and sent to concentration camps.
		All Jews and Jewesses within the Government-General who are over ten years of are are required, beginning December 1, 1939, to wear on the right sleeve of their inner and outer garments a white band at least 10 cm.wide, with the Star of David on it.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /genocide/destrtim.htm (5370 words)

	Are The Jews Central To The Holocaust? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Nazis harassed and brutalized the Jews throughout the 1920s during the "struggle for power." Speech after speech painted the Jews as Germany's "misfortune" and prophesied a time of reckoning.
		Jews were progressively erased from almost every facet of German life.
		By the time of the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the decision had been taken to kill the eastern European Jews by shooting them where they were found (http://www.holocaust-history.org/hitler-final-solution/) and by the end of the year at the latest, the decision was taken to kill all European Jews.
	www.holocaust-history.org /jews-central (1820 words)

	The Response of American Jews to the Holocaust
		American Jews were hearing for the first time of the measures being imposed upon the European Jews as a result of the intellectual genius of German leader Adolph Hitler.
		Feingold reports that the popularity of American Jews among society during the thirties was minimal, as a result of their rapid rate of materialization from the depths of the depression, which created hostility and envy among other groups (“Could”).
		Therefore, Jews were often hesitant to show their true feelings towards the events of the Holocaust, as they feared the circumstances of being recognized by the anti-Semites, who were using their presence to control the response of the American Jewish community.
	faculty.millikin.edu /~mdwiggins/response_of_american_jews.htm (2264 words)

	AEI - Short Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Europeans just don't see why they should cut themselves off from lucrative oil contracts--even if they have to pay outrageous commissions to the ruling ayatollahs and their bagmen--just because the regime oppresses its subjects, trains, funds, and arms the world's most dangerous terrorists, and hails the slaughter of Jews by suicide terrorists.
		The Europeans have gladly discarded their feelings of responsibility for the destruction of the European Jews, so they feel no moral obligation to sacrifice their slightest chance for gain merely because it involves dealing with monsters like Khamenei and Rafsanjani.
		If the Europeans were as clever as they think they are, they would be taking out insurance today by giving support to the opposition forces instead of sending their appeasers on a hopeless mission to achieve some sort of detente.
	www.aei.org /publications/filter.all,pubID.15616/pub_detail.asp (741 words)

	Ordinary men : Reserve Police Battalion … by Christopher R. Browning \| LibraryThing
		All along it was the idea that the Jews had been the downfall of the German empire and something has to be done about them.
		Another large part of the job that Police Battalion 101 did was to have Jews board trains which would take them to concentration or death camps, they would have tens of thousands sent to their death.
		The last job that the Police Battalion had was to form hunting units to hunt down Jews who had run away and hid in the forests or elsewhere in the country side, these actions would have hundreds of casualties on the Jewish side while rarely would the Germans encounter opposition from Partisan type units.
	www.librarything.com /isbn/0060995068 (1244 words)

	Goldhagen's German supporters
		Raul Hilberg’s classic, The Destruction of the European Jews, originally published in English in 1961, was only translated into German in 1982; issued by a nondescript press, it did not attract any public attention till it was republished by the more prestigious Fischer Verlag in 1991.
		Most ordinary Germans would have preferred it if the Jews disappeared of their own volition, but if that did not take place then they were quite understanding of other measures the regime had to take to make them disappear, such as resettlement to the East which became no more than an euphemism for extermination.
		Some had a passionate hatred of Jews, others bore no such intense emotions but instead were motivated by an even more effective, because rationally controlled, intellectual hatred, for "intellectual hatred is the worst", as the poet Yeats puts it.
	www.aijac.org.au /review/1999/242/goldhagen.html (3136 words)

	Responses to common Holocaust-denial claims
		The destruction process was shaped gradually: it was borne of many thousands of directives.
		At least 320,000 Chelmno prisoners, most of them Jews, were killed by this method; a total of 870,000 Jews were murdered at Treblinka using gas vans and diesel-powered gas chambers.
		Similarly, Raul Hilberg in his three-volume edition of The Destruction of the European Jews, wrote, "Between 1933 and 1945 the public offices and corporate entities of Nazi Germany generated a large volume of correspondence.
	www.adl.org /holocaust/response.asp (2732 words)

	FactsOfIsrael.com: Romania, 1938, 264 000 Jewish Men, Women and Children are murdered
		Jews that did not live in Israel have been the subject of random luck: if the leader of a country such as Romania hated Jews, there was very little they could do.
		Jews were seen as inferior creatures that polluted society, however the latter reason played a more minor role.
		Jews were once again moved from small country town to large urban centers that became Jewish ghettos.
	www.factsofisrael.com /blog/archives/000354.html (2415 words)

	The Destruction of the European Jews by Prof. Raul Hilberg
		The Destruction of the European Jews by Prof.
		To the east the German [1] commander in Serbia held the town of Semlin (Zemun), while in the northeast the Hungarians annexed the basin between the Danube and the Tisza...
		All Jews leaving the country were to loose their Croatian nationality, in order that they might also lose their property.
	www.srpska-mreza.com /History/ww2/book/Hilberg.html (1942 words)

	CCJS: Courses
		History of the Holocaust: The Destruction of the European Jews.
		A study of the role of Jews and the Jewish Question in German culture from 1750 to the Holocaust and beyond.
		JWST 165/SLAV 165/PWAD 165 Literature of Atrocity: The Gulag and the Holocaust in Russian and East European Literature (PWAD 165).
	www.unc.edu /ccjs/spring2006courses.html (1016 words)

	The Holocaust As Mental Paradigm WhyThe Jews Didn't Resist
		The definitive history of the Holocaust is "The Destruction of the European Jews" by Rolf Hilberg, a Jewish professor of Political Science at the University of Vermont.
		Hilberg concluded that the mythology of the holocaust requires that the victims appear to be heroic, and to be engaged in a struggle, however unequal.
		Had the Jews been totally unorganized and leaderless, Arendt writes, there would have been chaos and misery aplenty but the total number of deaths would have been far less.
	www.rense.com /general34/whyjews.htm (1115 words)

	Raul Hilberg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first edition of The Destruction of the European Jews went to press in 1961, a time before the Holocaust entered the public eye in the United States.
		A further move towards a functionalist interpretation was in the revised 1985 edition where Hitler is a remote figure hardly involved in the machinery of destruction.
		Raul Hilberg, "The Fate of the Jews in the Cities." Reprinted in Rubenstein, Betty Rogers (ed.), et al.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Raul_Hilberg (958 words)

	Dehumanizing People and Euphemizing War
		In his definitive work The Destruction of the European Jews (Quadrangle, 1961), Raul Hilberg presents some insights that are as relevant to the United States today as they were to Nazi Germany a half-century ago.
		When the persecution of the Jews began in Nazi Germany a half-century ago, Jews were labeled a “disease” or “parasites”; Hitler talked of the “Jewish bacilli’’ and the “demon of Communism.” This metaphoric language was essential for dehumanizing the “enemy.” Defining people as microorganisms and as subhuman made it easier to justify their extermination.
		Linguistically, the president’s metaphors for defining the “enemy” are frightfully similar to the Nazis’ dehumanizing terms for Jews, communists and other “un-Germans.” To some, the metaphors may appear to be harmless stylistic devices used by government officials to emphasize a point of view or an argument; they may appear as oratorical ornaments.
	www.religion-online.org /showarticle.asp?title=1442 (1717 words)

	EJP \| News \| Conference on Holocaust : European Jewish body calls for sanctions against Iran
		American researcher Raul Hilberg, the author of "Destruction of the European Jews", which is widely considered one of the standard texts on the Holocaust.
		US researcher Raul Hilberg, the author of "Destruction of the European Jews", which is widely considered one of the standard texts on the Holocaust, said he wanted to make "a statement" by attending the Berlin conference.
		The president of the BPB, Thomas Krueger, said the conference was designed to respond to the "absurd arguments" of Ahmadinejad, who has questioned the existence of the Holocaust and said Israel should be wiped off the map.
	www.ejpress.org /article/12190 (371 words)

	Umschlagplatz in the Warsaw Ghetto where Jews were assembled for deportation
		The Umschlagplatz was where the Jews had to assemble to board the trains which transported them to the death camp at Treblinka, beginning in July 1942.
		The answer of the Jewish leaders was that perhaps 60,000 Jews would be deported, but that it was "inconceivable that the Germans would destroy the lot." The Jews had one request, which the Polish Home Army was glad to fulfill.
		The 7,000 Jews who assembled here daily were crowded into 60 freight cars for the train trip to the Treblinka extermination center.
	www.scrapbookpages.com /Poland/WarsawGhetto/WarsawGhetto01.html (731 words)

	Jewish Professionals Institute (JPI) - Holocaust Thesis Chapter 4 - Footnotes
		7 Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, p.
		16 Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, p.
		26 Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, pp.
	www.jpi.org /holocaust/hlchp4af.htm (184 words)

	FrontPage magazine.com :: Likely PA Prime Minister a Holocaust-Denier by Raphael Medoff
		While European Union officials praised Yasser Arafat's decision to appoint his first-ever prime minister, historians of the Holocaust winced at the news that a leading candidate for the job is the author of a book denying that the Nazis murdered 6 million Jews.
		In addition to encouraging the persecution of Jews so they would immigrate to the Holy Land, the Zionist leaders actually wanted Jews to be murdered, because -- in Abbas' words -- "having more victims meant greater rights and stronger privilege to join the negotiation table for dividing the spoils of war once it was over.
		In New Zealand, Canterbury University recently issued an apology for having accepting a master's thesis denying the Holocaust, while the French minister of education revoked a doctoral degree that was awarded to a Holocaust-denier by the University of Nantes.
	www.frontpagemag.com /Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=6340 (970 words)

	Academic Publications
		This study refutes the widespread thesis that compulsory work was organized only by the SS and that exploitation was only an intermediate tactic on the way to mass murder or, rather, that it was only a facet in the destruction of the Jews.
		In the hope of staying alive, Jews were forced to work for the regime that had promised to annihilate them.
		Wolf Gruner currently holds a position at the Institute for Contemporary History Munich-Branch Berlin, where he is coeditor of a multivolume collection of primary sources on the persecution and extermination of the European Jews under the Nazis from 1933 to 1945.
	www.ushmm.org /research/center/publications/details.php?content=2006-03 (682 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: The Destruction of the European Jews: Books: Raul Hilberg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The second volume explains the fate of the Jews in all areas of Europe, from Norway to Greece and all the countries in between.
		He has spent a considerable number of years researching every aspect of the events from identification to the destruction of the Jews in Europe, by the National Socialist government of Germany between 1933 and 1945.
		Brilliantly written in three volumes, the history of the destruction of European Jewry between 1933 and 1945 is clinically set out.
	www.amazon.co.uk /Destruction-European-Jews-Raul-Hilberg/dp/0841909105 (1134 words)

	The Holocaust - A General Overview
		Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (Holmes and Meier).
		Set within a historic frame — from the 1920’s when waves of anti-Semitism swept through Germany, to 1945 when the remnants of European Jewry were released from the death camps — the film exposes the methodical insanity of the Nazi era.
		Part II gives the historical and political background of European anti-Semitism and how Nazi Germany used it as a political expedient.
	www.holocaust-trc.org /edures5.htm (436 words)

	Women & The Holocaust - Personal Reflections
		In January 1943, in Jerusalem, the prominent Polish Zionist leader Yitzhak Grünbaum, head of the rescue committee for European Jewry, asked in grief how it was possible for Jews of Poland, the paradigms of Jewish self defense, whose sophisticated political methods had ensured their rights in Poland, were led like sheep to the slaughter.
		Military historians established that the destruction of the Jewish race was a major Nazi war aim, and that they were ready to make a great investment in carrying it out.
		However, in the case of the Holocaust, when the very definition of who was a Jew was that of the oppressor, and his main goal was to kill all people who fell into that category, many manifestations of unorganized responses by individuals demonstrated a conscientious resistance to Nazi policy.
	www.theverylongview.com /WATH/essays/ofer1.htm (953 words)

	Jews (Balkan and other) about Serbs and current wars.
		For Jews and Serbs the destiny was the same.
		The Ustashi were fanatics bent on the destruction of both Serbs and Jews...
		Gottlieb Hlinko:"Kaddish in the Serbian Forest" -"The Massacre of European Jewry: An Antology" (Israel: Kibbutz Merchavia, 1963)
	www.srpska-mreza.com /library/facts/Jews.html (1224 words)

	Did the Holocaust Really Happen?
		First of all, the holocaust was, as Professor Raul Hilberg called it,"The Destruction of the European Jews." But I think it was much more than that.
		The first Nazi plan was to cram millions of Jews into these ghettos and to work them to death in factories, with the help of disease, starvation and despair.
		Of the six million Jews who were murdered, one and half million were children.
	www.sholem.org /docs/NatanPillKahan.htm (2205 words)

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