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Topic: The End of History

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The End of History and the Last Man

War to End All Wars

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Francis Fukuyama

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In the News (Fri 25 Jul 08)

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	Francis Fukuyama & the end of history by Roger Kimball
		What we are witnessing is not just the end of the Cold War, or a passing of a particular period of postwar history, but the end of history as such: that is, the end point of mankind’s ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government.
		For in proclaiming that the end of history had arrived in the form of triumphant liberal democracy, Fukuyama did not mean that the world would henceforth be free from tumult, political contention, or intractable social problems.
		Fukuyama envisaged was not the end of history—understood as the lower-case realm of daily occasions and events—but the end of History: an evolutionary process that represented freedom’s self-realization in the world.
	www.newcriterion.com /archive/10/feb92/fukuyama.htm (2846 words)

	The End of History
		What we may be witnessing is not just the end of the Cold War, or the passing of a particular period of postwar history, but the end of history as such: that is, the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government.
		For human history and the conflict that characterized it was based on the existence of "contradictions"; primitive man's quest for mutual recognition, the dialectic of the master and slave, the transformation and mastery of nature, the struggle for the universal recognition of rights, and the dichotomy between proletarian and capitalist.
		To say that history ended in 1806 meant that mankind's ideological evolution ended in the ideals of the French or American Revolutions: while particular regimes in the real world might not implement these ideals fully, their theoretical truth is absolute and could not be improved upon.
	www.cla.wayne.edu /polisci/kdk/Comparative/SOURCES/fukayama.htm (8209 words)

	The End of History
		The idea that we are at the end of history was proposed back in the late eighties by Francis Fukuyama.
		Rather, his theory is that we are seeing the end of the evolution of thought on principles governing political and social organizations.
		This comment by Fukuyama again shows both his disregard for history and his unwillingness to recognize the fact that such a large percentage of the world's population (both then and still today) do not live in societies that embrace or are even close to resembling liberal democracies.
	members.tripod.com /wildebeest/endofhist.html (1499 words)

	Agape - End of History
		Since the 'end of history' subject has been pushed more prominently into the foreground in recent times, it appears expedient to make the chapter available separately to enrich the dimension of the general discussion of the theme.
		The chapter explores the 'end of history' concept in a broad, universal perspective, and projects it logically forward according to the general concept of the doctrine with consequences that are actually hard to imagine, even in science fiction, but which lie in the general trend of processes that are now being implemented.
		Indeed the 'end of history' doctrine is by design a doctrine with consequences that universally alter the face of all nations.
	endhistory.rolf-witzsche.com (508 words)

	Fukuyama, Liberalism, and the End of History
		The "End of History" is not some cessation of daily events of greater and lesser note (how could such a thing be possible?), but rather the global adoption of this "best" social system, at which time the historical progression of trials of various systems comes to a halt.
		However they are not history in his specialized sense of "events which make the eventual triumph of a particular social system more likely".
		The fruits of science greatly affect the distribution and efficient use of scarce human and natural resources, serve as a tool for governments (particularly, as a means of affecting the outcome of military actions), permit the creation of new economic markets, and, ultimately, directly influence the quality of life for the individual.
	members.tripod.com /doggo/doggfukuyama.html (1536 words)

	THE END OF HISTORY (aka, politics in conservative drag) [Free Republic] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Both thinkers thus posited an "end of history": for Hegel this was the liberal state, while for Marx is was a communist society.
		Look around, we have the bloodiest century in history punctuated with casual acceptance of not only violence but casual acceptance of depravity and deviance, and those who celbrate these things lament that they can't satisfy their apetites with what is already available to them.
		History has produced only two kinds of human government: the tribe and the democratically elected representative republic whose power is vested in legal concepts rather than people.
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a3a00c4400b68.htm (6867 words)

	The End of History? Reflections on Some International Legal Theses
		What we may be witnessing is not just the end of the Cold War, or the passing of a particular period of postwar history, but the end of history as such; that is, the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalisation of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government.
		The culmination - or `end' - of history is eventually reached when perfect freedom and rationality are attained, and the clash of ideologies is resolved.
		To summarise, it can be argued that the thesis of the end of history - as the ideological triumph of capitalist economics and liberal democracy - attaches insufficient importance to a number of matters which render ideological divergences inescapable and, indeed, vital.
	www.ejil.org /journal/Vol8/No3/art5.html (5392 words)

	TCS Daily - The Surprise of History
		It is widely assumed that the concept of the End of History is derived from the nineteenth century German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.
		Only the actual events of future history can reveal to us the significance and meaning of these future events, and it is only after they have occurred that the philosopher can look back on them, and try to discern their world-historical importance.
		Unlike Marx, who did believe that history obeyed iron-clad laws similar to those scientific laws that governed the behavior of physical objects, Hegel recognized that the existence of human freedom, and the role of accident and chance, rendered all attempts to predict the future course of history futile and even dangerous.
	www.tcsdaily.com /article.aspx?id=013006B (1332 words)

	The End of History - Francis Fukuyama
		The end of history was supposed to be about the victory of Western, not simply American, values and institutions.
		Europeans regard the violent history of the first half of the 20th century as the direct outcome of the unbridled exercise of national sovereignty.
		But the end of the Cold War marked an important turn in international relations, since for the first time the vast majority of the world’s great powers were stable, prosperous liberal democracies.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /fukujama.htm (7090 words)

	Space, World Government, and "The End of History" - World Beyond Borders
		There will be an "end of wars and bloody revolutions [because] agreeing on ends, men would have no large causes for which to fight." And, in Fukuyama's view, there will also be an end to cultural progress, because the principal sources of creative stimuli would have dried up.
		The other part of Fukuyama's argument is that the 'end of history', as marked by the triumph of liberal democracy (and, as I would argue, by the creation of a world government), would mean an effective end to human creativity.
		Fukuyama believes that creativity will cease at the 'end of history' because, by his definition, many of the traditional sources of artistic and intellectual stimuli will have ceased to exist, and he cannot think of any new sources of inspiration which might adequately replace them.
	zuserver2.star.ucl.ac.uk /~iac/jbis_culture.html (5476 words)

	FrontPage magazine.com :: Symposium: The End of “Black” History? by Jamie Glazov
		When Black history was discussed, it was done so through the eyes of white people, etc. So there is obviously much to be said for having the history of Blacks told and also through the eyes of Blacks themselves.
		Today, a certain type is given to claiming that fl history is suppressed or all but absent from history books, that America has yet to "acknowledge" slavery, that Africa is thought of as a dark continent full of "primitives" with bones in their noses.
		In the end, however, I do question one thing -- the idea that a people must know their history in order to feel "whole." Woodson was given to saying that, and it's a mantra in the fl community.
	www.frontpagemag.com /Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=21779 (3263 words)

	Philosophy of history - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		History was composed mainly of hagiographies of monarchs or epic poetry describing heroic gestures such as the Song of Roland about the Battle of Roncevaux Pass, during Charlemagne's first campaign to conquer the Iberian peninsula.
		Auguste Comte's (1798-1857) positivist conception of history, which he divided into the theological stage, the metaphysical stage and the positivist stage, brought upon by modern science, was one of the most influential doctrine of progress.
		History itself, which was traditionally the sovereign's science, the legend of his glorious feats, became the discourse of the people, a political stake.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/End_of_History (3786 words)

	The End of History? - Francis Fukuyama
		For as early as this Hegel saw in Napoleon's defeat of the Prussian monarchy at the Battle of Jena the victory of the ideals of the French Revolution, and the imminent universalization of the state incorporating the principles of liberty and equality.
		To his contemporaries at mid-century, Kojève's proclamation of the end of history must have seemed like the typical eccentric solipsism of a French intellectual, coming as it did on the heels of World War II and at the very height of the Cold War.
		Kojève alternatively identified the end of history with the postwar "American way of life," toward which he thought the Soviet Union was moving as well.
	www.wesjones.com /eoh.htm (8429 words)

	Amazon.com: End of History and the Last Man: Books: Francis Fukuyama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		History is directional, and its endpoint is capitalist liberal democracy, asserts Fukuyama, former U.S. State Department planner.
		He argues that there is a positive direction to current history, demonstrated by the collapse of authoritarian regimes of right and left and their replacement (in many but not all cases) by liberal governments.
		History disappears very early on in the narrative, to be replaced by abstract philosophy.
	www.amazon.com /End-History-Last-Francis-Fukuyama/dp/0029109752 (2987 words)

	We remain at the end of history
		A stream of commentators has been asserting that the tragedy of 11 September proves that I was utterly wrong to have said more than a decade ago that we had reached the end of history.
		It is, on the face of it, nonsensical and insulting to the memory of those who died on 11 September - as well as to those who are now participating in military raids over Afghanistan - to declare that this unprecedented attack did not rise to the level of a historical event.
		We remain at the end of history because there is only one system that will continue to dominate world politics - that of the liberal-democratic West.
	www.hvk.org /articles/1001/119.html (1223 words)

	The end of history
		This virtual museum deals with the history of the development of the manual typewriter.
		But obviously, the story of the typewriter does not end in 1920.
		After World War II, the electric typewriter advanced in the office world, with the IBM 'golf ball' system as market leader (note that this system was basically invented by Blickensderfer in the 19th Century, and was perfected in the 1902 Blickensderfer Electric).
	www.typewritermuseum.org /history/end_of_history.html (209 words)

	The End of History--Comments on HR 2652 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A history professor then conducts her own research or criminal prosecutions in Alabama, and writes a book which compares her results with the findings from North Carolina and Texas.
		Because of the heightened interest in the antebellum South, the history professor succeeds in finding a prestigious academic publisher for her book whch sells it aggressively in both the academic and general markets.
		The history professor has violated the provisions of H.R. She has extracted and used in commerce a substantial part of collections of information (the charts in the article) gathered and organized by another person.
	www.arl.org /info/frn/copy/end.html (1039 words)

	CHRISTMAS AS THE END OF HISTORY - John Piper
		The coming of Messiah meant the end of this age and the beginning of the age to come; it meant the establishment of the eternal kingdom of God on earth; it meant the fulfillment of all God's promises.
		Picture the river as redemptive history flowing toward the ocean which is the final kingdom of God, full of glory and righteousness and peace.
		I want us to think of Christmas this year not as a great event in the flow of history, but as the arrival of the end of history which happened, as it were, but yesterday and will be consummated very soon by the second appearing of Christ.
	www.soundofgrace.com /piper81/122081m.htm (2618 words)

	The end of history - or of liberalism? National Review - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The prophecy that human history is about to end and a new historical epoch about to begin is of course a recurrent one in the history of Western thought.
		It is the expression, most likely, not of a political philosophy, but of a philosophy of history, one dominated by the notion that liberal democracy is history's telos, other modes of government being recognized only as progressions toward, or aberrations from, that end.
		Civil society is the matrix of the market economy, which both history and theory show to be the precondition of prosperity and liberty in the modern world.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n20_v41/ai_8039901 (817 words)

	"We Are Not at the End of History"
		If we have indeed reached Francis Fukuyama's end of history, it is not to be a utopia of peace and justice, but a prolonged succession of violent conflicts, using ever more vicious and efficient means of killing.
		They all go to support his contention that this is the end of history - there is no legitimate class alternative to capitalism: "I don't believe there is an ideology or program that can remove all of the brutality and destructiveness of capitalism and still produce steadily rising standards of living," he says.
		This is the history that those who say we've come to the end of time would have us ignore.
	dbacon.igc.org /Art/08EndOfHistoryNot.htm (4954 words)

	TCS Daily - Russia and The End of History
		Besides, we are at the End of History.
		Or, possibly, just possibly, he might not be at all happy with a permanent world order in which the USA is the lone Superpower, and his own once mighty nation, Russia, is reduced to a mere second or third fiddle.
		Those societies that have declared an end to history have done so at precisely the point at which they have achieved an enormous victory over their rivals in a long and often bloody power struggle.
	www.tcsdaily.com /article.aspx?id=022806C (864 words)

	Mackubin Thomas Owens on 9/11/03 on National Review Online
		It was the title of an article, and later a book, by Francis Fukuyama, suggesting that with the end of the Cold War, liberalism had defeated its one remaining ideological competitor.
		To be fair to Fukuyama, he acknowledged in his book The End of History and the Last Man that, despite the progress of "a universal and directional history" leading to the end state of liberal democracy, there were many parts of the world in which liberal democracy had not yet triumphed.
		But it is useful to remember that the last time the world was as "interdependent" as it was at the end of the 1990s was on the eve of World War I. Then too, optimism reigned.
	www.nationalreview.com /owens/owens091103.asp (1326 words)

	Fukuyama's "The End of History and the Last Man"
		It seemed clear to me that the proponents of free market economics ("running dogs of Capitalism" as they were known then) had the best logical arguments for their case.
		History was not a series of random events but a progression, rather like embryology.
		But the end point is the Liberal Democracy political system and Capitalism.
	users.ox.ac.uk /~mert2049/scienceandfuture/blair-fukuyama.shtml (704 words)

	The End of Animation History - Mark Langer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		[1] In that book, written at the end of the Cold War, Fukuyama claims that conflict between opposing ideological systems, most recently between capitalism and communism, that had marked human history, ended with the collapse of the Communist system.
		The triumph of capitalism resulted in the end of history, as all that is left is the conversion of minor holdouts to the joys of capitalist consumerist society and representative democracy.
		By this I mean that we may have reached the end of a historical period where theorists and practitioners commonly conceived of animation as a distinct form of image generation defined by its opposition to live-action cinema, or in opposition to that which can not be experienced by real-life people in the real world.
	asifa.net /SAS/articles/langer1.htm (3785 words)

	OpinionJournal - Featured Article
		It is on the face of it nonsensical and insulting to the memory of those who died on Sept. 11 to declare that this unprecedented attack did not rise to the level of a historical event.
		I believe that in the end I remain right: Modernity is a very powerful freight train that will not be derailed by recent events, however painful and unprecedented.
		We remain at the end of history because there is only one system that will continue to dominate world politics, that of the liberal-democratic West.
	www.opinionjournal.com /editorial/feature.html?id=95001277 (1532 words)

	Click opera - The end of the end of history
		Long before 9/11, in fact back in 1993, Samuel P. Huntington contradicted this "end of history" idea in the Foreign Affairs magazine essay which launched the phrase "the clash of civilizations".
		A popular interpretation of Western history is that industrialization created the conditions that led the rise of individualism.
		History has been wiping out the smaller hold outs for ages, but as we get down to the last few players, uniformity can't be acheived by conquest...
	imomus.livejournal.com /172816.html (1785 words)

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