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Topic: The End of History and the Last Man

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	Corrupt: Remaking Modern Society (Via Holistic Immanent Transcendence & The Science of Nihilist Zen) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Francis Fukuyama - The End of History and the Last Man
		In their view, the "last man" is a form of entropy: a shallow character who accepts the pursuit of pleasure and wealth as all there is to life, and therefore is the death of human greatness.
		The typical citizen of a liberal democracy was 'last man' who, schooled by the founders of modern liberals, gave up prideful belief in his or her own superior worth in favor of comfortable self-preservation.
	www.corrupt.org /data/encyclopedia/fukuyama_francis (2242 words)

	Reflections on the End of History
		It is a paradox that in his thoughtful essay, The End of History and the Last Man (1992), Francis Fukuyama—embraced as he is by conservative intellectuals and now a fellow at the social-scientific think tank, the RAND Corporation—contemplates the exhaustion of modern historical meaning, which is a basic premise of radical, postmodern thought.
		History with a capital H has come to an end, although the lower-case history of births and deaths and private aspirations persists.
		The end of history is thus the end of a genre, though not the absence of events themselves.
	www.acdis.uiuc.edu /Research/S&Ps/1992-Sp-Su/S&P_VI-3-4/book_review.html (1887 words)

	Francis Fukuyama: History in the Remaking
		But no. Fukuyama, author of the best-selling 1992 book "The End of History and the Last Man," is an academic and intellectual, not a politician, and he's moved on to a new preoccupation: the problem of Islamic terror in Western society.
		The problem is particularly disturbing for Fukuyama because in "The End of History," his most widely read book, he argued that the world was coming to consensus about basic, liberal, democratic values.
		Curiously, when Fukuyama wrote "The End of History," nobody paid much attention to the second half of the book's argument and title, "the last man," in which he wondered what would happen to man's need for struggle and glory in a world that was happily, peacefully democratic.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/02/AR2005110203304_pf.html (898 words)

	Review:The End of History and the Last Man
		The history of man is the history of masters and slaves.
		The conclusion he reaches is that either liberal democracy is the end of history, or it is the means by which all nations must pass through, or it is the beginning of an entirely new repetition of history.
		The Last Man gains pride in himself, not by the development of virtue and morality, but by giving into flattery of self-help gurus who tell them, "You are special just by being you." Self-esteem is no longer a quality, but a quantity to be bought and sold.
	members.cox.net /xocxoc/philosophy/fukuyama.htm (3436 words)

	The Future of “History” - Policy Review, No. 113
		The End of History and the Last Man is constructed around a Hegelian framework that is at once the source of Fukuyama’s extraordinary insights and the reason why he seems to have missed or slighted the phenomena at the center of Huntington’s work.
		In the actual history of human societies, it is far too simple to say either that the individual is denied recognition by his masters or that he gains recognition at the expense of his rulers.
		Until that day, however, the end of history and the clash of civilizations will remain perplexing and simultaneous truths, the measure of which we shall be compelled to take without benefit of overarching formula or guide.
	www.travelbrochuregraphics.com /extra/future_of_history.htm (6672 words)

	The End of History
		And yet what I suggested had come to an end was not the occurrence of events, even large and grave events, but History: that is, history understood as a single, coherent, evolutionary process, when taking into account the experience of all peoples in all times.
		Man differs fundamentally from the animals, however, because in addition he desires the desire of other men, that is, he wants to be “recognised.” In particular, he wants to be recognised as a human being, that is, as a being with a certain worth or dignity.
		The typical citizen of a liberal democracy was a "last man" who, schooled by the founders of modern liberalism, gave up prideful belief in his or her own superior worth in favour of comfortable self-preservation.
	www.webster.edu /~macneiam/fukuyama.htm (4611 words)

	Fukuyama, Liberalism, and the End of History
		The "End of History" is not some cessation of daily events of greater and lesser note (how could such a thing be possible?), but rather the global adoption of this "best" social system, at which time the historical progression of trials of various systems comes to a halt.
		The End of History and the Last Man by Francis Fukuyama
		The fruits of science greatly affect the distribution and efficient use of scarce human and natural resources, serve as a tool for governments (particularly, as a means of affecting the outcome of military actions), permit the creation of new economic markets, and, ultimately, directly influence the quality of life for the individual.
	members.tripod.com /doggo/doggfukuyama.html (1529 words)

	Francis Fukuyama & the end of history by Roger Kimball (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		What we are witnessing is not just the end of the Cold War, or a passing of a particular period of postwar history, but the end of history as such: that is, the end point of mankind’s ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government.
		For in proclaiming that the end of history had arrived in the form of triumphant liberal democracy, Fukuyama did not mean that the world would henceforth be free from tumult, political contention, or intractable social problems.
		Fukuyama envisaged was not the end of history—understood as the lower-case realm of daily occasions and events—but the end of History: an evolutionary process that represented freedom’s self-realization in the world.
	www.newcriterion.com /archive/10/feb92/fukuyama.htm (2846 words)

	The End of History ... :: Dissent Spring 2003 Issue
		In any case, the End of History appears to be, in regard to the Muslim world, mostly a sci-fi speculation, at least for now-an insight into European history that has thus far yielded not too many insights into the history of the Muslim countries.
		The argument stressed the role of impersonal and inevitable factors in world history, which are bound to lead to ever higher social developments, unto the End of History, which Fukuyama defined as liberal democracy.
		And so, the End of Politics is, in Colburn's eyes, a gray age in Latin America, an age of something worse than mediocrity, an age without promise, a tragic and inglorious age.
	www.dissentmagazine.org /article/?article=516 (4929 words)

	Vinod's Blog:Kurtz: End of History vs. Clash of Civilizations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		By contrast, End of History is the more timeless of the two and is a generalized discourse on political philosophy.
		Many of the memes in End of History directly codify my personal transition from a Nozick-style Anarcho-Capitalist in my younger years to a more classical libertarian world view and finally towards my current views which are somewhat Libertarian/Liberal on domestic issues and Libertarian/Conservative internationally.
		The entire thesis of the End of History is the notion that twin pillars of Democracy + Capitalism -- which coincidentally have reached their current pinnacle of evolution in the West -- are the natural end products of civilizational evolution across the world.
	www.vinod.com /blog/News/endofhistoryvs.clashofciv.html (1554 words)

	Booknotes
		In South Korea the military dictatorship was finally overthrown in the late 1980s, and that came at the end of the period where it had gone through a remarkable period of economic development.
		And according to Hegel, the result of that is a relationship of master and slave because one of these early men submits, and the other wins the victory and so you have this very unequal relationship of lord and master, on the one hand, and slave, on the other, that grows up.
		So I think that's the essential paradox of the end of history, or the the good life, the good society at the end of history, that by its very success it robs man of something that's very important to him.
	www.booknotes.org /Transcript?ProgramID=1088 (6352 words)

	End of History? -- Francis Fukuyama's Thesis Won't Fly
		With the publication of The End of History and the Last Man in 1992, Francis Fukuyama established himself as a leading conservative intellectual.
		On the surface, Fukuyama's End of History is a celebration of the "new world order" proclaimed by George Bush at the time of the Gulf War.
		Fukuyama's hypothesis of the end of history would imply that there is already a tendency to uncouple the media from wealth, to make the media less reliant on state sources for copy, and to discourage the media's identifying itself with the establishment's foreign policy consensus.
	www.nathannewman.org /EDIN/.mags/.cross/.42/.42art/.fukuyam.html (3339 words)

	THE END OF HISTORY (aka, politics in conservative drag) [Free Republic]
		Man differs fundamentally from the animals, however, because in addition he desires the desire of other men, that is, he wants to be "recognized." In particular, he wants to be recognized as a human being, that is, as a being with a certain worth or dignity.
		Look around, we have the bloodiest century in history punctuated with casual acceptance of not only violence but casual acceptance of depravity and deviance, and those who celbrate these things lament that they can't satisfy their apetites with what is already available to them.
		History has produced only two kinds of human government: the tribe and the democratically elected representative republic whose power is vested in legal concepts rather than people.
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a3a00c4400b68.htm (6867 words)

	Amazon.com: End of History and the Last Man: Books: Francis Fukuyama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		He argues that there is a positive direction to current history, demonstrated by the collapse of authoritarian regimes of right and left and their replacement (in many but not all cases) by liberal governments.
		History disappears very early on in the narrative, to be replaced by abstract philosophy.
		Fukuyama's last men concept (taken from Nietzsche,) ignores the fact that Americans, the supreme exporter of the liberal lifestyle, are the last men, and not the other way around.
	www.amazon.com /End-History-Last-Francis-Fukuyama/dp/0029109752 (2958 words)

	The New Yorker : critics : books
		Last spring, Fukuyama delivered the Castle Lectures, at Yale, in which he responded to Krauthammer’s response to his response to Krauthammer’s speech, and expanded his criticism of the Bush Administration.
		The “last man” was Nietzsche’s term for the citizen of the completely modern society; “specialists without spirit, sensualists without heart” was Weber’s description.
		“The End of History” understood the outcome of the Cold War in a spirit quite different from that of the standard neoconservative account, according to which we won the Cold War because Reagan adopted a policy of liberationist interventionism.
	www.newyorker.com /critics/books/articles/060327crbo_books (1923 words)

	End of History - Uncyclopedia
		The End of History was a theory proposed by one-man right-wing neo-con think-tank, Francis Fuckyomuma Fukuyama, in his book The End of History and the Last Man.
		Controversially, he argued that the end of the Cold War meant the end of human progress, and that Liberal Democratic Capitalism was inevitably going to spread across the world.
		This is supported by the fact that Fukuyama's entire knowledge of political history was drawn from a map found at the bottom of a Happy Meal.
	uncyclopedia.org /wiki/End_of_History (249 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: The End of History and the Last Man: Books: Francis Fukuyama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The End of History and the Last Man combines a wide range of subjects: history, philosophy, political theory, international relations, economics and psychology to build a coherent model of human history.
		Fukuyama analysis the type of man (hence the second, often over-looked, part of the title “…and the Last Man”) living at the end of History.
		By 'the end of history' Fukuyama means that humankind has found the ultimate form of governance and that the period of experimentation has come to an end.
	www.amazon.co.uk /End-History-Last-Man/dp/0140134557 (2948 words)

	The Pagan Agenda :: The End of History?
		It was never Fukuyama’s intention for his phrase “the end of history” to be intrepreted this way, though he perhaps deserves some of the blame for deploying a word with such powerful connotations.
		“The end of history” was actually conceived of along the lines of Hegel’s historical dialectic of master and slave (which Marx later appropriated for his own uses), with the end of history representing the final synthesis of human political and economic organization.
		To sum up his argument, some form capitalism is needed to satisfy modern man’s desire for consumer goods, and some form of liberal democracy is needed to satisfy his desire for recognition as a human being of worth.
	www.thepaganagenda.com /2007/01/27/the-end-of-history (1260 words)

	Hoover Institution - Policy Review - The Future of "History"
		By devising an imaginary state of nature in which the subjects are a single master and a single slave, and by treating more complex social structures of recognition as mere elaborations of this fictitious individualist construction, Hegel elides the fundamental question — the extent to which human beings are individual subjects in the first place.
		To put it another way, Fukuyama portrays the structure of the desire for recognition as the willingness to risk one’s life in a battle for pure prestige — the battle of a master to conquer and rule a slave.
		In actual — rather than fanciful — human history, self-sacrifice on behalf of group prestige is at least as fundamental as personal risk for the sake of individual domination.
	www.hoover.org /publications/policyreview/3460391.html (6689 words)

	The End of the End of History - Stuart Baimel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		His book The End of History and the Last Man was published in 1989, right at the end of the Cold War.
		In a very interesting chapter called “The Neoconservative Legacy” he traces the origins and history of neoconservativism from a group of anti-Stalinist (Trotskyite) intellectuals, mainly Jewish, at CCNY to the incorporation of such philosophers as Albert Wohlstetter, who postulated the theory of mutually assured destruction, and infamous University of Chicago professor Leo Strauss.
		The two most popular theories a decade ago—Fukuyama’s own “end of history” and Samuel Huntington’s “clash of civilizations” were neat and overarching ideas, but both ultimately failed, for different reasons.
	www.stanford.edu /~ragilb/blackink/issues/v1i4/v1i4baimel.html (2084 words)

	Mackubin Thomas Owens on 9/11/03 on National Review Online
		It was the title of an article, and later a book, by Francis Fukuyama, suggesting that with the end of the Cold War, liberalism had defeated its one remaining ideological competitor.
		To be fair to Fukuyama, he acknowledged in his book The End of History and the Last Man that, despite the progress of "a universal and directional history" leading to the end state of liberal democracy, there were many parts of the world in which liberal democracy had not yet triumphed.
		But it is useful to remember that the last time the world was as "interdependent" as it was at the end of the 1990s was on the eve of World War I. Then too, optimism reigned.
	www.nationalreview.com /owens/owens091103.asp (1326 words)

	The End of Animation History - Mark Langer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		I should start by saying that the name of this paper (as many of you know) comes from the book The End of History and the Last Man, by Francis Fukuyama, which was published in 1992.
		The triumph of capitalism resulted in the end of history, as all that is left is the conversion of minor holdouts to the joys of capitalist consumerist society and representative democracy.
		By this I mean that we may have reached the end of a historical period where theorists and practitioners commonly conceived of animation as a distinct form of image generation defined by its opposition to live-action cinema, or in opposition to that which can not be experienced by real-life people in the real world.
	asifa.net /SAS/articles/langer1.htm (3785 words)

	Fukuyama, Liberalism, and the End of History (Page 2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		"The future: Francis Fukuyama's 1992 book The End of History and the Last Man (The Free Press) deserves a second look, in part because current troubles in the world have given Fukuyama some second thoughts about whether he was correct that liberal democracy represented the final stage in the political evolution of mankind.
		Thus, in terms of political philosophy, liberal democracy is the end of the evolutionary process.
		Neo—conservatives are no less sanguine about attacks from this political direction: as if to say “bring it on”, neocons are armed with counterattacks about the variously amoral, isolationist, nativist, unpatriotic, even anti—Semitic nature of the conservative cases against them.
	members.tripod.com /doggo/doggfukuyamapg2.html (779 words)

	Foreign Affairs - Book Review - The End Of History And The Last Man - Francis Fukuyama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The most intriguing aspect of this best seller is that its author is a former official of the State Department's policy planning staff, a RAND Corporation analyst and a Harvard Ph.D. in Soviet foreign policy.
		The causal relationship is not clear between this experience and the controversial thesis that liberal democracy as a system of government has emerged fully victorious over other philosophies such as fascism, communism and socialism.
		The notion that "history" has reached its end with the emergence of liberal democracy owes much to the ideas of Hegel and, more particularly, an obscure French interpreter of his named Alexandre Kojeve.
	www.foreignaffairs.org /19920301fabook6129/francis-fukuyama/the-end-of-history-and-the-last-man.html?mode=print (226 words)

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