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Topic: The Enemies of Christopher Columbus

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	Columbus
		Columbus Clippers The Columbus Clippers are a AAA Columbus, Ohio.
		Columbus Riverdragons The Columbus Riverdragons are a Columbus, Georgia.
		Knights of Columbus The Knights of Columbus is a Philippines.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/columbus.html (997 words)

	CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS - LoveToKnow Article on CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Columbus next betook himself to the south of Spain, and while meditating an appeal to the king of France, opened his plans to the count (from 1491, duke) of Medina Celi.
		Columbus believed in his mission, arid stood out for high terms; he asked for the rank of admiral at once (Admiral of the Ocean in all those islands, seas, and continents that he might discover), the vice-royalty of all he should discover, and a tenth of the precious metals discovered within his admiralty.
		The climate proved unhealthy; the colonists were greedy of gold, impatient of control, proud, ignorant and mutinous; and Columbus, whose inclination drew him westward, was doubtless glad to escape the worry and anxiety of his post, and to avail himself of the instructions of his sovereigns as to further discoveries.
	18.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CO/COLUMBUS_CHRISTOPHER.htm (5771 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Christopher Columbus
		Columbus always directed his proposals to the king and as yet the queen had taken no official notice of them, as she too was heart and soul in the enterprise destined to restore Spain wholly to Christian rule.
		Columbus was called to court at once, and 20,000 maravedis were assigned him out of the queen's private resources that he might appear in proper condition before the monarch.
		Columbus and his brothers were Italians, and this fact told against them among the malcontents and lower officials, but that it influenced the monarchs and the court authorities is a gratuitous charge.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04140a.htm (9265 words)

	Christopher Columbus : QuicklyFind Info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Columbus was born around September in the year 1451, in the Italian port city of Genoa.
		Columbus later found a lifelong partner in Spain, an orphan named Beatriz Enriquez living with a cousin in the weaving industry of Córdoba, and the two had a son, Ferdinand in 1488.
		The casting of Columbus as a figure of "good" or of "evil" often depends on people's perspectives as to whether the arrival of Europeans to the New World and the introduction of Christianity or the Roman Catholic faith is seen as positive or negative.
	www.quicklyfind.com /info/Christopher_Columbus.htm (4456 words)

	Exploration
		Columbus came up with the theory by studying many maps and charts that the earth was 25% smaller than originally thought and made up mostly of land.
		Columbus maintained this course until the three vessels again weighed anchor and sailed due west Columbus maintained this course until October 7, when, at the suggestion of Martin Pinzon, it was altered too southwest.
		Columbus renamed it San Salvador or Holy Savior, in the next few weeks other landing were documented including Cuba which was renamed after the Spanish princess Juana and Espanola later corrupted to Hispaniola now the Dominican Republic and Haiti.
	www.harlingen.isd.tenet.edu /coakhist/explor.html (4508 words)

	ipedia.com: Christopher Columbus Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Christopher Columbus (1451—May 20, 1506) was an explorer and trader who crossed the Atlantic Ocean and reached the Americas in 1492 under the flag of Castilian Spain.
		Columbus was born around September in the year 1451, supposely, in the Italian port city of Genoa.
		Finally, Columbus read maps as if the distances were calculated in Roman miles (1524 meters or 5,000 feet) rather than nautical miles (1853.99 meters or 6,082.66 feet at the equator).
	www.ipedia.com /christopher_columbus.html (4756 words)

	Christopher Columbus Answers All Charges
		Columbus is blamed for everything from slavery and colonialism to the current state of the environment.
		Writing as a lonely old man in a villa in Valladolid, Columbus responds with bombast and wit to accusations that his voyages were religious expeditions disguised as voyages of business, that his voyages were business trips under the guise of sacred missions, and that he was obsessed by hats.
		Columbus answers general accusations, accusations concerning his origins, and accusations concerning his voyages as well as his sense of divine mission, with his infallible logic, a logic that undercuts completely the imperialist argument and shows the giddy sideshow of "discovery" for what it was.
	www.sentex.net /~pql/columbus.html (931 words)

	Christopher Columbus by Matthew Pearson
		Columbus’ now extensive knowledge of the Atlantic Ocean (then called the Ocean Sea) and theories by other traveller’s that the Earth was round, was what sparked off his interest in reaching Asia by sailing west and he began to read and closely study charts and maps.
		Columbus had noticed that east winds prevailed at the latitude they were at and so he stayed at that latitude, travelling due west with the wind at full speed.
		Columbus was very disappointed when he failed to find a gold mine or the Palace of the Grand Kahn, but remained convinced that such things lay nearby and so the fleet set sail again in towards the end of that month, landing in Cuba, thought by Columbus to be Cipango, on October 28.
	home.fuse.net /pearsonfamily/pear2.html (2837 words)

	Athena Review 1,3: First Voyage of Columbus
		Christopher Columbus had read the journals of Marco Polo, the famed Venetian merchant who travelled to China in 1170-1190 and told of Cipangu (Japan) and thousands of other populated islands.
		Columbus failed to find any gold on Cuba, although a silver nose ring ornament was seen, the only mention of silver on this voyage.
		Columbus was confident that the fort would be safe from the natives.
	www.athenapub.com /coluvoy1.htm (3795 words)

	FrontPage magazine.com :: Columbus Day: Another Weapon Against Terrorism by Thomas A. Bowden
		Columbus was a man of independent mind, who steadfastly pursued his bold plan for a westward voyage to the Indies despite powerful opposition--a man of courage, who set sail upon a trackless ocean with no assurance that he would ever reach land--a man of pride, who sought recognition and reward for his achievements.
		On Columbus Day, we celebrate the civilization whose philosophers and mathematicians, men such as Aristotle, Archimedes, and Euclid, displaced otherworldly mysticism by discovering the laws of logic and mathematical relationships, demonstrating to mankind that the universe is knowable and predictable.
		On Columbus Day, we celebrate the civilization whose political geniuses, men such as John Locke and the Founding Fathers, showed how bloody tribal warfare and religious strife can be supplanted by constitutional republics devoted to protecting life, liberty, property, and the selfish pursuit of individual happiness.
	www.frontpagemag.com /Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=15456 (650 words)

	The Enemies of Christopher Columbus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Enemies of Christopher Columbus is Thomas A. Bowden's historical book arguing that "enemies" of Columbus are using him as a proxy to attack their real target: the values of Western civilization.
		Bowden contends that Western civilization's core belief in the faculty of reason makes it superior to all other civilizations and asserts that other cultures should emulate the West and adopt its values.
		He claims that the West became great, not because of any 'racial' endowment but rather because it has exalted the use of reason.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_Enemies_of_Christopher_Columbus (163 words)

	Christopher Columbus: The Untold Story
		Many people are surprised to learn that Christopher Columbus and his men enslaved native inhabitants of the West Indies, forced them to convert to Christianity, and subdued them with violence in an effort to seek riches.
		For example, on October 14, 1492, Columbus wrote in his journal, "with fifty men they can all be subjugated and made to do what is required of them." [5] These were not mere words: after his second voyage, Columbus sent back a consignment of natives to be sold as slaves.
		The Northmen, Columbus and Cabot, 985-1503: The voyages of the Northmen, The voyages of Columbus and of John Cabot.
	www.understandingprejudice.org /nativeiq/columbus.htm (896 words)

	Christopher Columbus biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		He next proceeded to Genoa for the same purpose, and, again failing: sailed for Spain, where he received assistance after laboring seven years at the court of Ferdinand and Isabella.
		The conditions requested by Columbus were that he should be appointed governor-general and viceroy over the lands that he might discover, with an allowance of one-tenth of the products.
		He was imprisoned on the third voyage by his enemies and sent in chains to Spain, but was soon released.
	www.dromo.info /columbusbio.htm (447 words)

	Christopher Columbus: Voyages to the New World
		On his third expedition, in 1498, Columbus was forced to transport convicts as colonists, because of the bad reports on conditions in Hispaniola and because the novelty of the New World was wearing off.
		Christopher Columbus Awards Challenges Teams of Middle School Students to Explore Opportunities for Positive Change in Their Communities; In its ninth year, the program has attracted thousands of 'everyday' students from across the U.S. to use the scientific process to solve community issues.
		Christopher Columbus Awards Challenge Teams of Middle School Students To Explore Opportunities For Positive Change In Their Communities; In its eighth year, the program has attracted thousands of 'everyday' students from across the U.S. to use the scientific process to solve community issues.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/people/A0857464.html (739 words)

	Italian American Links - Christopher Columbus
		In 1484, Columbus sought support for an exploratory voyage from King John II of Portugal, but he was refused.
		Columbus was aided in recruiting a crew by two brothers--Martin Alonzo Pinzon, who received command of the Pinta, and his younger brother Vicente Yanez Pinzon, who commanded the Nina.
		Columbus claimed to have reached islands just off the coast of Asia and brought with him artifacts, Indians, and some gold.
	www.italian-american.com /columbus.htm (688 words)

	COLONIAL DISCOURSE SINCE CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
		Such was the discursive legacy and ideological baggage Christopher Columbus would bring with him to the Americas as Europe set out to plant the seeds of its world empire.
		The world found by Columbus would be forced into the emerging paradigm in a discourse that was partly religious and partly economic, incorporating into its lexicon the mythsi obsessions, dreams, and nightmares of Europe.
		Thus, in a letter to the Spanish monarchs reporting on the Arawaks he finds on his first voyage, Columbus gives a physical description of those he believed to be inhabitants of the Indies, remarking on their primitive technology and pointing out their ignorance of iron.
	www.csusm.edu /spanish/undergradcenter/colonialdiscoursesincechristoph.htm (6001 words)

	Christopher Columbus and Sparrowhawk - The Paper Tiger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Christopher Columbus and Sparrowhawk - The Paper Tiger
		"The attacks on Columbus are attacks on civilization itself, but this very readable book is a spirited defense of both.
		Marshalling "unmentionable" facts suppressed by the multiculturalist establishment, Tom Bowden lays before the reader's eyes the primitive, sordid, brutal nature of savage life and shows why the American Indians should revere Columbus as their liberator.
	www.papertig.com /Publishing_Columbus&Sparrowhawk3.htm (97 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Christopher Columbus: Extracts from Journal
		This document is the from the journal of Columbus in his voyage of 1492.
		On the other hand, the direct result of this and later voyages was the virtual extermination, by ill-treatment and disease, of the vast majority of the Native inhabitants, and the enormous growth of the transatlantic slave trade.
		It might not be fair to lay the blame at Columbus' feet, but since all sides treat him as a symbol, such questions cannot be avoided.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/columbus1.html (6598 words)

	Insight on the News: Bowden Book Defends Columbus; In defending Christopher Columbus against the forces of political ...
		He also levels his aim at the enemies of Western civilization and its values, the bigger target that Bowden believes enemies of Columbus want to shoot down along with the explorer.
		Never mind that Columbus did great things, among the greatest of which is the fact that with him and the Europeans who followed came great ideas that transformed America.
		Q: One of the many things the enemies of Columbus accused the great man of doing was finding a paradise in America when he arrived in 1492 and turning it into a hell.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1571/is_2003_Nov_24/ai_110364127 (1654 words)

	BrothersJudd Blog: THE FIRST AMERICANS FETISH (via Mike Daley):
		"The chief purpose of this book is to warn that the enemies of Christopher Columbus are serious," Bowden writes early on in Enemies, "and that the ideas they endorse, if not refuted and rejected, will end in the death of science, the destruction of the cities and the impoverishment of the human race."
		It was Western values and achievements that the enemies of Columbus denounced and attacked relentlessly.
		In fact the enemies of Columbus have been getting away with saying that it is a very bad thing that he came along.
	www.brothersjudd.com /blog/archives/009461.html (1101 words)

	Ayn Rand Bookstore \| Product Information
		This new book shows that, contrary to the myths spread by multiculturalism, American Indians did not live in an earthly paradise before Columbus arrived—they were poor, ignorant, scared, superstitious, and cruel.
		This was not due to any racial or ethnic inferiority but to a lack of civilization.
		The spread of Western values not only brought enormous new opportunities to the Indians but led eventually to the birth of the United States of America, the greatest nation in world history, where people of every race and ethnicity can live together in peace and prosperity.
	aynrandbookstore2.com /store/prodinfo.asp?number=EB08A&variation=&... (333 words)

	THE SLAUGHTER THAT CAME WITH THE ARRIVAL OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
		...these mortal enemies of human kind trained hunting dogs to track them down -- wild dogs who would savage a native to death as soon as look at him, tearing him into shreds and devouring his flesh as though he were a pig.
		And when, as happened on the odd occasion, the locals did kill a European, as, given the enormity of the crimes committed against them, they were in all justice fully entitled to, the Spanish came to an unofficial agreement among themselves that for every European killed one hundred natives would be executed.
		The reader can judge for himself the reaction of the local people to such messengers, their great love of Christians, their certainty of the goodness and justice of the Lord, and how pure they must think the law and religions professed with pride by disciples such as these.
	www.indio.net /aymaco/slaughter.htm (2100 words)

	True Story of Christopher Columbus, Admiral
		Columbus had figured it up pretty carefully and he thought it was about twenty thousand miles.
		Columbus and his fleet were full fifty miles on their way across the Sea of Darkness.
		The homeward voyage was a stormy and seasick one.
	www.free-books.org /americanhistory/chriscolumbus.htm (14518 words)

	Meet Christopher Columbus \| Book Review \| James T. de Kay \| History \| Story (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Reading a book about Christopher Columbus might seem as painful as listening to Grandma tell you about her childhood (for the 30th time)- but it's not.
		Meet Christopher Columbus is almost written like a fairy tale with kings, queens, princes and royalty.
		It begins with a little bit of background on Columbus and then gets right to the point - his voyage to the "new world." The story is easy to follow and I had a feel for what Columbus went through.
	www.kidzworld.com /site/p1395.htm (310 words)

	Robert Spencer on Columbus, Muslims, and the State Department on National Review Online
		America!" I remember how quickly Columbus became a symbol of all that was wrong with the West: racism, imperialism, colonialism — and don't forget smallpox and cholera.
		And remember, Columbus was only sailing in the first place to find a way for European traders (who were Christians in those days) to avoid land routes to the Far East.
		Columbus was commissioned by Ferdinand and Isabella, who had just defeated the last Muslims in Spain and driven them out of the country.
	www.nationalreview.com /comment/spencer200409150556.asp (1247 words)

	The Enemies Of Christopher Columbus: Answers to Critical Questions About the Spread of Western Civilization
		The Enemies of Christopher Columbus is a forceful defense of Christopher Columbus-and of Western Civilization in general-against the multiculturalist assault.
		In "The Enemies of Christopher Columbus," Thomas A. Bowden gives, in very general terms, generous and fitting tribute to the achievements of Christopher Columbus.
		Being born on Columbus day I have always been fascinated with Columbus and his voyages of discovery.
	thegreatlands.com /apf/item_id/1889439347/search_type/AsinSearch/locale/us (711 words)

	The Intellectual Activist
		The Enemies of Christopher Columbus and the Multiculturalist Attack on Western Civilization
		"The debate over Columbus is much wider than the question of whether he or his followers mistreated some Indians.
		Those who regard that process as evil want Columbus to bear blame for starting it all, and they use him as a symbol of everything they hate about the West, so as to strangle any sense of pride in the spread of civilization to the New World.
	www.intellectualactivist.com /php-bin/news/showArticle.php?id=692 (268 words)

	Order Sons of Italy in America
		The fall 2004 Sons of Italy Book Club celebrates Italian American heritage with selections about Columbus, the immigration experience and evolution of social class in pursuit of the American dream.
		• The Enemies of Christopher Columbus by Thomas A. Bowden.
		This Pulitzer Prize-winning biography of Christopher Columbus retraces the steps of his voyages that changed the world.
	www.osia.org /public/newsroom/pr10_01_04.asp (607 words)

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