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Topic: The Escape Orbit

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	Planetary orbit - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		As an object orbits another object, the periapsis is that point at which the orbiting object is closest to the object being orbited and the apoapsis is that point at which the orbiting object is farthest from the object being orbited.
		In the case of an open orbit, the speed at any position of the orbit is at least the escape velocity for that position, in the case of a closed orbit, always less.
		The gravity of the orbiting object raises tidal bulges in the primary, and since below the synchronous orbit the orbiting object is moving faster than the body's surface the bulges lag a short angle behind it.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Orbit (2552 words)

	Orbits
		The orbit chosen for a satellite is a comprimise between the mission requirements, the capabilities of the rocket used to launch the satellite and orbital mechanics.
		Additionally the orbit is resonant with the rotation period of the earth, meaning that the satellite passes over the same point on the earth at the same time of day at regular intervals (which may be daily or every 2 or more days depending on the resonance).
		A geostationary orbit is a special case of the geosynchronous orbit where inclination = 0 and the period is equal to the rotation period of the earth (approx 1436 minutes), corresponding to a cricular orbit of approx.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~js/ast121/lectures/lec04.html (1625 words)

	Peter Alway Orbit Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Escape velocity is the minimum speed required to place a projectile on such an open-ended trajectory.
		Like orbital velocity, escape velocity depends on the mass of the planet, moon, or star the spacecraft is to escape from, and the starting distance from the center of that body.
		Of course, the occupants aboard a spacecraft orbiting the earth are not beyond the Earth's gravityÑit is gravity that holds a spacecraft in the Earth's vicinity.
	members.aol.com /petealway/orbit.html (1663 words)

	Escape orbit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An escape orbit (also known as C3 = 0 orbit) is the high-energy parabolic orbit around the central body.
		A body in this orbit has at each position the escape velocity with respect to this central body, for this position.
		If this energy were further increased the orbit would turn to a hyperbolic trajectory.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Escape_orbit (182 words)

	NASA - What is orbit?
		Orbits are elliptical in shape, this means they are similar to an oval.
		Escape velocity is the speed an object must go to break free from a planet's gravity and enter into orbit.
		Escape velocity depends on the mass of the planet.
	www.nasa.gov /audience/forstudents/5-8/features/orbit_feature_5-8.html (736 words)

	Philosophy Forum -> Space Shuttle. Obsolete? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		But "escape velocity" isn't the same concept..."escape velocity" is a figure based on velocity relative the center of the mass which is exerting the gravitic pull on the "escaping" object relative to its proximity TO the center of that mass.
		In physics, for a given gravitational field and a given position, the escape velocity is the minimum speed an object without propulsion, at that position, needs to have to move away indefinitely from the source of the field, as opposed to falling back or staying in an orbit within a bounded distance from the source.
		Escape velocity is always higher than the velocity to maintain an elliptical or circular orbit, at the current point in space.
	forum.darwinawards.com /index.php?showtopic=6791 (5638 words)

	NASA - Escape Velocity: Fun and Games
		Escape velocity (or a rousing game of Red Rover) requires an object to propel itself with enough speed and thrust to break through a barrier.
		Escape velocity is the speed at which an object must travel to break free of a planet or moon's gravitational force and enter orbit.
		In astronomy, the term orbit refers to the path of an object whose motion through space is controlled by the gravitational pull of another object.
	www.nasa.gov /audience/foreducators/k-4/features/F_Escape_Velocity.html (575 words)

	escape velocity
		The minimum velocity that an object, such as a rocket, runaway star, or rogue planet, must have in order to escape completely from the gravitational influence of another body, such as a planet or a star, without being given any extra impetus.
		The escape velocity can also be thought of as the velocity an object needs in order to attain a parabolic orbit – the lowest-energy open orbit.
		An escape orbit is any orbit whose apoapsis lies at infinity.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/E/escvel.html (238 words)

	Chapter 5 -- Orbital Mechanics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The mathematical portions of the orbit are determined from the center of the Earth, not its surface.
		The orbit's size, major axis, and the orbit's shape, eccentricity, are determined by two factors at orbital insertion: the spacecraft speed and its flight path angle.
		V must be performed to boost the spacecraft from Earth orbit using the Sun as the new primary body to arrive at the target planet at the spacecraft's aphelion point (Point in orbit farthest from the Sun which corresponds to apogee, the farthest point in orbit from the Earth).
	www.space.edu /projects/book/chapter5.html (5633 words)

	What is "escape velocity"? - Answerbag.com
		Escape velocity is the velocity needed by a projectile on launch to exit the gravitational potential well of the object it is leaving.
		Escape velocity is the launch speed that is necessary for an object launched from the surface of an object (usually a planet) to escape the gravitational pull of that planet.
		Escape Velocity is quite a misnomer in that it has nothing to do with escaping a planetary body but has rather to do with entering orbit around it.
	www.answerbag.com /q_view.php/1619 (1608 words)

	Conic Orbits (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The orbit of any body (be it a comet, planet, asteroid, or a space craft) about the Sun will have the same shape that one gets by the intersection of a plane with a cone.
		If the plane intersects the cone horizontally then the resulting orbits is that of a circle - a special case of an ellipse whose eccentricity is zero.
		The shape of the orbit is determined by the Gravitational Mechanical Energy of the orbiting body.
	www.ac.wwu.edu /~vawter/PhysicsNet/Topics/Gravity/ConicOrbits.html (226 words)

	ORBITS
		atellites are launched into several types of orbits around the earth depending on their size, function, etc. (see diagram on the right) In order for a satellite to maintain orbit, it must travel at a velocity great enough to match the force of gravity pulling the object in.
		Once the satellite reaches the apogee (furthest point from the Earth) of the orbit, a thruster is launched to boost the satellite into the desired orbit.
		The lifetime of a satellite is dependant on the atmospheric density through the orbit, the size, shape and mass of the satellite as well as the initial orbit itself.
	ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu /311_fall2004.web.dir/Nansen_Olson/orbits.htm (404 words)

	Escape velocity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For an actual escape orbit a spacecraft is first placed in low Earth orbit and then accelerated to the escape velocity at that altitude, which is a little less, ca.
		The escape velocity from a position in a field with multiple sources is derived from the total potential energy per kg at that position, relative to infinity.
		If the gravity source is a spherically symmetric body the orbit is (part of) a parabola with the center of the source as focus (parabolic trajectory), or part of a straight line through the source.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Escape_velocity (1447 words)

	CloudSat - Education: FAQ
		This sun-synchronous orbit is nearly circular and is inclined with respect to the earth's equator at 98.2 degrees.
		The first kind of orbit is called elliptic where the orbital energy is low enough that the satellite remains captured by earth's gravity.
		Orbits with repeat groundtracks are useful in that once they are established the revisit the same geographic coordinates time after time.
	cloudsat.atmos.colostate.edu /education/faq (1463 words)

	orbit
		By the early 1600s, celestial orbits were observed and described by Galileo, Kepler, and others.
		In this low orbit, the satellite is in sunshine for nominally 0.8 hours and in darkness for 0.7 hours, each revolution.
		To the extent that energy expended to alter orbits does not result in large angular momentum change, the inverse relationship of speed and orbit height noted here, is also seen to be consistent with conservation of angular momentum.
	rpm2.8k.com /orbit.htm (3579 words)

	Soviet Craft - Sputnik
		The orbit of the then inactive satellite was later observed optically to decay 92 days after launch (January 4, 1958) after having completed about 1400 orbits of the Earth over a cumulative distance traveled of 70 million kilometers.
		This spacecraft, the first of a series of spacecraft used to investigate the means for manned space flight, contained scientific instruments, a television system, and a self-sustaining biological cabin with a dummy of a man. The spacecraft was designed to study the operation of the life support system and the stresses of flight.
		The escape stage failed and the spacecraft was stranded in Earth orbit until it re-entered the Earth's atmosphere 5 days later.
	filer.case.edu /~sjr16/advanced/20th_soviet_sputnik.html (2250 words)

	NAI: Ask an Astrobiologist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		We must make adjustments in the orbits of Earth satellites primarily to compensate for the small atmospheric drag, which is present even at very high altitudes.
		Escape from an orbit happens only for small objects (such as comets and asteroids) with very low gravity.
		The minute change in orbit resulting from an impact is unmeasurable for a large planet like earth, and only becomes important for a very small object.
	nai.arc.nasa.gov /astrobio/astrobio_detail.cfm?ID=1449 (201 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Satellites Work"
		Earth's escape velocity is much greater than what's required to place an Earth satellite in orbit.
		To maintain an orbit that is 22,223 miles (35,786 km) above Earth, the satellite must orbit at a speed of about 7,000 mph (11,300 kph).
		By firing a rocket when the orbit is at the apogee of its orbit (its most distant point from Earth), and applying thrust in the direction of the flight path, the perigee (lowest point from Earth) moves further out.
	science.howstuffworks.com /satellite3.htm (662 words)

	Astron. Astrophys. 364, 887-893 (2000)
		Liu and Sun (1994) derived a map which describes the evolution of comets on near-parabolic orbits in the framework of the planar circular restricted three-body problem (the Sun-planet-comet).
		2 shows that the final qualitative results (escape, remain or transfer) of the evolution of individual orbits in the original system (1) is preserved by the map (8).
		Since the use of parabolic orbits to approximate the orbits of the comets, the map is not valid when the comets are in orbits with very small eccentricities.
	aa.springer.de /papers/0364002/2300887/sc2.htm (1011 words)

	Escape Velocity
		Is escape velocity the velocity necessary at any given altitude (distance from the earth's (or other body's) centre) to propel it out of the earth's gravitational field WITHOUT the use of rockets or other machinery?
		Isn't the escape velocity less the further you are from the centre of mass?
		The further from the earth's center the lower the escape velocity.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /askasci/phy00/phy00343.htm (579 words)

	Archive of Astronomy Questions and Answers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The escape speed of a planet in a circular orbit is 1.414 times its circular orbit speed.
		This means that if the star suddenly ejected half of its mass outside the orbit of the planet, the speed of the planet would now equal the escape velocity of the remaining mass of the star.
		It is believed that about 3 million years ago, one of the members of a 4-star system went supernova and these three stars were ejected into space at a velocity equal to their orbital speeds.
	www.astronomycafe.net /qadir/q182.html (269 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Full calculation of the gravity assist trajectory was beyond the scope of this analysis, but it was desired to find a good approximation for the total needed delta V of this mission to determine if it is possible.
		The mission starts at an earth escape velocity, uses gravity assist of various planets, and ends up back on the earth escape orbit.
		To estimate a total delta V, the problem was split into three sections and the delta V for each section was analyzed.
	www.prism.gatech.edu /~gte884u/rd_final/orbit.html (83 words)

	Circular orbit (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.cs.uiuc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In astrodynamics or celestial mechanics a circular orbit is an elliptic orbit with the eccentricity equal to 0.
		Thus the escape velocity from any distance is √2 times the speed in a Circular orbit at that distance: the kinetic Energy is twice as much, hence the total Energy is zero.
		a geostationary orbit, requires a larger delta-v than an escape orbit, although the latter implies getting arbitrarily far away and having more Energy than needed for the orbital speed of the Circular orbit.
	circular-orbit.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (272 words)

	Iteration and the Complex Plane (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Julia set is the boundary between the set of starting points whose orbits escape and the set of starting points whose orbits don’t escape.
		In the next few thinking opportunities, we’ll look at another method of looking at the behavior of orbits that can be used to look at a lot of starting points at once that can be used with functions that use complex numbers as the input and output values.
		In order to adapt the algorithm used to study the orbits when complex functions are used to do iterations (instead of functions that use real numbers for both inputs and outputs), we will have to develop a way to do complex arithmetic o n a computer.
	www.math.lsa.umich.edu /mmss/coursesONLINE/chaos/chaos4 (3561 words)

	Escape Velocity: Robinson Crusoe on Mars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		When the time finally arrives, Draper is both eager to show Mac all he's accomplished, and certain that Mac will have the solutions to his dwindling oxygen supply and the remaining dangers facing them on the cold, dry planet.
		That isolation is eerily highlighted by the regular passage overhead of the empty spacecraft as it mechanically orbits Mars.
		The Escape Velocity section is edited by Christopher Hatton.
	www.destinationspace.net /escape/biorocm.asp (921 words)

	:: NASA Quest > Archives :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Discovered the amount of uranium and thorium in the soil was similar to the amount found on Earth.
		This was the first US spacecraft to orbit about a planet other than the Moon.
		Captured images of four giant volcanoes and led to the discovery of river- and canal-like lines on the surface.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /lfm/background/missions.html (400 words)

	Escape Velocities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		To find the velocity just needed to escape from the surface of a non-rotating spherical body, we use the conservation of energy.
		* The total mechanical energy of an escape orbit is always zero regardless of whether the object is launched from a rotating or non-rotating surface.
		Even if the object is in orbit about the body, the ME of any escape orbit still has to be zero.
	www.ac.wwu.edu /~vawter/PhysicsNet/Topics/Gravity/EscapeVelocity.html (230 words)

	Parabolic trajectory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Under standard assumptions a body traveling along an escape orbit will coast to infinity, with velocity relative to the central body tending to zero, and therefore will never return.
		At any position the orbiting body has the escape velocity for that position.
		If the body has the escape velocity with respect to the Earth, this is not enough to escape the Solar System, so near the Earth the orbit resembles a parabola, but further away it bends into an elliptical orbit around the Sun.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parabolic_orbit (276 words)

	Inner Planets
		Escape stage failed and it reentered the atmosphere on 28 August 1962.
		Escape stage failed and it reentered the atmosphere.
		Orbit achieved 4 December 1978, did radar mapping of the surface.
	www.worldspaceflight.com /probes/inner.htm (908 words)

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