The Etymologies (Tolkien)

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Topic: The Etymologies (Tolkien)

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	Probable Errors in the Etymologies
		By pointing out some probable errors in the Etymologies as published in LR we are by no means implying that Christopher Tolkien did a sloppy job when he prepared Etym for publication.
		We are here talking about real errors, namely misreadings and misprints, as opposed to later revisions and changes done by Tolkien himself (including the total revision of the history of the Welsh-sounding language: all of a sudden "Noldorin" turned into Sindarin).
		[In his article The Past-Tense Verb in the Noldorin of the Etymologies, Hostetter states that both the infinitive gwedi and the pa.t.
	www.uib.no /People/hnohf/errors.htm (2601 words)

	The Grey Havens - Middle-earth: Primitive Elvish - where it all began
		The sound in question is represented by 3 in the Etymologies and h in the essay Quendi and Eldar (in LR:360, the original stem yielding Quenya ho "from" is given as 3Ô, while in WJ:368 this stem is given as HO instead).
		Even in the Etymologies, primitive Elvish remains a somewhat shadowy entity whose prime function is to clarify the relationship between the various branches of Elvish and serve as the historical basis of them all, rather than being an "art-language" in itself.
		The Etymologies agrees quite well with this; most words in -rô and -ro are indeed seen to have an agental meaning: beurô "follower, vassal" from BEW "follow, serve", onrô or ontâ ro "begetter, parent" from ONO "beget", ndeuro "follower, successor" from NDEW "follow, come behind".
	tolkien.cro.net /mearth/tolklang/primelv.html (18248 words)

	The Past-Tense Verb in the Noldorin of the Etymologies
		But as this formation is nowhere in evidence among even the many basic verbs in the Noldorin of the Etymologies, it seems likely that this past-tense formation was one Tolkien added into his later conception of Sindarin — or rather, restored to it, as this same formation is found in Leeds-era Noldorin, in e.g.
		These two main classes are neatly exemplified by the two Qenya past-tense verbs arising from the base ONO- beget in Etymologies, óne (strong) and ontane (weak), the former arising directly from the base and the latter from the derived stem onta-.
		Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies — Part Two.
	www.elvish.org /Tengwestie/articles/Hostetter/noldpat.phtml (3289 words)

	Index to the Etymologies - Explanation
		In the Etymologies, Tolkien still spelt Quenya [kw] as q instead of qu; indeed the language itself is called Qenya (under PAR).
		The Etymologies in LR:347-400 (pagination as in the first edition) is our main vocabulary source for the Elvish languages.
		The Etymologies provides us with a wealth of words, but the work was never intended as a regular Elvish dictionary.
	www.uib.no /People/hnohf/index/indexs.htm (1590 words)

	Noldorin Plurals in the Etymologies
		Externally speaking, it is probable that Tolkien simply changed his mind while composing the Etymologies.
		The Etymologies are inconsistent on that matter, however: there is a similar case with the imparisyllabic thêl pl. thelei (V:392) but it is contradicted by pêl pl. peli (V:380, VT46:8).
		Tolkien sometimes lists both forms, in ei then in e, probably meaning that the former is earlier than the latter.
	www.elvish.org /Tengwestie/articles/Bellet/noldplur.phtml (3055 words)

	Ardalambion
		Index to the Etymologies by Elvish words - where do you find the word you can't understand?
		TolkLang - the archives of the Tolkien Language List
		(This treatise, available as a PDF file, attempts to list the sound-changes that occurred as High-Elven was evolving from the earliest forms of Elvish.
	www.uib.no /People/hnohf (1604 words)

	Ardalambion
		The most comprehensive site about Tolkien's invented languages that you are likely to find on the net.
		The Tengwar - download Daniel S. Smith's fonts for Tolkien's most beautiful Elvish script!
		Index to the Etymologies by Elvish words - where do you find the word you can't understand?
	www.uib.no /People/hnohf (1604 words)

	English Usage Archives Page
		Characteristically, Tolkien continued to puzzle over some of these etymologies long after he had left the OED to take up a post at Leeds University: a notebook survives in the Bodleian Library in Oxford containing many pages of notes on walrus written in the 1920s, and he may have lectured on this topic in Leeds.
		FACT: Of 19 poet laureates, five had names occurring somewhere between the beginning and Dickins; three had names between Dickins and Kernkraut; just two, including the present one, came in the Kernkraut-Pusinelli sequence; and a whacking great nine came at the end, between Pusinelli and Zzaman.
		While it took an 18th-century satirist to name the world's best-known Internet directory, another site, Google, the darling among Internet search engines, owes its name to a 9-year-old boy.
	www.yaelf.com /archives.shtml (1604 words)

	Ardalambion
		The most comprehensive site about Tolkien's invented languages that you are likely to find on the net.
		The Tengwar - download Daniel S. Smith's fonts for Tolkien's most beautiful Elvish script!
		Index to the Etymologies by Elvish words - where do you find the word you can't understand?
	www.uib.no /People/hnohf (1707 words)

	Resources for Tolkienian Linguistics
		Vinyar Tengwar (ISSN 1054-7606) is a refereed journal of the Elvish Linguistic Fellowship, devoted to the scholarly study of the invented languages of J.R.R. Tolkien.
		In addition to the general copyright issues associated with the published and unpublished works of any author, legality is further an issue in the study of Tolkien's invented languages because, unlike natural languages, Tolkien's languages are the invention of one man, and thus are his artistic and intellectual property.
		Parma Eldalamberon 10 contains the late Taum Santoski's "Glossary of the Minor Languages in The Etymologies".
	www.elvish.org /resources.html (3611 words)

	Resources for Tolkienian Linguistics
		Vinyar Tengwar (ISSN 1054-7606) is a refereed journal of the Elvish Linguistic Fellowship, devoted to the scholarly study of the invented languages of J.R.R. Tolkien.
		In addition to the general copyright issues associated with the published and unpublished works of any author, legality is further an issue in the study of Tolkien's invented languages because, unlike natural languages, Tolkien's languages are the invention of one man, and thus are his artistic and intellectual property.
		Tolkien also here discovered "for the the first time the study of a language out of mere love", by which he meant "for the acute aesthetic pleasure derived from a language for its own sake, not only free from being useful but free from being the 'vehicle of a literature'".
	www.elvish.org /resources.html (3611 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: The Lost Road and Other Writings (The History of Middle-Earth, Vol. 5)
		Allthough some of the material in the Etymologies is out of sync with what Tolkien imagined his languages to be as when he wrote Lord of the Rings, the changes necessary to bring Etymologies-style languages to 'modern' languages are mostly well documented.
		Especially of interest to Tolkienian linguists are the Lhammas, or book of tongues, which outlines Tolkien's former conception of the dividing and multiplying of the Elvish languages.
		The Lost Road, the fifth book in the History of Middle Earth series, publishes for the first time the background material on Middle Earth J.R.R. Tolkien created for his own use as he wrote Lord of the Rings.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0345406850?v=glance (3611 words)

	Sindarin - the Noble Tongue
		The vowel E: Concerning this vowel, there happily seems to be agreement between Tolkien's mature Sindarin and most of the earlier material from the Etymologies.
		Presently we cannot say for sure whether teri or teiri is the best plural form of tara, since we do not know in what exact sequence Tolkien imagined the sound-shifts involved to have taken place; I would probably use teiri.
		The omission of the circumflex in the form pel must be a mere mistake, whether Tolkien himself or the transcriber is to be blamed (perhaps the singular was confused with the plural peli, in which form the e should be short).
	www.uib.no /People/hnohf/sindarin.htm (18336 words)

	Sindarin dictionary
		See PM/344: "If Finwë had been treated as a word of this form would have been, had it occurred anciently in Sindarin, it would have been Finu..." (Noldorin words from the Etymologies have either u or w, showing that Tolkien was uncertain about this issue at that time).
		X/EI: Old Sindarin final ei was changed to ai in Late Sindarin, though ei is still restored in compounds: aran plural erain "King", but Ereinion "Scion of Kings" (Several Noldorin words in the Etymologies form their plural in ei or e - for instance adar, plural edeir or eder.
		However, Tolkien is not very clear in Appendix E, and his explanations concerning the differences between Quenya (which uses hwesta, letter no. 12) and Sindarin are far from satisfying.
	www.jrrvf.com /cgi-bin/hisweloke/sindnorm.cgi (867 words)

	Doriathrin
		Did Tolkien (wishing to keep the long-established name Menegroth) invent a new etymology for the word because he had now come to think of the language of Doriath as merely a form of Sindarin, obsoleting the separate Doriathrin language of the Etymologies?
		Later, Tolkien interpreted Doriath as "Land of the Fence" instead, referring to the Girdle of Melian, the second element now being equated with be iâth, iath "fence" (WJ:370, 378), but this is apparently not to be connected with this entry GAT(H).
		All that is known of the language of Doriath is some eighty words found in the Etymologies in LR:347-400, plus one or two words from the Silmarillion chapter 21.
	www.uib.no /People/hnohf/doriath.htm (8237 words)

	The Encyclopedia of Arda FAQ: Where can I learn to speak Elvish, or find an Elvish dictionary?
		The other major linguistic source in Tolkien's own work is a document entitled The Etymologies, published in volume V of The History of Middle-earth (The Lost Road).
		There are plenty of sites dedicated to Tolkien's languages, but special mention should be made of Ardalambion, which is probably one of the most extensive linguistic sources on the Web, and provides a downloadable course in Quenya, the High-elven tongue.
		It seems that the arrival of the movies has kindled a great deal of interest in Tolkien's Elvish languages, and we get a lot of mail asking where to start with learning them.
	www.glyphweb.com /arda/faq/elvish.html (358 words)

	Hisweloke - Sindarin dictionary
		The problems with The Etymologies are somewhat different: the manuscript text was in parts extremely difficult to decipher, and it seems that Christopher Tolkien made a few errors or misinterpretations.
		Sindarin is the language of the Grey Elves, invented by J.R.R. Tolkien and exemplified in his masterful epic story The Lord of the Rings.
		The Sindarin dictionary and Dragon Flame are brought to you by Hiswelókë and JRRVF, two companion web sites in French, devoted to JR.R. Tolkien's works.
	www.jrrvf.com /hisweloke/sindar/about.html (358 words)

	Browsing the Compleat Middle-Earth Library
		Linguists who were tantalized by the early languages which appeared in The Book of Lost Tales finally received a gold mine of information in "The Lhammas", an essay about the historical evolution of the Elven languages, and "The Etymologies", a dictionary-like resource Tolkien compiled in the late 1930s.
		The languages of Middle-earth and their predecessors offer another area of study, and the Tolkien linguistic community is thriving, if not threatening to engulf all of his readership.
		The flat Earth myth remained largely intact, but Tolkien began foreshadowing events which occurred in or were documented in The Lord of the Rings and even The Hobbit.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/tolkien/75755 (4917 words)

	The Two Phonetic Values of ll in Elvish Sindarin in The Lord of the Rings
		It is unclear whether lth in these Noldorin forms necessarily reflects / lθ / or, via a development parallel to that described by Tolkien for southern, Noldorin Sindarin, is perhaps an etymological spelling for / ɬɬ /.
		Tolkien then describes the subsequent phonetic development of this medial -lth- : Medially … lth ( lþ) became long voiceless … l [i.e., / ɬɬ /], though the old spelling [i.e., lth ( lþ)] was mostly retained (beside … lh).
		It is noteworthy in this connection that the orthographic sequence lth frequently occurs in Noldorin words in the Etymologies, but never occurs in Sindarin words in The Lord of the Rings.
	www.elvish.org /Tengwestie/articles/Hostetter/sindll.phtml (4917 words)

	Who was Gildor?
		Well, maybe he wasn't a distinct person: Tolkien's essay Shibboleth of Feanor tells us about the real Quenya names of those who followed Feanor since the names we know are Sindarin "translations"of their Quenya names...
		for example Feanor's actual name as Fean�ro Curufinwe, Fingon's was Findec�no, and Fingolfin's was Nolofinwe Ingoldo, and if we assume that Inglor was born in Valinor, his name would be "Indolaure" according to the analysis provided by the Etymologies.
		A note in Unfinished Tales informs us that this name appears as the former name of Finrod Felagund in the Tolkien 's earliest conceptions for the Silmarillion, before the persons and names achieved their near-final known form.
	gildor.freepage.gr /gildor.html (4917 words)

	English Usage Archives Page
		Some words, including walnut, walrus, and wampum, seem to have been assigned to Tolkien because of their particularly difficult etymologies.
		Teasing out fine distinctions of meaning is a key part of a lexicographer's job, as is the selection of words to convey precisely the connotations, as well as the simple meaning, of a word: Tolkien evidently took great pains over both.
		In fact walnut, walrus, and wampum were among the few entries singled out by Henry Bradley when the fascicle W to Wash was published in 1921 as containing 'etymological facts or suggestions not given in other dictionaries'.
	www.yaelf.com /archives.shtml (4917 words)

	KMC Forums - Ilkorin
		If we see adda as the cognate of High-elven atto, we would have to assume that Tolkien changed his mind about the phonological evolution of Ilkorin while he was writing the Etymologies (which is of course not inconceivable; the editor in LR:346 refers to "divergent forms...between one part of the Etymologies and another").
		The primitive form is undoubtedly meant to be jarnâ (yarnâ) with the common adjectival ending -nâ (sometimes used to derive passive participles); the primitive word must clearly have implied "bloody" or "blood-red".
		The Primitive Quendian form is given as atar, that must be seen simply as an extension of the stem itself.
	www.killermovies.com /forums/f34/t300244.html (4917 words)

	Vinyar Tengwar
		This 36-page issue features the conclusion of the two-part “Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies ” by Carl F. Hostetter and Patrick H. Wynne, detailing additions and corrections to the published work derived from an examination of the original manuscript and comparison with the published text.
		With the very kind permission of the Tolkien Estate, I am pleased to be able to provide for download a PDF version of VT issue 43, containing the presentation and analysis of Tolkien's Quenya translations of the Paternoster ( Átaremma), the Ave Maria ( Aia María), and the Gloria Patri ( Alcar i Ataren).
		Subscriptions to and back-issues of Vinyar Tengwar can now be purchased by credit card from the Vinyar Tengwar Web Shop, courtesty of PayPal.com.
	www.elvish.org /VT (4917 words)

	Telerin
		Telerin as a language plays a very little role in Tolkien's narratives, and the fact that he still constructed parts of it confirms that to him, the languages were just as important as the stories, if not more.
		This Telerin word is not given in the Etymologies, but it is clearly to be referred to the stem MBAR "dwell, inhabit" (LR:372), and this is confirmed by phonological history: When a Telerin (or Sindarin) form in b- corresponds to a Quenya form in m-, the primitive word always began in the nasalized stop mb-.
		However, in the Etymologies the Telerin word for "silver" is given as telpe (KYELEP/TELEP), not telepe.
	www.uib.no /People/hnohf/telerin.htm (11184 words)

	Elvish
		The vocabulary was greatly enhanced by the etymologies from The Lost Road and Other Writings (1987).
		The main sources were: The Lord of the Rings (1965); The Silmarillion (1977); Unfinished Tales (1986); The Road Goes Ever On (1967); and Tolkien: The Monsters and the Critics.
		There were some minor contributions from Christopher Tolkien's later books on the development of The Lord of the Rings and also from some miscellaneous sources like the Plotz letter.
	home.netcom.com /~heensle/lang/elvish/elvish.html (271 words)

	Telerin
		(WJ:374) Tolkien did imagine that the Elves had a deeper understanding of their language as a whole (PM:398), so perhaps we are to understand that the fundamental structure counted just as much as the outward "sound" of the language.
		In WJ:382, Lindâ is stated to be derived from a stem LIN, the primary reference of which is to "melodious or pleasing sound" (compare the stem LIN "sing" in the Etymologies, LR:369).
		While Quenya is often thought of as the language that is least changed from the original tongue invented by the Elves at Cuiviénen, it seems that this honour actually belongs to Telerin, at least phonologically speaking.
	www.uib.no /People/hnohf/telerin.htm (11139 words)

	The Grey Havens - Middle-earth: Doriathrin - the mothertongue of Lúthien
		The Etymologies were written long before Tolkien finally realized that the Welsh-sounding language in his mythology was not the language the Noldor brought with them from Valinor, as he had thought for over thirty years, but the language of the Grey-elves in Middle-earth.
		All that is known of the language of Doriath is some eighty words found in the Etymologies in LR:347-400, plus one or two words from the Silmarillion chapter 21.
		Perhaps by political decision, Doriathrin is a form of Sindarin, the language of Thingol's subjects - though the king despised the Northern dialect of Grey-elven (PM:369, 372).
	tolkien.cro.net /mearth/tolklang/doriath.html (11139 words)

	Ae or oe?
		The Sindarin name of the Misty Mountains, Hithaeglir, contains aeglir "range of mountain peaks" - which was "oeglir" in the Etymologies, stem AYAK.
		There is also the Aelin-Uial or "Meres of Twilight", which name was given as "Oelinuial" in the Etymologies, stem AY.
		oeglir "range of mountain peaks" (AYAK) is yet another related form; its new form aeglir is attested in the Silmarillion, in the name Hithaeglir (the Misty Mountains, translated "Line of Misty Peaks" in Christopher Tolkien's index).
	www.uib.no /People/hnohf/oe.htm (1901 words)

	The Grey Havens - Middle-earth: Tolkien's Not-So-Secret Vice
		It was apparently this list, the so-called Etymologies, he was referring to when he started to write The Lord of the Rings (he added to the list some words and names from this work, e.g.
		In the second half of the thirties, however, Tolkien made a list of some seven hundred Primitive Elvish "stems" and some of their derivatives in later languages.
		True, there are a few Elvish poems and a swarm of exotic names in the annals of Middle-earth, but even so, this is nothing compared to all that Tolkien made.
	tolkien.cro.net /mearth/tolklang/tolkvice.html (4457 words)

	Ilkorin
		Doriathrin and Ilkorin should be considered closely related dialects of the same language; indeed Tolkien sometimes seems to use the term "Ilkorin" with reference to all the dialects of Beleriand, including Doriathrin.
		Mentioned in the Etymologies in the entry for the stem KOR "round" (LR:365); the element - gorn can readily be matched with the primitive adjective kornâ there listed (concerning the adjectival ending - nâ, see arn, caun).
		the hyphen at the end of bóron -.
	www.uib.no /people/hnohf/ilkorin.htm (4457 words)

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In the News (Fri 1 Jan 10)