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Topic: The Exchange (crime syndicate)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia â“ Free Online Encyclopedia for Reference, Research, Facts
		An assault may be both a crime and a tort, for which the party assaulted may sue for damages; the victim's freedom, as to move or remain at peace, must have been impinged on.
		criminology the study of crime, society's response to it, and its prevention, including examination of the environmental, hereditary, or psychological causes of crime, modes of criminal investigation and...
		Whoever witnessed or discovered the crime was required to raise the hue and cry against the perpetrator (e.g., call out "Stop, thief !") and to begin pursuit; all persons within hearing were under the same obligation, and it was a punishable offense not to join in the chase and capture.
	www.encyclopedia.com /category/Social_Sciences_and_the_Law/Law/crime.html (3280 words)

	[No title]
		Syndicates also take advantage of centuries-old obstacles to international law enforcement cooperation: language and cultural differences, variations in crime codes and criminal justice practices, the desire to protect national sovereignty, and reluctance to share scarce resources or share credit for successes.
		Similarities were drawn between crimes of corporations and those of organized crime, both of which might involve the corruption of law enforcement and political authorities and tended to operate in secrecy, committing crimes which were difficult to detect.
		While "crime as business" was a serious problem in many developed countries, crimes such as bribery, price-fixing, smuggling and currency offences were said to be especially severe problems for developing countries, since the national welfare and economic development of the whole society might be drastically affected by them.
	www.un.org /ecosocdev/geninfo/crime/dpi1644e.htm (1815 words)

	crime - FUTEF (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The National Crime Prevention Council is an American educational nonprofit organization whose mission is to enable people to create safer and more caring communities by addressing the causes of crime and violence and reducing the opportunities for c...
		In criminology, a political crime is one involving overt acts or omissions (where there is a duty to act), which prejudice the interests of the state, its government or the political system.
		Most directly, it is a crime to use, possess, manufacture, or distribute drugs classified as having a potential for abuse (such as cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and amphetamines).
	futef.com /q/crime?begin=80 (478 words)

	The Exchange (disambiguation) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Exchange (album), a 1999 split album by the punk bands Against All Authority and The Criminals.
		The Exchange is a small area just south of The Octagon in Dunedin, New Zealand.
		In chess, to "lose the exchange" is to trade a bishop or a knight for a rook.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_Exchange_(disambiguation) (200 words)

	Organized Crime Paper
		In his book entitled Organized Crime, Howard Abadinsky defines organized crime as being "nonideological, hierarchical, limited or exclusive in membership, perpetuitous, organized through specialization or division of labour, monopolistic and governed by rules and regulations."1 Comparing these attributes with those of a theoretical monopoly, it is possible to see how similar the organizations are.
		Although they all examine organized crime from different angles, the conclusions are remarkably similar, namely that law enforcement has confronted the problem inefficiently because it has tackled the individuals of the crime syndicate rather than the entity.
		In reference to organized crime, using the example of cocaine, a barrier to entry could be ownership of a scarce resource, such as having access to regions with climates suitable to growing the coca leaves on the large scale that is needed to derive cocaine powder from.
	www.wellesley.edu /Economics/econ325/hmidura.html (4204 words)

	[No title]
		In the past, crime syndicates were traditionally involved in illegal activities such as drug trafficking, prostitution, illegal gambling, loan-sharking and extortion.
		Organized crime in Russia and Eastern Europe began in the 17th century-the days of the select group of criminals known as the vory v zakone, the Thieves in Law, who controlled the criminal underworld.
		Cooperation among transnational crime organizations, already a major factor in the new world order of crime, is expected to continue and expand.
	www.globalpolicy.org /globaliz/law/orcrime.htm (2479 words)

	Bonanno crime family - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Bonanno family is one of "Five Families" said to be in control of organized crime (Mafia activities) in New York City.
		Colombo however informed the other crime family leaders and both Bonanno and Magliocco were called before the Commission to explain their actions.
		A meeting was soon held among the crime families, as well as other leaders, and Galante was killed in a local Brooklyn restaurant in July 1979.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bonanno_family (959 words)

	Print This Page
		With Maranzano out of the way, Luciano was now free to put together the crime syndicate of his dreams with tentacles that reached across the country and covered lucrative rackets in labor manipulation, loan-sharking, gambling, drugs, prostitution, and boot-legging.
		Luciano even toyed with the idea of dropping the syndicate's Mafia affiliation but was dissuaded by Lansky who felt that the specter of the Mafia would help them keep people in line even though at one point the Jewish members outnumbered the Sicilians.
		Under Luciano's leadership, the syndicate might have grown to even more treacherous proportions if he hadn't been convicted on prostitution charges in 1936 and sentenced to 30 to 50 years in prison.
	www.crimelibrary.com /features/fea_printPage.asp?curPage=&thisFile=/gangsters_outlaws/family_epics/genovese1/2.html (890 words)

	Responses to Organised Crime in SADC: Interpol and SARPCCO - Organised Crime in Southern Africa, Assessing Legislation, ...
		The term ‘organised crime’ is derived from the ability of criminals to organise themselves and their activities along the lines of a properly organised and well-managed business entity.
		This is an indication of a strong base of organised crime in the region as money-laundering is undoubtedly a factor in drug-trafficking.
		This type of crime is highly organised in that operators are interlinked with other groups or individuals in other countries who will talk to the targets and convince them to part with their money.
	www.iss.co.za /Pubs/MONOGRAPHS/NO56/Chap2.html (3740 words)

	RUSSIAN ORGANIZED CRIME
		Moreover, the strong position of Albanian crime groups in Kosovo, F.Y.R.O.M. and the Albanian republic itself, is definitely a cause of concern to the international community, especially when one takes into account the geo-political instability in the region and the presence of a UN peacekeeping force.
		Crime groups emanating from the former Communist countries of eastern and central Europe and the republics of the former Soviet Union pose a deadly threat internationally as the number of crime syndicates rises steadily.
		A good example of the interaction between different organized crime groups is the "Dover case." A Yugoslavian organized crime syndicate organized, in cooperation with a Hungarian group, the journey from Yugoslavia through Hungary and Austria, with the final destination the United Kingdom.
	www.russianlaw.org /Mutschke.htm (10373 words)

	NADEL Human Rights and Advocacy Project -- Memos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Project is compelled to register again its objection to the intimidating and rude treatment to which its representatives were subjected at the September 30, 1998 hearing, especially the insinuation that the written submission accompanying their oral testimony was not a full NADEL submission.
		In short, while NADEL does not question the sincerity of this Committee's desire to address organised crime, or the belief of some members that the Prevention of Organised Crime Act is a step in the right direction, we must forcefully urge that passage of this legislation would nonetheless be misguided.
		There is no evidence that criminal statutory schemes targeted to organised crime in other countries have reduced either organised criminal activity or crime in general, even where a competent, largely non-corrupt police force and criminal justice system effectuates such schemes.
	sunsite.wits.ac.za /nadelproject/rcentre/rc_orgcrime.html (4036 words)

	Syndicate Group Discussions
		The syndicate examined the relationships of crime reduction practitioners with health authorities, and the experiences shared of good operational relationships but low input into crime reduction strategy.
		There were social, cultural and environmental factors in common influencing the agenda, and health and crime reduction practitioners worked in the same communities (for example in prisons, and with those who were subject to alcohol or drugs misuse, and with young offenders with mental health problems etc).
		The value of data on unreported crime and sources of information on this (for example accident and emergency or fire service data) was highlighted.
	www.crimereduction.gov.uk /infosharing9.htm (817 words)

	Michigan State University Libraries - Criminal Justice Resources - Organized Crime
		Some Asian syndicates are recruiting Hispanic prostitutes to promote their brothels as being "exotic" and "unique." These women voluntarily work in the United States on six-month contracts, after which they receive their "cut" in a lump sum and are taken back to their homes in Mexico.
		The rapid spread of international crime since the end of the Cold War is unprecedented in scale, facilitated by globalization and technological advances, and poses a significant challenge to the United States and democratic governments and free market economies around the world.
		Crime cartels are focusing on a greater diversity of commodities.
	www.lib.msu.edu /harris23/crimjust/orgcrime.htm (6973 words)

	Shadowrun - Omaha Crime
		The standard, street-level members of the Yakuza are either exchange students or related to exchange students.
		The Tongs in the various cities are centered in the Chinese exchange students and Taiwanese, Vietnamese, and Hong Kong refugees which came to Omaha over the years.
		Organized crime is as minor as cheating the test scores of certain students, among larger offenses such as drugs and BTLs.
	members.cox.net /~lightfinger/sr/omaha/omaha_crime.htm (2444 words)

	Organized Crime and the 21st Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Organized crime groups (after 1990 they grew quickly from about 300 to over 5000) operating in Russia, would go into the factories and discover that the owners were only reporting on 10% of say the vodka they were actually producing.
		Previously crime groups were reluctant to use violence because in the symbiotic relationship between organized crime and law enforcement, it was understood that the use of violence had certain conditions.
		The very scary crime model is that in Russia and again the transnational, or the international aspects of crime emerge; he mentioned international freedom from prosecution.
	www.crime.hku.hk /organizecrime.htm (15566 words)

	Contours of organised crime
		Crimes such as homicide, rape and looting of property are normal on such occasions.
		It is this unfortunate situation that influences many citizens to believe that organised crime, instead of declining, will actually flourish in the days to come, unless there are radical reforms to the whole system.
		Several investigations have proved that hawala is not an innocent and a mere commercial exchange of one currency for another at the instance of a customer wanting to beat the foreign exchange regulations of a country.
	www.flonnet.com /fl1907/19071030.htm (1882 words)

	SIMULATION OF CRIME (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Violent crime and its associated gang crimes, that of narcotics trafficking, armed robbery, gangland murder, drive-by shootings, grand larceny, illicit manufacturing of narcotics, narcotics distribution, weapons trafficking and murder of law enforcement agents.
		A crime syndicate is a formal declaration of a gang relationship.
		As a criminal career develops, there are numerous points of indirect contact with law enforcement agencies that occur during crimes, and as crime increases in danger, it is in direct proportion to security and surveillance measures which create these events of indirect contact.
	www.mugs.net /~theisles/pc/designdoc (1515 words)

	exchange - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Exchange : FACS Journalist's Guide to Economic Terms [home, info]
		Phrases that include exchange: foreign exchange, medium of exchange, post exchange, exchange rate mechanism, exchange privilege, more...
		Words similar to exchange: central, change, commute, convert, exchangeability, exchangeable, exchanged, exchanger, exchanging, interchange, substitution, switch, barter, swap, switch over, telephone exchange, trade, more...
	www.onelook.com /?w=exchange (611 words)

	Crime & Federalism
		Count 2: Sabri offered a $10,000 bribe to Herron in exchange for Herron's threatening local property owners with the City's power of eminent domain if the property owners would not sell their property to Sabri.
		To see why the Court is wrong to turn "plainly adapted" to rational basis, read this amicus brief from the CATO Institute; and this article from Professor Barnett.
		Could Congress make it a crime to assault me, on the ground that it is necessary and proper measure to ensure that I remain healthy and thus able to repay their loans?
	federalism.typepad.com /crime_federalism/sabri/index.html (1294 words)

	The Real Hollywood
		Hence, the Crime Syndicate employed experts in labor-racketeering, who often used crude methods such as bone-breakings and assassinations for strike-breaking operations, and the like.
		In 1934, the Crime Syndicate put in the fix by electing a low-level crook, George E. Browne, to the chairmanship of the IATSE.
		Much of the Syndicate control of Hollywood appeared to finally come to an end with the exposure of IATSE chairman George E Brown and his Syndicate partner Willie Bioff.
	www.geocities.com /thomas_rooney2001/Hollywood.html (2288 words)

	Crime Scene KC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Cheryl R. McDonald is due in Prairie Village City Court July 25 on five city ordinance violations: battery on a law enforcement officer, disorderly conduct, resisting arrest, drunkenness and endangering a child.
		More than 70 organizations will receive grants totaling over $1.9 million for fiscal year 2007 to provide support and services for Kansans who are the victims of violence, abuse, and neglect.
		Services and assistance to crime victims in order to speed their recovery.
	blogs.kansascity.com /crime_scene/2006/07/04/index.html (472 words)

	Crime & Federalism: Crime/Evidence
		As in Kandiel, Robbin laid adequate foundational support for his conclusions by explaining their bases—national census population and marketing data and the business records of Sdoulam's wholesale suppliers.
		While this testimony made the government's burden of proof on a critical element of the crimes charged more likely satisfied than not, as in Kandiel, the jury was left to draw whatever conclusions it wished from this comparison.
		All charges against wife were dismissed in exchange for her testifying.
	federalism.typepad.com /crime_federalism/crimeevidence/index.html (3302 words)

	Mass. Crime Boss Sentenced to 12 Years (phillyBurbs.com) \| National
		BOSTON - The ringleader of an organized crime ring in southeastern Massachusetts was sentenced to 12 years in federal prison Monday despite a plea for leniency by prosecutors.
		As part of a plea bargain prosecutors agreed to a 10-year prison term in exchange for Mello's cooperation in the case.
		Prosecutors considered Mello the main prize in an investigation where five other members of his crime syndicate pleaded guilty to shaking down drug dealers and running illegal gambling and drug operations out of a New Bedford fish plant in the 1990s.
	www.phillyburbs.com /pb-dyn/news/1-05242004-305606.html (261 words)

	Los Angeles White Collar Crime Criminal Defense Lawyers, Bribery, Pyramid Scheme, Investment, Securities, Tax, Credit ...
		Commercial Crime: (1) A crime that affects commerce; especially, a crime directed toward the property or revenues of a commercial establishment.
		Computer Crime: (1) A crime requiring knowledge of computer technology, such as sabotaging or stealing computer data or using a computer to commit some other crime.
		Credit Card Fraud / Crime: (1) The offense of using a credit card to purchase something with knowledge that (1a) the card is stolen or forged, (1b) the card has been revoked or canceled, or (1c) the card’s use is unauthorized.
	www.jamesblatt.com /WhiteCollarCrimes.html (965 words)

	AMERICAN ORGANIZED CRIME: Johnny Torrio
		But his Chicago Crime Syndicate did not go unopposed, and Dean O'Banion's Northsiders would be a constant thorn in his side.
		He had dreams of organizing a national crime syndicate taking in all the major gangsters across the country.
		Since Torrio was the self-made leader of Chicago’s crime syndicate, O’Banion went to him for justice.
	www.mobsters.8m.com /torrio2.htm (2214 words)

	Transnational Criminal Activity
		By way of illustration, the media have taken note of the deaths of a "surprising number" of people who opposed a campaign by a company—believed to be affiliated with a Russian/Eastern European transnational criminal organization—to gain control of 40 per cent of Russia's aluminum trade.
		Organized crime in Russia and Eastern Europe began in the 17th century—the days of the select group of criminals known as the vory v zakone, the Thieves in Law, who controlled the criminal underworld.
		Cooperation at the interdepartmental, intergovernmental and international levels is needed to fight these transnational crime organizations which work outside the rules, can be ruthless in carrying out their policies and are not democratically accountable for their behaviour.
	www.fas.org /irp/threat/back10e.htm (2446 words)

	Liberal Crime Syndicate
		The sponsorship program eventually became a huge slush fund into which over $250 million was poured, over $100 million of which was paid in fees and commissions to these five advertising firms, with little or any evidence of work done or value for money.
		Gagliano was identified as a long-time soldier in the Bonanno crime family by Frank Lino, a former Mafia capo-turned-informer.
		"In exchange, I was given an understanding that I would be rewarded in some fashion." Grewal said the options included a diplomatic appointment for him or a future Senate seat for Nina Grewal, who was first elected to Parliament just last June.
	www.bcrevolution.ca /liberal_crime_syndicate.htm (2392 words)

	Gambling and Crime
		Some of the crime may be unrelated to the gambling that occurs at the cardclubs.
		The purpose of detailing some of the crime is to give a general sense of some of the problems that have occurred.
		The crime rate is usually for street crimes, which aren't typically attributed to compulsive gamblers.
	www.library.ca.gov /CRB/97/03/Chapt11.html (2343 words)

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