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Topic: The Fens

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	The Fens
		The Fens is an area of wetlands in the counties of Cambridgeshire and Lincolnshire in England.
		In 2003, a project was initiated to return parts of the Fens to their original pre-agricultural state.
		Wisbech is known as the "Capital of the Fens".
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/th/The_Fens.html (248 words)

	The Fens - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Fens, also known as the Fenland, are an area of former wetlands in the eastern part of England, stretching along the coast of Lincolnshire to Kings Lynn and reaching into the counties of Cambridgeshire, Lincolnshire and Norfolk.
		The dark peat land of the fen and the moor of East Fen lies inland from the silt while the peat of West Fen lies further inland still, beyond the Devensian moraine at Stickney.
		There is evidence for human settlement near the fens from mesolithic period on; indeed, the evidence suggests that mesolithic settlement in Cambridgeshire was particularly along the fen-edges and on the low islands within the fens, to take advantage of the hunting and fishing opportunities of the wetlands.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_Fens (2673 words)

	About the fens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Fens, are peat-forming wetlands that receive nutrients from sources other than precipitation: usually from upslope sources through drainage from surrounding mineral soils and from groundwater movement.
		Fens, like bogs, provide important benefits in a watershed, including preventing or reducing the risk of floods, improving water quality, and providing habitat for unique plant and animal communities.
		Fen and bogs are areas of soft, waterlogged land, usually containing large amounts of organic acids and aldehydes in layers of Sphagnum and peat.
	nematode.unl.edu /fensabout.htm (317 words)

	Berkshire Taconic :: Wetlands :: Fens
		Fens are wetlands that are fed primarily by underground water (rather than surface water) and that have peat soils.
		The fen can be on the edge of a body of water or larger wetland complex* or it can stand alone.
		Depending upon their successional stage, fens* can be: open areas (such as the sloping fen) that look a lot like wet fields or shrubby (like the shrub fen).
	www.lastgreatplaces.org /berkshire/wetlands/art6576.html (463 words)

	Fens, Marshes, and Bogs
		Prairie fens are peat-covered wetlands that are often springy when walked upon.
		These fens are fed by a constant flow of mineral-rich groundwater that seeps to the surface and flows through and over the accumulated peat.
		Plants found in fens are adapted to alkaline soils, periodic fire, and a constant flow of cool groundwater.
	www.vbco.org /planningeduc0009.asp (715 words)

	IPCC information sheets - Irish Fens
		Fen habitats are rare in Ireland today and are under increasing threat as a result of drainage, land reclamation and development.
		Fens are particularly sensitive to damage from drainage, and have been targeted as areas suitable for landfills and road schemes.
		The rarest fens in Ireland are valley and basin fens.
	www.ipcc.ie /infofensfs.html (2087 words)

	History Guide Fens Norfolk Broads Fenlands East Anglia UK.
		The Dark Ages saw a halt to reclamation, however by the early 17th century, with economic recovery, the attention of speculators turned to draining the peat fens in the south and remaining undrained silt fens further north.
		At one time the Fens landscape was once dominated by up to seven hundred windmills, built in timber or brick to drain the land or mill the corn.
		The Fens are the centre of Britain's bulb and seed industry, a rich heritage proudly displayed through festivals, show gardens and flower displays.
	www.norfolkbroads.com /guides/area/fens (1975 words)

	Action plan for Fens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Fens are peatlands which receive water and nutrients from the soil, rock and ground water as well as from rainfall: they are minerotrophic.
		Soligenous fens, where water movements are predominantly lateral, include mires associated with springs, rills and flushes in the uplands, valley mires, springs and flushes in the lowlands, trackways and ladder fens in blanket bogs and laggs of raised bogs.
		Fens are dynamic semi-natural systems and in general, management is needed to maintain open-fen communities and their associated species richness.
	www.ukbap.org.uk /UKPlans.aspx?ID=18 (1267 words)

	Flat Out for the Fens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Much of the city's history has been shaped by its position on the edge of the fens and it is here that our voyage through fenland waters begins.
		Ely stands on a hill that was, before the draining of the fens, literally the Isle of Ely.
		The cathedral, often called "the ship of the fens" stands on the top of the hill and can be seen for miles around.
	easyweb.easynet.co.uk /jim.shead/Flat-Out-for-the-Fens.html (2377 words)

	Fighting for the fens
		The Great Fen Project, devised in consultation with the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), aims to effect a dramatic reversal of fortunes for wildlife, and achieve one of the largest feats of environmental engineering attempted in the UK.
		The county lies on the outskirts of what has been dubbed the ‘Black Hole’ a great swathe of England stretching from Cambridgeshire across the Midlands to the west coast north of Wales that is relatively poor for wildlife due to a combination of drainage, enclosure and post-war agriculture.
		By joining up existing fens at Woodwalton and Holme via a bridge of land that is currently used intensively for agriculture, the project’s co-ordinators believe they will create an immensely valuable and unique habitat.
	www.hero.ac.uk /uk/research/archives/2003/fighting_for_the_fens4519.cfm (899 words)

	Society for Neuroscience \| 2003 Fall
		Magistretti: FENS represents 31 national societies and 18,000 neuroscientists and is the most visible and most representative partner to advise the European Union on neuroscience developments and support for research through European Community grants.
		FENS could provide initiative and highly qualified advice to national societies or support the initiatives of a member society for specifically national issues.
		FENS is working with two of those, the Western European Regional Council and the Central European Regional Council, to engage in common activities.
	www.sfn.org /index.cfm?pagename=neuroscienceQuarterly_03fall_fens (1639 words)

	A Tribute to the Fens and its makers
		The Fens of England are a sizeable area of flat, highly fertile agricultural land spanning South Lincolnshire, Mid and North Cambridgeshire and West Norfolk.
		Further it is very likely that the Fens in their natural state would now consitute a national park that greatly surpass that of the Norfolk Broads in sheer size and habitat variety.
		The Fens have always been a tranquil area, it was for this reason the monastries and Abbeys in places such as Crowland and Ely developed, the tranquility remains despite the transition from bog to high grade arable land.
	www.geocities.com /gedneyhill/gedney/fenareas.html (2672 words)

	The Fens
		The Cambridgeshire Fens are now dissected by the Ouse Washes, created around 1630, with first the Old Bedford River and then approximately 20 years later, the New Bedford River or 100 foot.
		After years of drying out, the drained Fens began to sink and we are left with the phenomena of the Rivers and Drains being higher than the surrounding farmland.
		With huge skies, glorious sunrises and sunsets, the Fens reverberate with the sounds of wildfowl lifting off from their overnight roosts, a truly amazing and wonderful place to be, especially if you are a Pike Angler.
	www.elyfenlandpac.co.uk /thefens/thefens.htm (356 words)

	Back Bay Fens - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Fens are essentially an ancient spot of saltwater marshland which has been surrounded by dry land, disconnected from the tides of the Atlantic Ocean, and landscaped into a park with fresh water within.
		Thus, the Fens became a freshwater lagoon regularly accepting storm water from the Charles River Basin.
		While these were common in their era, the one in the Fens is now the last continually operating Victory Garden in existence and today is a much-valued community garden of flowers and vegetables.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Back_Bay_Fens (552 words)

	Woodhall Spa - The Lincolnshire Fens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		These characteristics of the Fens are derived from their origins as an area of reclaimed marshland.
		In some areas, such as that to the south of Holbeach it takes a grid like form; further to the south of Holbeach the grid pattern is less pronounced and the spaces between the roads are greater than elsewhere.
		A closer examination of the map shows the reason for the overall pattern - the thin blue lines on the map are the drains and dikes (or dykes, the meaning is the same, in this part of the world a dyke is a ditch and not a bank).
	www.woodhallspa.turningtools.co.uk /local/fens/fens.html (395 words)

	The Back Bay Fens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Back Bay Fens was a noxious tidal swamp and creek left over from the times when the whole Back Bay was a shallow body of salt water.
		The flooding and tidal fluctuations had to be eliminated before the park could be constructed.
		But Olmsted devised a plan that would solve the drainage problem as well as transform the Back Bay area, or the Fens as he liked to call it, into a public park.
	www.fredericklawolmsted.com /back.html (416 words)

	Page Title (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The fen rivers way runs through the heart of the fenland and the fl soils and flat landscape are such a feature of the area.
		Living in Waterbeach I am at the southern tip of the fens and it was a great surprise to me to find on an old ordinance survey map that shows Waterbeach fen was not drained as late as 1840.
		It is interesting to see that the draining of the fens began at the sea and progressed inland.
	www.cam.net.uk /~aaa017/blaeu1.htm (620 words)

	FENS - Federation of European Neurosciences
		FENS organises a large European meeting, called the FENS Forum, every two years.
		On behalf of the NENS committee, and FENS, directors and coordinators of graduate schools are cordially invited to attend a general meeting that will take place on February 24th and 25th 2007 at the Ruhr University Bochum, Germany.
		FENS has been established to advance research and education in the neurosciences.
	fens.mdc-berlin.de (352 words)

	Applying for funding to improve the quality of life in the Fens
		The Fens LeAP LEADER+ partnership have £1.5 million from the EU and £265,000 from DEFRA. We have until December 2006 to allocate these funds.
		We will need to see evidence that skills in the community have been improved as a result of your project, and that those increased skills will continue to have an impact on the area.
		We can treat some small capital expenditure as revenue so for example we would pay for a project to purchase computer equipment if this was needed to fulfill the projects objectives.
	www.fens-leader.org.uk /applyforfunding.htm (629 words)

	Stephen Gyllenhaal's Films (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Because of the geographical distance between the two locations an even greater historical and cultural void is created making it clear that such scenes as the class visit to a village in the 1910’s are Crick’s imagination but the bar scene with Price (Ethan Hawke) where they discuss Crick's forced retirement is a reality.
		The Fens, a crucial theme of Swift’s novel, are treated with great respect and we get stunning shots of the area that capture the flatness but wildness of the place.
		The Fens are representative of struggle – an ongoing battle that the people who live there have to cope with all their lives.
	stephengyllenhaalsfilms.blogspot.com (2146 words)

	The Fens, Cambridgeshire, England, UK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The vast hedgeless fields of the fens change dramatically with the seasons.
		Early attempts failed, and it was not until the 1640's that drainage channels were sufficiently well engineered to start the drainage process.
		This caused the level of the land to fall, and hence be vulnerable to incursion from the sea as it fell below sea level.
	www.great-britain.co.uk /regions/east-england/fens.htm (171 words)

	FENS
		In October 2003 the FENS President 1999-2003, Dr Sci Med Elisabet Helsing, was awarded the Norwegian King's Gold Medal for Service to the Nation, the most prestigious and honourable decoration a civilian can get in Norway.
		According to the FENS statutes, the Federation is established for public benefit to advance research and education in the science of nutrition.
		There are links to Nutrition councils in Europe, and, in line with the FENS focus on education, a link to a page with an overview of colleges and universities offering nutrition courses and grades globally.
	www.fensweb.org (367 words)

	University of Paisley: Biodiversity Reference: Fens
		Firstly it is necessary to distinguish "fen" as an ecological term from "Fenland" as a geographical entity.
		The definition of "fen" however often also covers sites with much lower mineral input and corresponding higher acidity; such areas may be described as "poor fen" and are commonly characterised by extensive development of Sphagnum moss carpets.
		Lowered water tables caused by drainage within or adjacent to the fen complex may accentuate this and since most surviving fens are surrounded by farmland, this may be a substantial management problem.
	www-biol.paisley.ac.uk /bioref/Habitats/Fens.html (1878 words)

	The Fenway
		As Olmsted’s engineering masterpiece, the Back Bay Fens was designed to solve the increasing problems caused by flushing out the stagnant Muddy River waterway at low tide.
		Transformed from a salt- to a fresh-water marsh after 1910 with the creation of the Charles River Dam, the Fens encompasses a variety of features; the elegant Rose Garden, War Memorials, and the community "Victory Garden".
		This section at the western end of the Fens was covered by a parking lot used by Sears, Roebuck.
	www.emeraldnecklace.org /fenway.htm (215 words)

	Fens LeAP Leader+ programme
		Cambridgeshire ACRE (Action with Communities in Rural England) on behalf of the Fens LeAP LEADER+ partnership.
		While the project and its staff do everything possible to ensure the information within this site is factual and correct, errors can occur from time to time.
		Fens LeAP, and the members of its staff cannot accept any responsibility or liability from actions taken as a result of the content of this publication.
	www.fens-leader.org.uk (98 words)

	The Emerald Necklace Conservancy
		Devoting himself to combining landscape transformation with sanitary engineering, he turned a fowl-smelling tidal creek and swamp that periodically flooded into "scenery of a winding, brackish creek, within wooded banks; gaining interest from the meandering course of the water."
		Noted landscape architect Arthur Shurcliff added new features such as the Kelleher Rose Garden and ballfields, employing the more formal landscape style popular in the 1920s and 1930s.
		Within the Fens exists the oldest remaining wartime “Victory Garden” (1941) planted by citizens.
	www.emeraldnecklace.org /index.cgi?page=backbayfens (127 words)

	Articles: Enigma of the Fens
		In 1982, while Francis Pryor, an archaeologist, was excavating a roman road in eastern England, he came upon by the trip of the foot evidence of prehistoric timbers.
		Through their excavations, the team found evidence of a main structure, artificial platforms of gravel and brush, and boardwalks connecting the structures together and possibly to drier land.
		Apparently, the Flag Fen inhabitants built this wood island on the wetlands because the North Sea was flooding the dry lands.
	www.mcli.dist.maricopa.edu /proj/anthro/asb222/articles/article10.html (267 words)

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