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Topic: The Gulag Archipelago

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	The Gulag Archipelago: 1918-1956 \| Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn \| Frightening Revelations
		The Gulag Archipelago 1918-1956 -- a grisly indictment of a regime, fashioned here into a veritable literary miracle -- has now been updated with a new introduction that includes the fall of the Soviet Union and Solzhenitsyn's move back to Russia.
		What is truly unique about Gulag is that it takes us inside the the minds of the victims and the perpetrators, revealing the central yet unspoken theme of the book.
		Gulag is a call for us to see politics in a different way.
	www.toavi.com /info/iihiiisshk (1235 words)

	The Gulag Archipelago, by Alexandr Solzhenitsyn
		Ronald Reagan called the Soviet Union the "Evil Empire" and even a cursory reading of "The Gulag Archipelago" would serve to drive home the point.
		The stories of individuals interwoven with history and analysis in "The Gulag Archipelago" gave a human face to the suffering caused by the mindless imposition of a utopian system that failed to take into account human nature and the yearning for freedom.
		Ultimately, the book would prove to be one of the leading factors in the demise of the Soviet Union.
	www.conservativemonitor.com /top-ten/gulag-archipelago.shtml (428 words)

	The Gulag Archipelago: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		The Gulag Archipelago, probably the most powerful and famous book about the Soviet prison system, is a three-volume history written by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn based on extensive research as well as his own experiences as a prisoner in the Gulag.
		GULAG (Glavnoe Upravlenie Ispravitel-no-trudovykh Lagerei, "Chief Directorate of prison camps") is an acronym for the administration of the Soviet prison labour camp system, and an archipelago is, of course, a chain of islands.
		The idea is that the system of labour camps which was spread across the Soviet Union under Lenin, Stalin and their successors, was a vast region known only to those who were fated to visit it.
	www.encyclopedian.com /gu/Gulag-Archipelago.html (190 words)

	Anne Applebaum -- Gulag: A History Intro
		Even more broadly, ";Gulag" has come to mean the Soviet repressive system itself, the set of procedures that prisoners once called the "meat-grinder": the arrests, the interrogations, the transport in unheated cattle cars, the forced labor, the destruction of families, the years spent in exile, the early and unnecessary deaths.
		The Gulag had antecedents in Czarist Russia, in the forced-labor brigades that operated in Siberia from the seventeenth century to the beginning of the twentieth.
		Properly speaking, the Gulag belongs to the history of the Soviet Union; to the international as well as the Russian history of prisons and exile; and to the particular intellectual climate of continental Europe in the mid-twentieth century, which also produced the Nazi concentration camps in Germany.
	www.anneapplebaum.com /gulag/intro.html (9506 words)

	Gariwo: la foresta dei Giusti
		GULag is the acronym, introduced in 1930, for Gosudarstvennyj Upravlenje Lagerej, the central administration for collective labour camps.
		The first victims sent to the gulags were the "class enemies": the Russian aristocracy, businessmen, landowners, the Orthodox clergy and in general any groups considered privileged.
		The number of camps was reduced to 37, but the final closure of the "Gulag Archipelago" only came in 1987 under Gorbachov, two years before the fall of communism.
	gariwo.net /eng_new/genocidi/gulag.php (483 words)

	Anne Applebaum -- Inside the Gulag
		To some Russians, the memory of a first encounter with Alexander Solzhenitsyn's Gulag Archipelago is as much a physical memory--the blurry, mimeographed text, the dog-eared paper, the dim glow of the lamp switched on late at night--as it is one of reading the revelatory text itself.
		Contrary to popular belief, it was only in the 1940s that the Gulag then became, in the words of the Spravochnik's authors, a fully fledged "camp-industrial complex," an integral and important part of the Soviet economy: the camps reached their peak in industrial might not, as is usually assumed, in 1937-1938 but in 1950-1952.
		Nor, according to the Gulag's own figures, were most prisoners necessarily "politicals"--those sentenced for "counterrevolutionary" crimes--although their numbers did rise to 59 percent during the war and afterward, and were always high in certain camps.
	www.anneapplebaum.com /communism/2000/06_15_nyrb_gulag.html (3548 words)

	Gulag. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The Gulag was first established under Vladimir Lenin during the early Bolshevik years (c.1920).
		Gulag deaths of both political prisoners and common criminals from overwork, starvation, and other forms of maltreatment are estimated to have been in the millions during Stalin’s years in power.
		The Gulag scheme was adapted into the infamous concentration camp system used during World War II, especially as Nazi death factories.
	www.bartleby.com /65/gu/Gulag.html (316 words)

	Search Results for "Gulag"
		In the USSR, the gulag elaborated on the concept beginning as early as 1922; after 1928 millions...
		In Feb. 1974 he was expelled from the USSR after publication of Gulag Archipelago.
		...he might soon be imprisoned again, Solzhenitsyn authorized the foreign publication of The Gulag Archipelago, a vast work that documents with personal interviews and...
	www.bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=&query=Gulag (302 words)

	Gulag: A History
		Because the Gulag was intended as a profit-making enterprise, its supply of slave labor was dependent on literally snatching vast numbers of people from the street, their work, or their home.
		A person could be sent to the Gulag on a bogus accusation of “agitation” by someone who wanted their apartment, or a vengeful co-worker or a jilted lover, and a typical sentence was ten years.
		In a typical case, a woman released in 1954 after laboring for 18 years in the Gulag, and whose husband died in a camp, was given a certificate (pardon) and awarded compensation equivalent to two months of pay for her and her husband’s decades of labor.
	forejustice.org /wc/gulag_applebaum.html (2275 words)

	E. L. Easton - Travel
		Yet this "history and geography" of the Soviet Union's prison and forced labour camp system is addressed to a wider audience than mute Russia; it strikes at the heart and intellect of everyone.
		Gulag, though, is not merely an account of the lies and injustice on which the Soviet system was founded; it addresses the human condition.
		Gulag is a long and vivid meditation on the good and evil in men's hearts.
	eleaston.com /solzhenitsyn.html (474 words)

	EefyWiki - 99: Gulag Article
		The Gulag was considered a place for these individuals to be contained and also as a mechanism to repress any political opposition to the Soviet state.
		The establishment of the Gulag can be traced to the time of the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 when Lenin seized control of the state.
		Officially, the Gulag was terminated in January 1960 and the Ministry of Interior was later known as the KGB.
	eefy.editme.com /GulagArticle (1690 words)

	The Gulag Archipelago
		"Gulag" is an acronym for "Chief Administration of Corrective Labor Camps," which is in charge of most of this system, and it is conceived by the author as an "archipelago'' or series of "islands" (camps, prisons, detention centers, etc) which are spread through the whole of the Russian land like a country within a country.
		The distinction of The Gulag Archipelago is to have presented for the first time the whole panorama and history of this phenomenon, complete with many actual names, dates, and places-and with such literary skill that it is brought to life before the reader in all its hideous reality.
		This is the "ideology" of 2Oth-centurv man, the self-made god, and The Gulag Archipelago is the history of this 'triumph of Nihilism' by one who has lived through it.
	www.roca.org /OA/21/21h.htm (892 words)

	Gulag: Soviet Forced Labor Camps and the Struggle for Freedom
		The term “GULAG” is an acronym for the Soviet bureaucratic institution, Glavnoe Upravlenie ispravitel’no-trudovykh LAGerei (Main Administration of Corrective Labor Camps), that operated the Soviet system of forced labor camps in the Stalin era.
		Gulag camps existed throughout the Soviet Union, but the largest camps lay in the most extreme geographical and climatic regions of the country from the Arctic north to the Siberian east and the Central Asian south.
		While the Gulag was radically reduced in size following Stalin’s death in 1953, forced labor camps and political prisoners continued to exist in the Soviet Union right up to the Gorbachev era.
	gulaghistory.org /exhibits/nps/onlineexhibit/stalin (244 words)

	gulag - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Gulag, agency of the secret police of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) created in the 1930s to administer concentration camps, forced...
		Lenin’s personal modesty and inhibitions about the unbridled use of force had tempered the dictatorial ways of the Communist regime until 1924....
		deportation of Solzhenitsyn, quotation, Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, Soviet confiscation of The Gulag Archipelago
	encarta.msn.com /gulag.html (135 words)

	The New Yorker : critics : books (Site not responding. Last check: )
		As Applebaum writes, Gulag prisoners made everything from missiles to “mechanical rabbits playing drums.” At Stalin’s order, prisoners even built preposterous public-works projects: rail lines that cut through the forest and then were abandoned when Stalin died; dams to reverse the direction of rivers; canals that proved useless.
		"Gulag: A History” is structured in three parts: the origins of the camps; the experience of the zeks (prisoners), from arrest until death or release; and then a history of the decline of the “camp-industrial complex” until its final collapse, under Gorbachev.
		The slang of the Gulag eventually became the slang of the entire Soviet Union; the rich vocabulary of Russian obscenity developed mainly in the camps.
	www.newyorker.com /critics/books/?030414crbo_books (3846 words)

	Remembering the Gulag by Hilton Kramer
		The author of The Gulag Archipelago was himself, after all, a zek, as inmates of the Soviet camps were called, and he was also an assiduous compiler of other zeks’; personal accounts of their servitude and suffering.
		Gulag: A History is not, then, to be mistaken for a comprehensive history of the Soviet Union; it is rather a history of Soviet society’s most distinctive institution, described by Ms.
		And while Gulag: A History is written throughout in a prose that is exemplary for its clarity, its gravity, and its moral candor, it must also be acknowledged that the book is a long and difficult read—difficult, above all, because of the feeling of outrage and despair it induces in the reader.
	www.newcriterion.com /archive/21/may03/kramer.htm (1575 words)

	Amnesty's gulag idiocy - Opinion - theage.com.au
		The word "gulag" was a bureaucratic acronym for the main prison administration in Stalin's Soviet Union.
		Millions of prisoners confined in the gulag had not been involved in violence or committed any crime - they were there because they belonged to a "wrong" social, national or political group or expressed a "wrong" opinion.
		By contrast, Russian author Andrei Sinyavsky, who was sentenced in 1966 to seven years' forced labour for his writing, was approached one evening soon after his arrival in a labour camp by a prisoner who quietly asked Sinyavsky whether he wanted to listen to a recital of the biblical account of the apocalypse.
	www.theage.com.au /news/opinion/amnestys-gulag-idiocy/2005/06/26/1119724522654.html (960 words)

	Gulag
		During the Cold War, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's The Gulag Archipelago, laced with moral outrage and bitter sarcasm, was used more often as an ideological cudgel than a historical resource.
		In Gulag: A History, the accomplished journalist Anne Applebaum writes that she has tried to avoid the "emotions and the politics which have long surrounded the historiography of the Soviet concentration camps." Her book is a major achievement on every level -- in research, in judgment, in style.
		Nobody forced the Gulag bosses in Moscow to ignore the implications of inspectors' reports.
	www.orwelltoday.com /gulagbook.shtml (695 words)

	[No title]
		With this abridged paperback edition of The Gulag Archipelagos original three volumes-created with the cooperation of the author-you can introduce your students to a man and a book that helped to change the course of history.
		To read Gulag through a moral lens is to understand that government power can perpetrate all sorts of atrocities upon human beings, body and soul, but it can never fully succeed in quenching the human spirit.
		The Gulag Archipelagoa scathing indictment of Communist tyranny and an eloquent affirmation of the human spirit-will convince your students that works of art can be a catalyst for change in the world."
	www.harperacademic.com /features/gulag.asp (362 words)

	Gulag's Bones
		The bones are the remains of thousands of prisoners sent to the camps in this frozen island of the Gulag Archipelago.
		Norilsk Nickel, the private mining and metallurgical company that emerged from the vast state enterprise that has always dominated the city, has erected placards extolling the history of its factories, without noting that the builders shown in fl-and-white photographs were slaves.
		Yelizaveta I. Obst, whose father, an ethnic German, was sent to the gulag in 1943, said history in Russia remained ambivalent because so many were implicated in it.
	www.orwelltoday.com /gulagbones.shtml (988 words)

	The Gulag: Lost Millions
		The system of forced-labor camps in which Anatoly Shcharansky was incarcerated is nearly as old as the Soviet Union itself.
		Established by Lenin in 1919, the gulags were used on a massive scale by Stalin.
		But not until Alexander Solzhenitsyn published The Gulag Archipelago in 1974 did the West realize the extent and ruthlessness of the Soviet prison network.
	www.paulbogdanor.com /sovietgulag3.html (396 words)

	Q&A: A fresh look at the Soviet 'Gulag Archipelago' \| csmonitor.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		After living in Poland and travelling in the former Soviet Union in the late 1980s and early 1990s, what struck her most was the absence of a national memory about the massive internal prison system that pervaded communist Russia for more than seven decades.
		It's been a generation since Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn seared Western consciousness with his book, "The Gulag Archipelago." It serves as a primary reference not only for the system of prison camps in Russia in the 20th century but as a seminal work for any discussion of the totalitarian systems of the 20th century.
		Second — the primary purpose of the gulag, according to both the private language and the public propaganda of those who founded it, was economic.
	www.csmonitor.com /2003/1211/p25s02-bogn.html (2846 words)

	Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
		During these years, Solzhenitsyn's double degree in mathematics and physics saved him mostly from hard physical labour, although in 1950 he was taken to a new kind of camp, created for political prisoners only, where he worked as a manual laborer.
		(Gulag stands for "Chief Administration of Corrective Labor Camps.") For the work Solzhenitsyn collected excerpts from documents, oral testimonies, eyewitness reports, and other material, which all was inflammable.
		In his earlier works this did not matter, for he was able to externalize his unconscious: the savage, Inferno-esque vision of Gulag is, in a sense, a projection of his own repressed violence - on a gargantuan scale, because of the intensity of the repression.
	www.kirjasto.sci.fi /alesol.htm (2139 words)

	Amazon.com: The Gulag Archipelago, 1918-1956: An Experiment in Literary Investigation (Volume One): Books: Aleksandr ...
		Gulag Archipelago by Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn in Front Matter, and Back Matter
		The Gulag Archipelago: 1918-1956 by Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn in Front Matter, and Back Matter
		Stalin's Slave Ships: Kolyma, the Gulag Fleet, and the Role of the West by Martin J. Bollinger on 7 pages
	www.amazon.com /Gulag-Archipelago-1918-1956-Experiment-Investigation/dp/0813332893 (602 words)

	Gulag Archipelago: 1918-1956, The
		Those ideas, in the form of the Marxist worldview, led directly to the Iron Curtain and the crimes committed behind it in the twentieth century.
		He was sentenced to eight years in Soviet prison camps (known as “gulags”), and then exiled in 1953.
		In the end, it is not the numbers that overwhelm you—though the numbers are depressing; rather, haunting personal stories in The Gulag Archipelago stay with you and remind you of the real men and women threshed by Marxism.
	www.thegreatbooks.com /books/details.php?ISBN=0060007761&return=www.thegreatbooks.com/courses/modern.php (311 words)

	RevolutionaryLeft.com -> Gulag Archipelago
		The Gulag Archipelago (Russian: Архипелаг ГУЛАГ) is an influential account of the Soviet forced labor and concentration camp system by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn.
		"GULag" is an acronym for the Russian term "Chief Administration for Corrective Labor Camps" (Russian: Главное Управление Лагерей), the bureaucratic name of the Soviet concentration camp main governing board, and by extension, the camp system itself.
		The word archipelago compares the system of labor camps spread across the Soviet Union with a vast "chain of islands", known only to those who were fated to visit them.
	www.revleft.com /index.php?showtopic=65648&st=0&#entry1292303468 (2385 words)

	Soviet Gulags
		People sent to the Gulags included peasants who were accused of "individualistic tendencies" and opposed the establishment of collective farms.
		Large numbers of people living along the western frontier of the Soviet Union and Chinese and Koreans who lived along the eastern border were deported to Gulags in the interior just before the outbreak of the Second World War.
		It is estimated that around 50 million perished in Soviet gulags between 1930 and 1950.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /RUSgulags.htm (1639 words)

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