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	Karl Popper's Main Works in English
		The first is scientific because we can eliminate it if it is false; the second is unscientific because even if it were false we could not get rid of it by confronting it with an observation report that contradicted it.
		Popper contrasts historical prophecy and scientific prediction, arguing that the prediction of social events is severely limited by the impact on society of unforeseeable new knowledge.
		The Postscript to The Logic of Scientific Discovery was written mainly during the years 1951-56, at the time when Logik Der Forschung was being translated into English as The Logic of Scientific Discovery.
	www.eeng.dcu.ie /~tkpw/intro_reading/Introductory_Reading.html (4271 words)

	Scientific method - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Philosophical issues The study of the scientific method is distinct from the practice of science and is more a part of the philosophy, history and sociology of science than of science itself.
		Scientific understanding derives from observation, but the acceptance of scientific statements is dependent on the related theoretical background or paradigm as well as on observation.
		The scientific method is a source of ongoing debate and contention, and this area of study is undergoing considerable change.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /scientific_method.htm (4252 words)

	Scientific
		Committee For The Scientific Investigation Of Claims Of Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal The Committee for the Scientific Investigation of...
		Scientific journal A scientific journal is a peer-revieweded, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's s...
		Scientific literature Scientific literature is the totality of publications that report original empirical and theoretic...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/scientific.html (870 words)

	The Logic of Scientific Discovery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Logic of Scientific Discovery is a 1959 book by Karl Popper.
		Sir Peter Medawar called it "One of the most important documents of the twentieth century." In it, Popper argued that science proceeds by falsification; that is, no number of experiments can ever prove a theory, but a single experiment can disprove one.
		Thus, falsifiability is an essential characteristic of any scientific theory.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_Logic_of_Scientific_Discovery (120 words)

	0
		At some points during the course of scientific history, such an idealization finds an example (i.e., in "normal science"); but it is not the whole story of the advent of a Scientific Revolution (which for Kuhn is the complete change of a set of theories, methods and beliefs).
		Popper's Logic of Scientific Discovery is an all-encompassing and thorough analysis of science as an empirical enterprise with a set of specific methodologies, all of which is supposed to give us knowledge of the external world.
		Kuhn, however, focuses on the socio-historical context of scientific theories, normal science, the period of crisis and the eventual rejection of a paradigm which is constitutive of a scientific revolution.
	punsterproductions.com /~sciencehistory/PopperKuhn.html (3390 words)

	20th WCP: The Rationality of Scientific Discovery: The Aspect of the Theory of Creation
		In addition, the rationality of discovery is summed up into "the algorithm" or "the patterns of discovery" is still put forward, and it holds that it is according to the overeconomical principle that the discovery of the scientific laws discovers "the patterns" in experience and data [3].
		The logical theory of discovery and the irrational theory of discovery are two extremely opposite points of view, but each side is being weakened after debate: the irrational factors are brought into the logic in a broad sense (Hanson and Maclaurin), and the rational interpretation is drawn into the irrational theory (Kuhn).
		Following the logic procedure is bound to lead to discontinuance of thinking; therefore, in scientific creation the logic is usually incarnated as the forms of discontinuity, omission and leap, and is displays such characteristics as the fiction of premise, uncertainty of conclusion.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Scie/ScieYang.htm (2128 words)

	Amazon.com: "Logic of Scientific Discovery": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		See all pages with references to "Logic of Scientific Discovery".
		The reception and appraisal of Popper's ideas by different members thus very varied considerably: from positive reactions to the Logic of Scientific Discovery (1934) in Carnap, Feigl, Schlick and Frank to the vehement principle...
		Reichenbach gave a lecture on the probability of hypotheses, which was later so well criticised by Popper in his Logic of Scientific Discovery.
	www.amazon.com /phrase/Logic-of-Scientific-Discovery (392 words)

	Role Of Science In Knowledge Creation: A Philosophy Of Science Perspective
		There are four lines of argument which undermine the classical preoccupation with scientific consensus: the discovery that scientific research is much more controversy-laden than the older view would lead one to expect; the thesis of theory incommensurability; the thesis of the underdetermination of theories; and the phenomenon of successful counternormal behavior (Laudan, 1984).
		To solve this scientific problem, a theory is proposed and the logical consequences of the theory (hypotheses) are subjected to rigorous empirical tests.
		Scientific realism is also a critical realism, contending that the job of science is to use its method to improve our perceptual (measurement) processes, separate illusion from reality, and thereby generate the most accurate possible description and understanding of the world (Hunt, 1990).
	www.kmbook.com /science.htm (5071 words)

	The Logic of Scientific Discovery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		First published in English in 1959, The Logic of Scientific Discovery revolutionized contemporary thinking about science and knowledge and is one of the most widely read books about science written in the twentieth century.
		Popper recognised that scientific theories are the result of a creative imagination and that the growth of scientific knowledge rests on the doctrine of falsifiability: that only those theories that are testable and falsifiable by observation and experiment are properly open to scientific evaluation.
		These stirring ideas had a hugely significant influence on the philosophical and scientific communities and are central to the development of the philosophy of science.
	www.routledge.com /popper/works/logic_discovery.html (252 words)

	Popper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		As to the task of the logic of knowledge-in contradistinction to the psychology of knowledge-I shall proceed on the assumption that it consists solely in investigating the methods employed in those systematic tests to which every new idea must be subjected if it is to be seriously entertained.
		Secondly, there is the investigation of the logical form of the theory, with the object of determining whether it has the character of an empirical or scientific theory, or whether it is, for example, tautological.
		The theory of method, in so far as it goes beyond the purely logical analysis of the relations between scientific statements, is concerned with the choice of methods-with decisions about the way in which scientific statements are to be dealt with.
	faculty.uccb.ns.ca /philosophy/120/popper.htm (6216 words)

	William Whewell
		Whewell claimed that a large part of the history of science is the “history of scientific ideas,” that is, the history of their explication and subsequent use as colligating concepts.
		Whewell explained that “though the discovery of the First Law of Motion was made, historically speaking, by means of experiment, we have now attained a point of view in which we see that it might have been certainly known to be true independently of experience” (1847, I, p.
		Lugg, A. (1989) “History, Discovery and Induction: Whewell on Kepler on the Orbit of Mars.” In J.R Brown and J. Mittelstrass, eds.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/whewell (7480 words)

	Non-Epistemic Chance: Karl Popper?s Ontology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The discovery of an ontology in Popper will have implications not only for the epistemological proposition of falsifiability but also for his cosmology and the non-epistemic theory of chance ratified in the propensity theory of probability and carried over into his political philosophy.
		The debate around the nature of probability statements that informs much of the Logic of Scientific Discovery is thus implicitly a debate in ontology, precisely the "no-man’s land that lies between logic and physics" where Popper expected to find "the solution of some of the still unsolved problems in quantum theory" (Popper 1934, 215).
		Paragraph 67 of the Logic of Scientific Discovery on the critique of a "Probabilistic System of Speculative Metaphysics" concludes with a ratification of subjective decisions to determine the length of the n-series: "theories involving probability, therefore, if they are applied without special precautions, are not to be regarded as scientific.
	tekhnema.free.fr /5Caygill.html (2896 words)

	Karl Popper Philosopher (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		With this commitment to the fact-value commitment logical posivists were strongly drawn to science with the view that philosophy was synonomous with the philosophy of sciencewhich in turn was synonymous with the study of the logic of science.
		These justifications are not universally accepted and Popper argues that scientific reasoning from obervation to theory is not an inductive process as the course of the future is not inferred from past regularities, but rather, bold generalisations (theories) are proposed and then they are tested with the aim of falsifying them.
		Whilst Popper, in contrast to logical poitivists, never held that non-scientific activities were meaningless or intellectually disreputable in his opinion what was disreputable was pseudoscience.
	www.idmon.freeserve.co.uk /zlogcona.htm (1546 words)

	ScienceDaily All Products : Bestsellers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The scientific studies led by R. Craig Albertson, PhD., Staff Associate, show that the growth factor gene, bmp4, is both associated with and has the potential to alter jaw morphology in a way that approximates natural variation among fish species.
		The discovery is reported in the October 28th edition of the journal Science.
		Novel Discovery Of 'DCDC2' Gene Associated With Dyslexia (October 27, 2005) — Pediatric researchers at Yale School of Medicine have identified a gene on human chromosome 6 called DCDC2, which is linked to dyslexia, a reading disability affecting millions of children and adults.
	sciencedaily.com /cgi-bin/apf4/amazon_products_feed.cgi?... (1532 words)

	EPA-MAIA - What is the Scientific Method? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		In addition, it is important for science teachers to expose children to the scientific method at an early age to encourage future generations to continue with scientific advancements and research.
		The increasing world population, coupled with the increase in the incidence of new diseases and mutations of existing disease strains, destruction of our ecological resources, and global climate change indicate that the scientific method is vital to the welfare of future populations.
		The EPA also encourages citizen volunteers to use the scientific method to determine the health status of their local rivers, rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds.
	www.epa.gov /maia/html/scientific.html (2457 words)

	Books : The Logic of Scientific Discovery (Routledge Classics) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Scientific inquiry is distinguished from all other types of investigation by its testability, or, as Popper put, by the falsifiability of its theories.
		I don't know whether it is because it was his first book or because it was originally written in German or because of all the technical problems in probability and quantum theory that are dealt within its pages.
		The hidden assumption takes the form of a logical error in that it assumes an exegetical negative which has not and cannot be proven.
	arabiadirectory.com /Reviews/ItemId/0415278449/ReviewPage/2 (1800 words)

	Amazon.com: The Logic of Scientific Discovery: Books: Karl Popper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Scientific inquiry is distinguished from all other types of investigation by its testability, or, as Popper put, by the falsifiability of its theories.
		The third chapter, a bit boring, is an analysis of causality, scientific explanation, the kinds of scientific concepts and the structure of theories (these are considered interpreted axiomatic systems).
		These statements are in no sense justified by experience, says Popper, even if their acceptance is caused by experience; they are as risky as theories, although in scientific practice there is not (usually) much trouble in agreeing to accept or to reject them.
	www.amazon.com /Logic-Scientific-Discovery-Karl-Popper/dp/041507892X (2589 words)

	Karl Popper
		The question how it happens that a new idea occurs to a man--whether it is a musical theme, or a dramatic conflict, or a scientific theory--may be of great interest to empirical psychology; but it is irrelevant to the logical analysis of scientific knowledge.
		And looking at the matter from the psychological angle, I am inclined to think that scientific discovery is impossible without faith in ideas which are of a purely speculative kind, and sometimes even quite hazy; a faith which is completely unwarranted from the point of view of science, and which, to that extent, is 'metaphysical'.
		(Popper, Karl (1959) The Logic of Scientific Discovery.
	www.serpentfd.org /a/popper1959.html (498 words)

	Recent Work in Computational Scientific Discovery
		The study of computational scientific discovery emerged from the view that science is a problem solving activity, that heuristics for problem solving can be applied to the study of scientific discovery in either historical or contemporary cases, and that methods in artificial intelligence provide techniques for building computational systems.
		According to Peter Karp, the whole field of bioinformatics is doing computational scientific discovery but there is a gradient from computational discoveries that are not based on AI methods, to computational discoveries that are based on AI methods, to methods with a "cognitive flavor." Not much of the bioinformatics work falls into the last category.
		Buchanan's work on rule discovery in scientific databases and Valdes-Perez's work on systematically conjecturing chemical reaction pathways illustrate the power of design AI systems that aim, not at realistically modeling human cognitive capacities, but using computational methods to circumvent human limitations.
	www.wam.umd.edu /~zben/Web/JournalPrint/readable.html (3785 words)

	Realistic Idealism, Philosophy based on evidence
		In the past, philosophy was based on logic and reasoning rather than observations recorded using the scientific method.
		Through scientific discovery, finally, we can know where we come from, where we have been, where we are, where we are going, and what things are possible.
		Examples of the futility of logic as applied to ethics, and how morality can and should be based on evidence.
	www.seanet.com /~realistic/idealism.html (1055 words)

	The logic of scientific discovery by Karl Raimund Popper \| LibraryThing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The logic of scientific discovery by Karl Raimund Popper
		Conjectures and Refutations; the Growth of Scientific Knowledge by Karl Raimund Popper
		The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas S. Kuhn
	www.librarything.com /work/68144 (269 words)

	Index to Papers
		In The Logic of Scientific Discovery, Karl Popper suggests that a theory which would hope to describe the nature of empirical science needs to solve "the problem of demarcation," that is, it must provide criteria which separate empirical science from metaphysics.
		Indeed, it is through the faculty of scientific inquiry that we, according to Popper, continually obtain "closer approximations of the truth," better and more accurate pictures of the world.
		So, even if a logical argument were to succeed at criticizing logic such that the rationalist would be compelled to give it up, the rationalist could simply pick up the presupposition of unrevisablility from the argument-revisability situation in which the argument took place and move forward, unchanged, with logical inquiry in hand.
	home.socal.rr.com /baxter/science.html (2747 words)

	Logic bibliography
		Carmichael, R. D., 1930, The Logic of Discovery: Chicago and London, The Open Court Publishing Company.
		Nagel, E., 1961, The Structure of Science: Problems in the Logic of Scientific Explanation: New York, Harcourt, Brace and World, 618 p.
		Popper, K. R., 1968, The Logic of Scientific Discovery [3rd ed.]: London, Hutchinson.
	www.talkorigins.org /origins/biblio/logic.html (192 words)

	Research Approaches in Systematic Musicology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		His philosophy requires that "it must be possible for an empirical scientific system to be refuted by experience" (i.e., testing) and states that it is unimportant if a statement is true or false as long as it meets the criterion of demarcation.
		He states that such concepts outside of science simply are not science but are often the impetus or essential ingredient to encourage the scientific endeavor.
		Epistemology is "the logic of scientific discovery" whose methodological rules can be seen as the rules to the game entitled "The Logic of Scientific Discovery" (P: 49/53).
	www.music-cog.ohio-state.edu /Music829C/Notes/Popper.html (473 words)

	The Logic of Scientific Discovery (Routledge Classics) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		First of all, I would like to say in my behalf that I'm no logic expert, and that I had to cut Popper's book in chapter 8 just to read an introduction to Logic before I continue further in my personal experience with Popper.
		Well, just because it was hard, sorry, I don't have a better argument, but it's true, if you don't poses a solid background in Logic this would be a hard reading.
		Finally I will like to say that if you are interested in the philosophy behind scientific work, this is a wonderful book.
	www.jemsfurniture.com /BookStore/isbn0415278449.html (310 words)

	Apple - Science
		Mac OS X is ready for research running a wide range of commercial and open source scientific applications.
		Combining the power, security, and stability of UNIX with the ease of use of the Mac interface, Mac OS X provides the ideal platform for scientific research.
		Apple solutions for scientific research combine powerful Mac technology with leading edge industry tools for a diversity of research areas.
	www.apple.com /science (349 words)

	A Strong Relevant Logic Model of Epistemic Processes in Scientific Discovery * - Cheng (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		This paper presents some significant fundamental observations and assumptions on scientific discovery processes and their automation at first.
		Strong Relevance as a Logical Validity Criterion for Scientific..
		146 Entailment: The Logic of Relevance and Necessity (context) - Anderson, Jr et al.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /cheng98strong.html (743 words)

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