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Topic: The Merneptah Stele

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Merneptah

	Merneptah (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Merneptah (occasionally: Merenptah) was the fourth ruler of the 19th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt.
		His campaign against the Libu and Meshwesh Libyans was glorified on the Merneptah Stele, also widely known as the Israel Stele, which makes reference to the supposed utter destruction of Israel during a prior campaign in Canaan; this is the only undisputedly recognised ancient Egyptian reference to Israel.
		Merneptah was buried in tomb KV8 in the Valley of the Kings, but his mummy was not discovered within there.
	www.infoforyou.org /input.php?title=Merneptah (563 words)

	Merneptah Stele (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The Merneptah Stele (also known as the Israel Stele or Victory Stele of Merneptah) is the reverse of a stele originally erected by the Ancient Egyptian king Amenhotep III, but later inscribed by Merneptah who ruled Egypt from 1213 to 1203 BC.
		The stela was discovered at Merneptah's mortuary temple at Thebes and is now in the collection of the Egyptian Museum at Cairo; a fragmentary copy of the stela was also found at Karnak.
		Merneptah inserts just a single stanza to the Canaanite campaigns but multiple stanzas to his defeat of the Libyans.
	www.encyclopeedia.info /info.php?title=Merneptah_Stele (991 words)

	The Merneptah Stela (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Merneptah's reign belongs in the late thirteenth century BC (c.
		- Hasel, M.G. 1994 "Israel in the Merneptah Stela".
		Gideon lived close to the time of the Merneptah Stela and he was a farmer living in a small village (Judges 6).
	www.mystae.com /restricted/streams/thera/stela.html (894 words)

	Merneptah Stele
		Merneptah was a Pharaoh who ruled over Egypt in the late 13th century B.C. The son of Ramesses the Great (Ramesses II), Merneptah was the fourth Pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty.
		The “Merneptah Stele” is the name given to a stone slab engraved with a description of Merneptah’s military victories in Africa and the Near East.
		The Merneptah Stele is significant to biblical archaeologists because it is the earliest extra-biblical reference to the nation of Israel yet to be discovered.
	www.allaboutarchaeology.org /merneptah-stele-faq.htm (258 words)

	The Date of the Exodus
		A stele is a stone column usually depicting the exploits of a ruler or chronicling the history or laws of a people.
		Merneptah was the son of the Egyptian pharaoh Rameses II and succeeded his father as ruler of Egypt in the late 13th century BC.
		On this stele is the earliest historical mention of the nation of Israel, which Merneptah claims to have totally annihilated.
	www.cresourcei.org /exodusdate.html (8201 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Merneptah
		Merneptah had to carry out several campaigns during his reign, mainly fighting against the Libyans, who – with the assistance of the Sea Peoples – were threatening Egypt from the West.
		The stele is also the first explicit written record of the existence of the Ancient Israelites in this region.
		Merneptah's was buried in tomb KV8 in the Valley of the Kings, but his mummy was not discovered within there.
	reference.com /browse/wiki/Merneptah (415 words)

	Higgaion » Ah, Merneptah!
		Merneptah’s Israel is a people group apparently living somewhere in the vicinity of Merneptah’s Canaan (which many interpreters identify specifically with Gaza), Ashkelon, Gezer, Yenoam, and Hurru (a term used by the Egyptians for Syria, generically).
		Merneptah’s propagandist clearly means to say that plunder and/or captives were taken from Ashkelon—perhaps in significant numbers—but not that the city itself was relocated.
		In the absence of all other evidence, the Merneptah stele would lead us to think that a people group known to the Egyptians as “Israel”; lived somewhere in late 13th-century Syria-Palestine, perhaps as far southwest as the coastal plain, perhaps as far northeast as the sea of Galilee and its environs.
	www.heardworld.com /higgaion/?p=212 (2044 words)

	The Origins of Israel
		Merneptah also had very little time to engage in extensive campaigns abroad that might have brought him glory and fortune.
		Approximately eighty percent of the mortuary stele of Merneptah is concerned with the Libyan campaign.
		In fact, as a footnote to his translation of the Merneptah Stele Wilson pointed out that the text is full of grammatical blunders (Pritchard [ed.] 1954: 77).
	www.scriptureinhistory.org.au /Articles/Merneptah.htm (1784 words)

	Luxor: Temple of Merneptah (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The Temple of Merneptah was a funerary temple, and it had the Ramesseum as its model.
		Merneptah ruled for 10 years at the end of the 13th century BCE.
		Merneptah used stones and reliefs from the 150 year older nearby Temple of Amenophis 3.
	i-cias.com /egypt/luxor_t_merneptah01.htm (175 words)

	Pharaoh Merenptah and The Later 19th Dynasty History
		We would remind the reader that during all of the reign of Pharaoh Merneptah Israel was in Exile in Babylon and their land was occupied largely by a mix of Arabs, Syrians and many other peoples, they were neither Canaanites nor Israelites.
		In the skull of the mummy of Merneptah is a round hole made by a sharp, pointed instrument.
		Merneptah's general Amasis was king for an unconfirmed 40 or 43 years from about 568 to 525 BC.
	www.specialtyinterests.net /israel.html (8987 words)

	ToC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The Merneptah Stele has also been used as an important piece of evidence for a thirteenth-century setting for the Exodus.
		Merneptah was the last noteworthy Pharaoh of the XIXth Dynasty.
		Reading the Merneptah Stele in this way, it is suggested that at the end of the thirteenth century, while the "people" Israel was in Canaan, they had not yet settled down to become a political entity with definable borders.
	www.gbgm-umc.org /courtst/CH3/IE3.htm (222 words)

	Ebon Musings: Let the Stones Speak
		The Merneptah Stele, one of the most justifiably famous finds in the field of Near Eastern archaeology, offers another valuable clue to the dating of the Exodus and the origins of ancient Israel.
		The pharaoh Merneptah, successor of Ramesses II, ruled Egypt from 1213 to 1203 BCE, and in 1896 a seven-foot-tall fl granite obelisk dating to his reign was found in a temple in Thebes.
		The Merneptah Stele, as this obelisk is now known, contains the first extra-biblical reference to Israel known from anywhere in the ancient world.
	www.ebonmusings.org /atheism/otarch2.html (11041 words)

	The Hebrews - The Four Questions
		They claim that it was not a specific group of “para-social” people who inhabited the hill country during this time period, but that it was merely a shift in the use of land and in settlement patterns of the inhabitants of the various city-states in the area.
		The Merneptah stela is a record of the conquests of the pharaoh Merneptah in Israel, and within the closing hymn of its narrative lays the earliest mention of “Israel” as a collective entity.
		The Merneptah stela provides much evidence to refute the origination theories of Lemche, Whitelam, and Coote, placing the socioethnic entity called Israel, in connection with the city-states mentioned, as a valid and powerful force in the area, powerful enough to be mentioned on a stela of a pharaoh in the great empire of Egypt.
	fourquestions.us /judaism/history/hebrews.html (5403 words)

	Merneptah Stele - Avoo - Ask Us A Question - The Merneptah Stele (also known as the Israel Stele or Victory Stele of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Merneptah Stele - Avoo - Ask Us A Question - The Merneptah Stele (also known as the Israel Stele or Victory Stele of Merneptah) is the reverse of a stele originally erected by the Ancient Egyptian king Amenhotep III, but later inscribed by Merneptah who ruled Egypt from 1213 to 1203 BC Worldviewer.com Site
		The proposed link between the Israelites and the Shasu is undermined, however, by the fact that in the Merneptah stela, the Israelites are not depicted as Shasu, but wear the same clothing and have the same hairstyles as the Canaanites, who are shown defending the fortified cities of Ashkelon, Gezer, and Yanoam.
		Another explanation according to Michael Hasel from the University of Arizona who studied the stele concluded that Israel was already a well established political force in Canaan in the late 13th century BCE:
	www.amityvillenyus.com /section/Merneptah_Stele (1224 words)

	proof of exodus?? - Anabolic Steroids - Steroid.com / Anabolic Review Forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The Merneptah Stele is the reverse of a stela erected by Amenhotep III written by Merneptah.
		The stele was made to commemorate a victory in a campaign against the Libyans, but a short portion of the text is devoted to a campaign in the Levant.
		The stele does point out that Israel, at this stage, refers to a people since a determinative for "country" is absent regarding Israel (whereas the other areas had a determinative for "country" applied to them).
	forums.steroid.com /showthread.php?t=160831 (6643 words)

	Israel Stela: The Merneptah Hymn
		He opened the gates of the walled city which were stopped up, and caused his temples to receive their food (even), King Merneptah, the unique one, who establishes the hearts of hundreds of thousands of myriads, so that breath enters into their nostrils at the sight of him.
		They say among the lords of Heliopolis regarding their son, Merneptah: "Give to him duration like Re, let him be advocate of him who is oppressed in every country.
		After a six hour battle, during which Merneptah first deployed his archers and then his chariots, the invaders were defeated, thousands killed and 9000 fell prisoner.
	www.reshafim.org.il /ad/egypt/merneptah_hymn.htm (1393 words)

	IBSS - Biblical Archaeology - Evidence of the Exodus from Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		One of the most important discoveries that relate to the time of the Exodus is the Merneptah stele which dates to about 1210 BC.
		A stele of Seti I discovered at Beth-Shean states that the Hapiru from Mount Yarumta with the Tayaru attacked the Asiatics of Rehem (ANET 1969, 255; Rowe 1929, 88-93).
		A stele from his 9th year was discovered at Beth-shean that mentions the Shasu and the city of Per-Ra-messu which is the same name in Exodus 1:11 (Rowe 1929, 94-98).
	www.bibleandscience.com /archaeology/exodus.htm (13372 words)

	[b-hebrew] Exodus & Hyksos
		A good example is the Battle of Kadesh wherein Ramesses II claimed a great victory when in fact he pulled a draw from the jaws fo defeat.
		Likewise, the Merneptah (1210 BC) Stele claims to have exterminated Israel, which obviously did not occur.
		The Merneptah Stele (1210 BC) > > > >mentions that Egyptian forces under the command of > > > >Merneptah in Canaan defeated ?Israel?.
	lists.ibiblio.org /pipermail/b-hebrew/2004-May/018708.html (655 words)

	The Merneptah Stela - ChristianAnswers.Net (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Discovered in 1896 in Merneptah's mortuary temple in Thebes by Flinders Petrie, the stela is a poetic eulogy to pharaoh Merneptah, who ruled Egypt after Rameses the Great, ca.
		The discussion of the significance of Israel in the Merneptah stela revolves around the meaning of two words: "Israel" and "seed." A number of possibilities have been suggested, as summarized by Hasel.
		While the Merneptah stela does not give any indication of the actual social structure of the people of Israel, it does indicate that Israel was a significant socioethnic entity that needed to be reckoned with (1994: 54; 56, n.
	www.christiananswers.net.cob-web.org:8888 /q-abr/abr-a015.html (967 words)

	Chapter 3. Dating the Exodus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The Merneptah stele is the first mention of Israel in any extra-biblical document.
		The cities of Pithom and Raamses in the Nile delta region built by the Hebrews (Exodus 1:11) were founded by Seti I (1304-1290) and completed by Ramses II (1290-1224).
		This means that by the time of Merneptah, Israel existed as a nation, and the Exodus must have happened before this.
	www.hope.edu /bandstra/RTOT/CH3/DATING.HTM (370 words)

	Ancient Egypt - page two
		Rameses II chose his son, Merneptah, to succeed him in 1232 B.C. Merneptah and the remaining kings of the nineteenth dynasty gradually lost the power that the Rameses kings had acquired; but Merneptah launched ruthless raids against Palestine.
		Merneptah ruled Egypt in the latter half of the thirteenth century B.C. He fought to defend the Egyptian Empire against the invasion of Mediterranean peoples into the Delta.
		The Merneptah stele commemorates the king's Palestinian campaign, in which he claims to have destroyed Israel.
	www.angelfire.com /sc3/wedigmontana/Egyptp3.html (2244 words)

	King David Chapter One
		Tucked away at the end is a victory hymn indicating that Merneptah defeated several powerful Canaanite peoples, and alleging that Israel is "desolated and has no seed." Despite the references to numerous victories in the hymn, the consensus holds that the claims were fictitious and served only to praise Merneptah as a great leader.
		The stele’s reference to Israel grammatically distinguishes it from the rest of the nations mentioned.
		For this reason, many scholars believe that the Israel mentioned on the Merneptah stele depicts biblical Israel at a time not long after the Exodus from Egypt, and have dated the departure to sometime during the preceding sixty-six-year reign of Ramesses II.
	members.tripod.com /ggreenberg/writings/w-kd-chap1.htm (4269 words)

	ToC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The Merneptah Stele was written in hieroglyphics, which makes use of special signs called determinatives, which were placed before a proper noun to indicate what class of noun the following word was (e.g., a place, a country, a god, a tribe, a female person, etc.).
		Because the Merneptah Stele seems to indicate that a people known as "Israel" was present in an area that did not yet bear their name as the name of the country, they must have only recently come into the area.
		According to Ahlström and Edelman, the parallelism in the Merneptah Stele does not follow the pattern of successive lines, but the first line parallels the last line, the second line parallels the next-to-the-last line, and so on, forming a parallelism.
	www.gbgm-umc.org /courtst/CH3/IC2.htm (473 words)

	Dr. Ray Pritchard - Read Article - "Truth Springs from the Earth"
		Archaeologists uncovered a stele in Egypt on which Merneptah recounts in pompous fashion the city-states and people groups he defeated, including Israel.
		The No-Exodus folks argue that the stele simply verifies the presence of a people group who had emerged from the native Canaanites; in other words, they were never in Egypt.
		Early-Exodus followers hold that Merneptah’s description of Israel as a people group rather than a state fits well with the Judges 27:25 characterization of Israel; it reads, “Everyone did what was right in his own eyes.” Early-Exodus chronology can logically place Merneptah’s invasion during an “oppression” phase between Judge Ehud and Judge Deborah.
	www.keepbelieving.com /articles/display_article.asp?ArticleID=251 (473 words)

	biblicalia: Hyperbole in Merneptah Stele?
		Also, all the necks of the Egyptians were apparently stuck underneath a mountain of copper (I think someone on CNN said they found this mountain of copper, which makes this story TRUE!), which sounds quite awkward.
		So, I think we all actually recognize that hyperbole and metaphor are rife in the Merneptah stele, however fun it might be to read it otherwise.
		The case may also be that, as being located in a part of Hurru/Canaan, these "people of Israel" may not have even fought Merneptah, but they were included in the hymn as further victorious hyperbole: "all the peoples of Hurru were conquered by His Majesty (l.p.h.)" etc, ad nauseam.
	www.bombaxo.com /blog/2005/11/hyperbole-in-merneptah-stele.html (1161 words)

	Quranic and Biblical Narrations
		For Merneptah, his successor, the Egyptologists are unable, however, to provide the exact dates of his reign.
		In the text of the famous stele dating from the fifth year of Merneptah's reign critics think they have found an objection to the theory set out here, in which the pursuit of the Jews constituted the last act of his reign.
		It is quite plausible to suppose therefore that Merneptah was obliged to deal severely with these rebellious elements on his borders while inside them were those who were later to rally around Moses to flee the country.
	www.islam-guide.com /bqs/21narrations.htm (10031 words)

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