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Topic: The New Negro

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	Alain Locke, Forward to The New Negro, An Interpretation
		This volume aims to document the New Negro culturally and socially,—to register the transformations of the inner and outer life of the Negro in America that have so significantly taken place in the last few years.
		Of all the voluminous literature on the Negro, so much is mere external view and commentary that we may warrantably say that nine-tenths of it is about the Negro rather than of him, so that it is the Negro problem rather than the Negro that is known and mooted in the general mind.
		Negro life is not only establishing new contacts and founding new centers, it is finding a new soul.
	www.yale.edu /glc/archive/1113.htm (843 words)

	[No title]
		Thus the conflict of the old and the new negro in America was born.
		The old negro has visions that if he stays in his place, and is a good negro, one day much later on down the line he will finally be accepted into white society.
		Josh Green, the new negro, decides to lead a group of fl men to resist the white mob and he asked Dr. Miller to be their leader.
	filebox.vt.edu /r/ryparker/oldvsnew.doc (1087 words)

	Chapter 9 The New Negro - Harlem: 'The Promised Land' \| The Niggerati Network (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The artists of the "Negro Renaissance", as important as they might be themselves, were merely symbolic of the new life which was electrifying the Afro-American community.
		In the face of growing racism and segregation, the idealism of the new Negro was still based on the American ideal of democracy, and his goal was still to share fully, some day, in American life and institutions.
		The factor which prevented this new, energetic Afro-American from becoming alienated from America was that its goals were identical with the expressed ideals of the country.
	www.niggerati.net /node/121 (2007 words)

	THE NEW NEGRO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Sociologist, the Philanthropist, the Race-leader are not unaware of the New Negro.
		The tide of Negro migration, northward and city-ward, is not to be fully explained as a blind flood started by the demands of war industry coupled with the shutting off of foreign migration, or by the pressure of poor crops coupled with increased social terrorism in certain sections of the South and Southwest.
		To all of this the New Negro is keenly responsive as an augury of a new democracy in American culture.
	beatl.barnard.columbia.edu /wsharpe/citylit/NewNegro.htm (4052 words)

	Southern Road and the "New Negro Renaissance"
		Unlike Toomer, who believes that the rural culture, and the perceived closeness of that culture to the land and nature which he chronicles in Cane, is fading, Brown argues that the culture of the Black Belt is alive and vital, though threatened by the inroads of mass culture and migration.
		His project in Southern Road was not, however, to academize the folk, but rather to represent a process where an urban intellectual is able to rejoin the folk without glossing over the difficulties of such a process.
		At the same time, this process is not simply a sentimental return to the folk, or a new primitivism on the part of the intellectual, but also involves the intellectual-poet's giving a new consciousness to the folk that allows it to see its power and destiny more clearly while recognizing its weaknesses.
	www.english.uiuc.edu /maps/poets/a_f/brown/smethurst.htm (979 words)

	The New Negro
		Published in 1925, The New Negro is an anthology of poems, stories, and essays edited by Locke that includes such luminaries as W.
		There were lofty expectations, to be sure, but in retrospect and beyond the stardust, the Harlem Renaissance presented to the new Negro a hard lesson: the real work of the culture lay in assuring its permanence, not just basking in the flow of transient praise and voguishness.
		The artists of the renaissance were heavily dependent on the patronage of their fellow New Yorkers downtown, and Harlem's renaissance died out with onset of the Great Depression, when the patronage stopped flowing in even as Harlem's most enduring artists continued to produce important work.
	aalbc.com /books/thenew.htm (420 words)

	Renaissance Collage - Locke and the New Negro
		In the essay he wrote to frame the moment as he saw it, also entitled "The New Negro," Locke described the landscape of Harlem as filled by different notions of what it meant to be a fl American.
		Locke's primary goal in the essay "The New Negro" is to migrate from monolithic notions of an "Old Negro", as well as from the exhausted frameworks of bourgeois intellectual fl leadership toward an idea that gives creative agency and credibility to the "rank and file" of Negro life (Locke, New Negro: 6).
		His motive here is to posit the idea of a "New Negro" as a means of rediscovering individuality of voice in the context of community.
	xroads.virginia.edu /~MA03/faturoti/harlem/collage/locke.html (1079 words)

	Negro Workers and Organized Labor
		Another evidence of a sense of new security on the part of labor has been evidenced by the disposition of the leaders to increase the numerical strength of their various crafts and unions, and the remarkable strides which have been made in this direction.
		Already new trends are arising in the rank of labor characterized by unauthorized strikes against the present leadership.
		Except in a few isolated cases, Negroes are not being included in any considerable numbers either in the controversial aspects of this new birth or by inclusion into peaceful membership of the various labor unions.
	www.newdeal.feri.org /opp/opp34277.htm (1231 words)

	"Claude McKay and the New Negro of the 1920's"
		But their new militancy demonstrated that the long journey down the bitter desert years of history had strengthened, not weakened, their determination to reach the good life ahead.
		In addition, the Negro Renaissance became a part of the general revolt by the writers of the decade against the gross materialism and outmoded moral values of America's new industrial society.
		To a certain extent, the New Negro's emphasis on the folk was heightened by the new attitude toward Negroes exhibited by many white writers of the twenties.
	www.english.uiuc.edu /maps/poets/m_r/mckay/cooper.htm (3426 words)

	Jean Toomer's Washington and the Politics of Class (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Very few of the Negro aristocrats possessed wealth comparable to that owned by the white American ruling class; especially after the turn of the century, all were to one degree or another restricted by the increasing pressures of Jim Crow racism.
		Some men among the Negro aristocracy worked in law and medicine; Paul Laurence Dunbar noted in 1900 that "there are so many engaged in [the professions] that it would keep one busy counting or attempting to count the dark-skinned lawyers and doctors one meets in a day" (Dunbar 32).
		Negro and white or whoever is so held, both feel that they are being held to their detriment.
	newark.rutgers.edu /~bfoley/jean_toomers_washington.html (9981 words)

	The need for a new Black politics
		Another factor the Negro needs is a new figure in politics, one who will not concern himself so much with what others can do for him as with what he can do for himself.
		The New Negro in politics will not be so unwise as to join the ignorant delegations from conferences and conventions which stage annual pilgrimages to the White House to complain to the President because they have socially and economically failed to measure up to demands of self-preservation.
		It ought not to be possible for the political bosses to induce almost any Negro in the community to abandon his permanent employment to assist them and their ilk in carrying out some program for the selfish purposes of the ones engineering the scheme.
	www.finalcall.com /perspectives/cg_woodson02-20-2001.htm (652 words)

	Alain Locke - The Black Renaissance in Washington, DC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		“…much of the creative work of the period was guided by the ideal of the New Negro which signified a range of ethical ideals that often emphasized and intensified a higher sense of group and social cohesiveness.
		His philosophy of the New Negro was grounded in the concept of race-building.
		And thus the new militancy was a self-assertion as well as an assertion of the validity of the race.
	www.dclibrary.org /blkren/bios/lockea.html (1191 words)

	Howard University Libraries -
		Locke was the architect of the New Negro Movement and the Harlem Renaissance, the focus of which was the promotion of fl art and culture.
		The National Conference on Philosophy and Race is a celebration of Locke's life and contributions to philosophy in general, and Africana philosophy in particular on the 80th anniversary of his receipt of the Ph.D. degree in philosophy from Harvard.
		The new negro: An interpretation (anthology), illustrations by Winold Reiss.
	www.founders.howard.edu /locke.htm (1443 words)

	New Negro League Hall planned in D.C. 12/04/03
		Many of those memories will find a permanent home in the new Negro League Legends Hall of Fame, a shrine and museum to be built in Washington.
		There already is a Negro Leagues Baseball Museum in Kansas City, Mo., and the history of fl baseball is well documented in the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, N.Y. The new Hall of Fame will supplement those, focusing more on individual players.
		The Negro National League in 1920 was the first fully organized fl league, followed by the Eastern Colored League in 1923.
	www.cjonline.com /stories/120403/lsp_negroleague.shtml (838 words)

	ABC News: NY's Baseball Love Rooted in Negro Leagues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Other New York Teams While the Yankees, Dodgers and Giants were battling for bragging rights in the 1930s and 1940s, two other New York teams were also trying to win fans’ affection — the Cubans and the Black Yankees.
		New York’s Giants The Cuban Giants were one of several independent Negro teams that developed in the North and the South in the late 1800s and early 1900s.
		A new Negro National League was formed in 1933 and the Negro American League was chartered in 1937.
	i.abcnews.com /Sports/story?id=100236 (1344 words)

	Black Experience in America:Chapter 9 The New Negro
		Chapter 9 The New Negro THE BLACK EXPERIENCE IN AMERICA Chapter 9 The New Negro Immigration and Migration During the nineteenth century, the American racial dilemma had appeared to be a regional problem.
		At the point when the influx was at its highest, in 1930, seventeen percent of the Negroes in New York City were foreign born.
		When Congress did investigate this vast migration, Southerners assured the committee that their Negroes were really very happy, and they claimed that "the migration was a myth." In spite of this earlier migration, the 1900 census showed that 89.7 percent of the Afro-American community still resided in the South.
	www.rit.edu /~nrcgsh/bx/bx09a.html (2160 words)

	The New Negro (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The literature produced during the Harlem Renaissance was dubbed part of the “New Negro Movement’” by Alain Locke.
		This volume aims to document the New Negro culturally and socially, -- to register the transformation of the inner and outer life of the Negro in America that have so significantly taken place in the last few years.
		Here in the very heart of the folk-spirit are the essential forces, and folk interpretation is truly vital and representative only in terms of these.The New Negro must be seen in the perspective of a New World, and especially of a New America.
	www.ags.uci.edu /~fibrigst/politics/Locke.htm (145 words)

	79.02.04: The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States,1880-1950
		The racist myth of Negroes’ uncontrollable desire to rape white women acquired a strategic position in the defense of the lynching practice.
		Another fact which refutes the fallacy of rape as being the primary cause of Negro lynchings is that between 1882 and 1927, 92 women were victims of lynch mobs: 76 Negro and 16 white.
		In one case, the mayor of Memphis, Tennessee was advised, “The Negroes would not make trouble unless they were attacked, but in that event they were prepared to defend themselves.” Most of the race riots were the result of Negro retaliation to white acts of persecution and violence.
	www.yale.edu /ynhti/curriculum/units/1979/2/79.02.04.x.html (5745 words)

	The New Negro
		To effect this transformation, a 'New Negro' was called for - quite urgently, many fl intellectuals felt- and this New Negro would need a nation over which to preside.
		Central to Locke's prescription was the mandate that the 'New Negro' had to 'smash' all of the racial, social and psychological impediments that had long obstructed fl achievement.
		In his film Within our Gates, Micheaux represented a virtual cornucopia of 'New Negro' types: from the educated and entrepreneurial 'race' man and woman to the incorrigible Negro hustler, from the liberal white philanthropist to the hard core white racist.
	www.iniva.org /harlem/negro.html (450 words)

	"The New Negro": "When He's Hit, He Hits Back!"
		This 1921 article by Rollin Lynde Hartt, a white Congregational minister and journalist, captured well what was “new” in the New Negro: an aggressive willingness to defend fl communities against white racist attacks and a desire to celebrate the accomplishments of African-American communities in the North.
		Another new negro, home from overseas said, “We were the first American regiment on the Rhine—Colonel Hayward’s, the Fighting Fifteenth; we fought for democracy, and we’re going to keep on fighting for democracy till we get our rights here at home.
		One day last summer Marcus Garvey, in green and purple robes, presided at a gigantic mass meeting of negroes in Madison Square Garden; object, the federation of 400,000,000 negroes (the figures are his) to abolish the government of fls by whites the world over.
	historymatters.gmu.edu /d/5127 (2212 words)

	Enter the New Negro
		The intelligent Negro of today is resolved not to make discrimination an extenuation for his shortcomings in performance, individual or collective; he is trying to hold himself at par, neither inflated by sentimental allowances nor depreciated by current social discounts.
		Therefore the Negro today wishes to be known for what he is, even in his faults and shortcomings, and scorns a craven and precarious survival at the price of seeming to be what he is not.
		One is the consciousness of acting as the advance-guard of the African peoples in their contact with Twentieth Century civilization; the other, the sense of a mission of rehabilitating the race in world esteem from that loss of prestige for which the fate and conditions of slavery have so largely been responsible.
	etext.lib.virginia.edu /harlem/LocEnteF.html (3424 words)

	new "new Negro": Recasting the Harlem Renaissance, The College Literature - Find Articles
		new "new Negro": Recasting the Harlem Renaissance, The
		Nathan Huggins's classic history of the era, Harlem Renaissance (1971), advanced precisely this thesis, arguing that "the Negro was the performer in a strange, almost macabre, act of fl collusion in his own emasculation.
		Writing at the dawn of a second fl renaissance, the Black Arts Movement, Huggins concluded that the earlier renaissance was destined to fail, for as long as a "white establishment.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3709/is_199810/ai_n8824440 (576 words)

	Negroes Old, Negroes New: On Afro-American Modernism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		So closely edited was The New Negro, so carefully were its parts juxtaposed, that even today the text seems to function as a single sign for the cultural resurgence it reflects.
		As inclusive as Black Fire is, Chant of Saints is exclusive; and where The New Negro lays claim to a major artistic movement, Chant of Saints silently embodies a tradition, elegantly assuming its propositions and allowing its several resonating voices to speak for themselves.
		Unlike The New Negro and a hundred other collections, Chant of Saints does not attempt to link politics and art, which are related, its contributors believe, in ways far too complicated, subtle, and mediated to permit any direct merger.
	www.mla.org /ade/bulletin/n064/064034.htm (1188 words)

	Gale Schools - Black History Month - Literature - The New Negro
		The New Negro is an expanded version of the magazine The Survey Graphic, which celebrated fl cultural life, especially in the urban north after the Great Migration.
		Locke divided The New Negro into two parts: "The Negro Renaissance," featuring literary work by contemporary fl writers, and "The New Negro in a New World," containing essays on fl sociology and politics.
		A compendium of fl culture in the mid-twenties, The New Negro also features an extensive bibliography on early fl literature; fl folklore in the United States, the West Indies and Africa; fl poetry and drama; slave narratives; fl biography and autobiography; and music.
	www.galeschools.com /black_history/literature/new_negro.htm (216 words)

	"The New Negro": "When He's Hit, He Hits Back!" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Said a new negro, “Cap’n, you mark my words; the next time white folks pick on colored folks, something’s going to drop—dead white folks.” Within a week came race riots in Chicago, where negroes fought back with surprising audacity.
		Such tendencies, tho by no means broadly typical of the new negro, at least bespeak a great restlessness, a deep and perhaps gravely ominous determination to find, somehow, somewhere, a way out.
		Wherever in all the land there is a considerable negro population there is a negro newspaper.
	www.historymatters.gmu.edu /d/5127 (2212 words)

	PAL: Harlem Renaissance: A Brief Introduction
		This event is considered the formal launching of of the New Negro movement.
		The creation of the "New Negro" failed, but it was an American failure, similar to other frustrated promotions.
		The Harlem intellectuals, while proclaiming a new race consciousness, became mimics of Whites, wearing clothes and using manners of sophisticated Whites, earning the epithet "dicty niggers" from the very people they were supposed to be championing.
	www.csustan.edu /english/reuben/pal/chap9/9intro.html (1886 words)

	New Negro, Old Left; African-American Writing and Communism Between the Wars; William J. Maxwell
		"William Maxwell's creative and compelling new book presents the case for a mutual indebtedness, a two-way channel 'between radical Harlem and Soviet Moscow, between the New Negro renaissance and proletarian literature' of the 1920s and 1930s.
		New Negro, Old Left is smart, energetic, and richly argued, and Maxwell is a talented literary historian and critic.
		"New Negro, Old Left is a brilliant intervention into debates on the role of Communism in shaping African-American literature.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/cup/catalog/data/023111/0231114257.HTM (683 words)

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