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Topic: The Old Regime and the Revolution

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	French Revolution - MSN Encarta
		The effects of the French Revolution were widespread, both inside and outside of France, and the Revolution ranks as one of the most important events in the history of Europe.
		From the beginning of the 20th century until the 1970s, the French Revolution was most commonly described as the result of the growing economic and social importance of the bourgeoisie, or middle class.
		The bourgeoisie, it was believed, overthrew the Old Regime because that regime had given power and privilege to other classes—the nobility and the clergy—who prevented the bourgeoisie from advancing socially and politically.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761557826/French_Revolution.html (977 words)

	Chapter 10 Page 1
		The powerful influence of the French Revolution can be traced in the reactions of those who witnessed the event firsthand and in the strong emotions it has aroused ever since.
		For some, the French Revolution was a beacon of light that gave a world dominated by aristocratic privilege and monarchical tyranny a hope of freedom.
		Yet no matter what their interpretation, the lessons and impact of the Revolution continue to be at the heart of several different historical and contemporary political debates.
	chnm.gmu.edu /revolution/chap10a.html (631 words)

	revolutions of 1848 - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		The revolution within the Austrian empire was one of initial success and subsequent defeat.
		Lack of cooperation among the revolutionary movements and the loyalty of the armies to old authorities permitted the suppression of the insurgents by armed might.
		The revolutions of 1848 failed notably because three kinds of demands—social and economic, liberal, and national—were not easily reconciled.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-revol1848.html (794 words)

	H-France Reviews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		For undergraduates, it aims to provide background on France in the last years of the old regime, and a concise account of events from the accession of Louis XVI to the start of the new constitutional regime in 1791.
		Jones has chosen 1791 because he wishes to emphasize the continuities between the old regime and the Revolution, and to refute the notion that 1789 marked a rupture in the fabric of French history, as both Marxists and Francois Furet have insisted, albeit in very different registers.
		It is still not sufficiently appreciated that the radicalized climate of opinion in which root- and-branch reform, and ultimately Revolution, became conceivable, derived as much from the council chambers of Versailles as from the garrets of Grub Street, the salons of frondeur aristocrats, or the courtroom arenas of causes celebres.
	www.h-france.net /reviews/bell.html (1510 words)

	Ensure an orderly regime - Education News - www.theage.com.au
		This task can be made manageable by sorting information into groups such as social, economic and political organisation of the old regime; revolutionary ideas and who proposed them; events that occurred during the time of revolutionary change; problems or challenges that faced revolutionary leaders or governments; and policies that were implemented by revolutionary governments.
		It is clear that having very good factual knowledge will prepare you to write an essay; obviously you must have facts to support your ideas about the revolution and whether social, economic and political life was vastly changed from the old regime.
		Identify all parts of the question, make sure you have balance in your discussion of the old regime and the revolution, avoid leaping in time from the old regime straight to the "snapshot" period and you will be set for a successful essay.
	www.theage.com.au /articles/2004/09/10/1094789673138.html?from=moreStories (816 words)

	3. Ethiopia. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Severe drought in the eastern and southern Horn led to famine and thousands of deaths, mainly in Eritrea and the Wollo sections of Ethiopia.
		The Ethiopian revolution ended imperial rule with a revolt of armed forces led by the Dergue, after months of general discontent marked by strikes and demonstrations.
		Mengistu Haile Mariam defeated rivals in the Dergue, established a social revolutionary regime, executed officials of the old regime, and sent more troops to Eritrea.
	www.bartleby.com /67/4395.html (156 words)

	THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO
		The "dangerous class", the social scum, that passively rotting mass thrown off by the lowest layers of the old society, may, here and there, be swept into the movement by a proletarian revolution; its conditions of life, however, prepare it far more for the part of a bribed tool of reactionary intrigue.
		In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and class antagonisms, we shall have an association in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all.
		Thenceforth, the struggle for supremacy was, again, as it had been before the Revolution of February, solely between different sections of the propertied class; the working class was reduced to a fight for political elbow-room, and to the position of extreme wing of the middle-class Radicals.
	www.anu.edu.au /polsci/marx/classics/manifesto.html (14158 words)

	Bourgeois Epistemology and the Gendered Republic
		The French Revolution resulted in the establishment of a Republic that was consciously built upon the exclusion of women from the public sphere.
		In otherwords, the Republic was a reactionary bourgeois male response to years of the Old Regime and the Revolution.
		The nobility of Old Regime France were a flamboyant and an emotionally expressive class that held within its ranks women who were able to manipulate power through the king and his courtly men.
	members.aol.com /ThryWoman/BEGR.html (1516 words)

	The Early Days of a Better Nation
		In the little British Isles, 800 000 perished in the bourgeois revolution; a revolution that in the memory of all but the Irish is remembered only for a few civilised battles and execrated only for the execution of a king.
		China's first communist revolution, the Taiping Rebellion which led to millions of deaths, was inspired by Christianity.
		England, it is true, in causing a social revolution in Hindostan, was actuated only by the vilest interests, and was stupid in her manner of enforcing them.
	kenmacleod.blogspot.com (4996 words)

	The Claremont Institute » For the Study of Statesmanship and Political Philosophy
		The Revolution was at its core a thorough repudiation of aristocracy and of the old common law on which it rested.
		But Burke was still an explicit defender of the old aristocratic order, whereas Tocqueville, with the benefit of hindsight, held that traditional aristocracy was doomed and that whatever future advantages were to be had from it would have to be gotten from a simulation of it resting on a wholly democratic foundation.
		This was a truly liberal revolution, characterized by a common demand that local liberties be maintained or restored and a tone of reconciliation among the estates.
	www.claremont.org /writings/crb/summer2004/winthrop.html (1870 words)

	C-SPAN: STATE OF THE UNION TRANSCRIPT
		The regime in that country sponsors terrorists in the Palestinian territories and in Lebanon -- and that must come to an end.
		There are fewer abortions in America than at any point in the last three decades, and the number of children born to teenage mothers has been falling for a dozen years in a row.
		These gains are evidence of a quiet transformation -- a revolution of conscience, in which a rising generation is finding that a life of personal responsibility is a life of fulfillment.
	www.c-span.org /executive/transcript.asp?cat=current_event&code=bush_admin&year=2006 (5357 words)

	Richard Sheridan
		Despite his disapproval of some aspects of the new regime, Sheridan argued that the French people had the right to form their own form of government without outside interference.
		Sheridan was also a strong supporter of an uncensored press and argued strenuously against attempts to use the libel laws to prevent criticism of the government.
		In 1812 Sheridan attempted to win his old seat of Stafford, but unable to raise the money to pay the normal fee of five guineas per voter, he was defeated.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /PRsheridan.htm (652 words)

	Nazi Party (NSDAP)
		He argued that the communist revolution was an act of revenge that attempted to disguise the inferiority of the Jews.
		It is based on the old officers of the Prussian Army migrated to Bavaria and using the weakness of the peasant government in Munich to rally the impoverished middle classes and rentiers, ruined by the inflation, round the Pan-German Nationalist and anti-French flag.
		The November revolution, the revolution of the Jews and the Marxist party-rabble have delivered you into the hands of the international loan capitalism.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /GERnazi.htm (6049 words)

	Writings/'The Old Regime and the Revolution': The project's beginnings
		What he wanted to elucidate was why the Revolution was still going on nearly sixty years later - 1848 followed on from 1830, 1851 was the response to 1848, and so on - without ever achieving its goal, i.e.
		It was thus to uncover the roots of this French problem that he began in 1850 to map out the project for a great work devoted to the study of the French Revolution.
		In any case, these were the major themes of his project when he first mentioned it in his correspondence, written while he was spending the winter of 1850-51 at Sorrento for health reasons, and where he continued writing his Souvenirs.
	www.culture.gouv.fr /culture/celebrations/tocqueville/en/oeuvre/o_regime-01.html (575 words)

	The Real Cuba
		Seeing that my daughter was perplexed, the old woman displayed a box of chicken bones that she had collected from other customers at the lunch counter of the department store, a respectable establishment frequented by locals in Old Havana’s main shopping street.
		My daughter provided the bones after the lunch counter staff gave its consent – the old woman was evidently a regular at the lunch counter, and this was how she earned her supper.
		Welcome to Cuba, 46 years into the revolution that was to industrialize the economy, eradicate hunger and eliminate the gap between rich and poor in this island nation, previously the most prosperous in the Caribbean.
	www.therealcuba.com (3041 words)

	Writings/'The Old Regime and the Revolution': The composition of the work and the argument of Book I
		The framework of The Old Regime breaks with the traditional conception of historical writing by its refusal of narrative - this is made clear by the fact that in its composition, it is much more concerned with the logical organization of the argument than with respect for the chronology of events.
		And yet, although it was social and political in nature, the Revolution wanted to be seen as "universal", in the same way as a religious revolution, which explains why it had to struggle against other beliefs in order replace them with a revolutionary ideology, which had its origins in the Enlightenment.
		And yet, if the French Revolution, that "new religion, imperfect religion, without God", was so successful in France, it was because it was simply the logical extension of the long process of the disintegration of the feudal-based society which had been underway since the Renaissance throughout Western Europe.
	www.tocqueville.culture.fr /en/oeuvre/o_regime-03.html (405 words)

	French Salons: High Society and Political Sociability From the Old Regime to the Revolution of 1848 Journal of Social ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		For another, while salon sociability did not exclude political discussion, the old regime salon's intellectual goals were far broader than mere politics, and its primary social function was to promote social integration and advance the reputation of its mistress.
		Beginning with the Revolution, therefore, and with a few notable exceptions (the post-Restoration salon of Juliette Recamier in particular), the clientele of Parisian salons reflected the political cleavages of the era: legitimist, Bonapartist, Orleanist, Republican, and all their intermediary variations.
		Salons became increasingly of one party or another and the mistress of the salon generally shared the sympathies of her guests, which made it even more difficult for her to guide discussion in a lofty direction, as had often been the aim of old regime salonnieres.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2005/is_1_39/ai_n15696966 (785 words)

	President Bush Discusses Freedom in Iraq and Middle East
		Yet, these regimes cannot hold back freedom forever -- and, one day, from prison camps and prison cells, and from exile, the leaders of new democracies will arrive.
		The regime in Teheran must heed the democratic demands of the Iranian people, or lose its last claim to legitimacy.
		Remnants of his regime, joined by foreign terrorists, continue their battle against order and against civilization.
	www.whitehouse.gov /news/releases/2003/11/20031106-2.html (3419 words)

	French Salons: High Society and Political Sociability from the Old Regime to the Revolution of 1848 Canadian Journal of ...
		French Salons: High Society and Political Sociability from the Old Regime to the Revolution of 1848, by Steven Kale.
		The focus of the book, however, is on the life of salons between the last decades of the Old Regime and the fall of Louis Philippe.
		Napoleon sought to use the resources of his regime to bring upper-class sociability under his aegis, availing himself of the nobles' penchant for salons to bind the diverse factions of high society to his rule.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_200504/ai_n14681582 (866 words)

	The "Green Peril": Creating the Islamic Fundamentalist Threat
		While the Saudi regime has pursued very superficial political and economic reforms, the government in Tehran has removed many of the religious restrictions, especially those on women, and helped to reinvigorate a quite lively parliamentary and political debate, which culminated in the critical parliamentary election in April 1992.
		American hostility toward Iran is understandable given the anti-Western nature of the Iranian revolution, the 1979 seizure of the American embassy in Tehran, the threat to assassinate author Salman Rushdie, and the ties between Iran and radical Moslem groups.
		The prospect of a fundamentalist regime, which appeared imminent after the December vote, had already awakened many of the 5 million Algerians who had not bothered to cast a vote in the first electoral round and brought out hundreds of thousands of modern Algerians for mass rallies.
	www.cato.org /pubs/pas/pa-177.html (9905 words)

	White House 'exaggerating Iraqi threat' \| Special reports \| Guardian Unlimited
		In his address, the president reassured Americans that military action was not "imminent or unavoidable", but he made the most detailed case to date for the use of force, should it become necessary.
		But some of the key allegations against the Iraqi regime were not supported by intelligence currently available to the administration.
		In making his case on Monday, Mr Bush made a startling claim that the Iraqi regime was developing drones, or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which "could be used to disperse chemical or biological weapons across broad areas".
	www.guardian.co.uk /usa/story/0,12271,807286,00.html (867 words)

	Week 2 - Tocqueville
		Tocqueville has answers to some basic questions about revolution, social change, the nature of the state, and the role of ideas, and we will be coming back to his arguments in each of these areas as the semester progresses.
		Second, he argues that the revolution was essentially a natural result of a specific social order (for which reason he believes it worthwhile to study the Old Regime rather - at least initially - than the course of the Revolution itself).
		Third, the entity that was affected by the Revolution was the French monarchy, the French state.
	www.people.fas.harvard.edu /~fannion/gov97b/week02.htm (888 words)

	RealClearPolitics - Articles - A Tocquevillian Anniversary
		In it he continued to mull over the profound changes of his era, as nations of the New World and the Old turned away from the rule of "divinely chosen" kings toward rule by the people.
		The movement toward equality was so strong in his time, and affected so many parts of a society like the United States or post-revolutionary France, that he compared it to a wild stallion.
		The kings of the nations of Europe, in uniting both church and state in their royal persons, tended to be tyrants.
	www.realclearpolitics.com /articles/2006/10/a_tocquevillian_anniversary.html (626 words)

	Amazon.com: The Old Regime and the French Revolution: Books: Alexis de Tocqueville,A. P. Kerr (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Despite that, reading "The Old Regime and the Revolution" (1856) is essential in order to understand how much Tocqueville contributed to an accurate analysis of the present and past of his society, and to Political Science.
		In "The Old Regime and the Revolution" Alexis de Tocqueville does what at his time was considered more or less unthinkable: to put into question the revolutionary character of...the French Revolution.
		Alexis De Tocqueville's work "The Old Regime and the French Revolution" marked the foundation of the prevailing historical argument of the causes of the French Revolution and is by far one of the most interesting and influential works on the subject.
	www.amazon.com /Old-Regime-French-Revolution/dp/0385092601 (2055 words)

	The Ancien Regime - LoveToKnow 1911
		ANCIEN REGIME, THE, a French phrase commonly used, even by English writers, to denote the social and political system established in France under the old monarchy, which was swept away by the Revolution of 5789.
		The phrase is generally applicable only to France, for in no other country, with perhaps the exception of Japan, has there been in modern times so clearly marked a division between "the old order" and the new.
		This page was last modified 07:53, 29 Aug 2006.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /The_Ancien_Regime (81 words)

	Amazon.com: The Old Regime and the Revolution, Volume I: The Complete Text: Books: Alexis De Tocqueville,Francois ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Old Regime and the French Revolution by Alexis de Tocqueville
		He does not make the case, but it lies before us, that the American Revolution was fundamentally a positive action, a demand for greater freedom, but the French Revolution was a negative action, a demand that the few not own more than the many.
		This book was to be followed by a second volume dealing with the the Revolution itself, but he died before he could continue the work.
	www.amazon.com /Old-Regime-Revolution-I-Complete/dp/0226805298 (1529 words)

	Johns Hopkins University Press \| Books \| French Salons
		Salons provided ready-made venues for aristocratic politics during the early years of the French Revolution, when salons were transformed into places where the upper classes could express their political opinions and concerns.
		Even at the height of the Terror, salons did not dissolve but, rather, were displaced as aristocrats moved their social networks of influence to such cities as Coblenz, Brussels, and London.
		The everyday life of French aristocrats has changed dramatically since the eighteenth century, but as Kale demonstrates well, I think, many features of the Old Regime's salons survived the French Revolution right into the Restoration Monarchy, the moment of their most significant political influence.
	www.press.jhu.edu /books/title_pages/3350.html (730 words)

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