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Topic: The Origins Of Virtue

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	Moral and Virtue Essays (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In addressing the meaning of virtue and morals in Shorinjiryu Kentokukan Karatedo, origins of virtue and morals will be researched, as well as how they developed in the form of chivalry and bushido, and how and why virtue and morals apply to karateka in our style.
		Virtue and morals are at the core of the code of conduct that instructors teach to karateka in Shorinjiryu Kentokukan Karatedo.
		Virtue and morals play an integral part in the teachings of Shorinjiryu Kentokukan Karatedo because they are the code of conduct by which karateka strive to live their lives by.
	kentokukan.dezines.com /articles/toku.htm (1998 words)

	Virtue ethics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Virtue ethics has been a recurring theme of political philosophy in the emergence of classical liberalism or republicanism, particularly in the Scottish Enlightenment that was carried to the British North American colonies and influenced the Founders of the United States.
		The virtue of a knife, for example, is sharpness; among the virtues of a racehorse is speed.
		In other words, while some virtue ethicists may not condemn, for example, murder as an inherently immoral or impermissible sort of action, they may argue that someone who commits a murder is severely lacking in several important virtues, such as compassion and fairness.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Virtue_ethics (2172 words)

	Wollstonecraft
		If women are by nature inferior to men, their virtues must be the same in quality, if not in degree, or virtue is a relative idea; consequently their conduct should be founded on the same principles, and have the same aim.
		Liberty is the mother of virtue, and if women be, by their very constitution, slaves, and not allowed to breathe the sharp invigorating air of freedom, they must ever languish like exotics, and be reckoned beautiful flaws in nature.
		But, the private or public virtue of woman is very problematical; for Rousseau, and a numerous list of male writers, insist that she should all her life be subjected to a severe restraint, that of propriety.
	www.humanistictexts.org /wollstone.htm (4696 words)

	Boston Review \| H. Allen Orr: The Softer Side of Sociobiology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The result of his labors, The Origins of Virtue, is a gentle introduction to evolutionary biology and game theory, with a few glances at anthropology, economics and psychology along the way.
		And maybe, just maybe, virtue is one of these abiological, un-naturally-selected characters arrived at not by genes, but by hard-won experience of what does and doesn't work in human society.
		If we are to recover social harmony and virtue, if we are to build back into society the virtues that made it work for us, it is vital that we reduce the power and scope of the state.
	bostonreview.net /br22.5/orr.html (5057 words)

	EDUCATION REVIEW
		For the state to be able to expect its citizens to follow the law, and for itself to be able to hand out punishments justly, there must be some universal education for citizens to understand the law and develop the character needed to follow the law.
		For Plato, the purpose of education is to provide "education from childhood in virtue, a training which produces a keen desire to become a perfect citizen who knows how to rule and be ruled as justice demands" (I 643e-44a) (p.
		For as Curren concludes, phronesis is "the consummation of virtue" (p.
	edrev.asu.edu /reviews/rev166.htm (4593 words)

	Adam Ash: Deep Thoughts: analysis of altruism
		Recently, I decided to examine the book Tierney recommended—Ridley’s The Origins of Virtue: Human Instincts and the Evolution of Cooperation— to see if its arguments for man’s predisposition to altruism were as convincing to me as to him.
		Virtue is, almost by definition, the greater good of the group.
		So, although Ridley may be closing in on his search for “the evolution of cooperation,” he seems no closer to locating the origins of virtue, understood as altruism.
	adamash.blogspot.com /2006/05/deep-thoughts-analysis-of-altruism.html (2065 words)

	The Noble Romans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The three main parts of this form of government are: civic virtue, moral education, and small, uniform communities.
		Civic virtue is evinced when someone sets aside their own personal desires for he good of the community.
		The people had much fewer rights than we do today because they were expected to be a part of the whole, working for a common end.
	library.thinkquest.org /11572/origins/files/rome.html (352 words)

	Reason Magazine - Good Genes
		Absent such direct proof, it remains plausible to conjecture an evolutionary origin if (for example) a behavior approaches universality in the human species, if it is easy to learn and hard to eradicate, and if parallels or precursors can be identified among our cousins the apes.
		True, such virtues as courage and generosity and marital fidelity are honored in just about every human society.
		These virtues are easy to learn as precepts, but easy to forget when it comes to deeds.
	www.reason.com /news/show/30409.html (2224 words)

	Origins: Birth and Formation of Galaxies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Within the next ten years, NASA will launch the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) and the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST) to probe the early galaxies and attempt to solve a mystery that holds clues to the answers to the basic questions of how the universe evolved and spawned life.
		The Origins Education Forum is the central node for the education and outreach activities of the Origins Theme of NASA's Office of Space Science.
		The Origins Education Forum is managed for NASA by the Space Telescope Science Institute.
	origins.stsci.edu /under/galaxies.shtml (1178 words)

	Origins Ed. Forum: FAQs- How did galaxies form?
		Yet others are ellipse-shaped agglomerations of mature stars, virtually devoid of interstellar gas or dust.
		Within this deep-field image are recognizable shapes: spherical galaxies called ellipticals, reddish in color by virtue of their light from mature stars, and crystal blue spiral galaxies, blazing from the glow of their hot, young stars.
		To help answer our questions, NASA will be making use of the Spitzer Space Telescope (SST) and the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to probe the early galaxies and attempt to solve a mystery that holds clues to the answers to the basic questions of how the universe evolved and spawned life.
	origins.stsci.edu /faq/galaxies.html (1160 words)

	Amazon.com: The Origins of Virtue: Human Instincts and the Evolution of Cooperation: Books: Matt Ridley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Origins of Virtue: Human Instincts and the Evolution of Cooperation by Matt Ridley $10.65
		Matt Ridley does a good job of explaining the origins of virtue as pro-social, instinctive behaviors that serve individual or genetic self-interest via a cohesive and cooperative group.
		We are quick to learn that the origin of virtue is trust, trust and the attendant cooperation that accompanies it.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/ASIN/0140264450/geneexpressio-20 (2328 words)

	Ethics Updates - Aristotle and Virtue Ethics
		Often described collectively as the "Protestant Work Ethic," these values were indeed Protestant in origin but have, over time, and with the influx of immigrants from diverse ethnic and religious backgrounds, become an integral part of American culture.
		The contemporary resurgence of interest in the virtues begins with Philippa Foot’s "Virtues and Vices" in her Virtues and Vices and Other Essays In Moral Philosophy (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1978), pp.
		One of the virtues not discussed in this chapter is forgiveness.
	ethics.sandiego.edu /theories/Aristotle (3007 words)

	The virtue of human universals and cooperation: A review essay of Matt Ridley's The Origins of Virtue
		In this essay we look at Matt Ridley's new book, The Origins of Virtue ([Ridley1996]), to see how one alternative to the SSSM, evolutionary psychology (EP), can help us to get a better understanding of why people cooperate with other people, and why by doing so we can achieve so much.
		In the The Origins of Virtue, Ridley asks us to take the broad view, to see through the spectrum illusion, so that we can come to see what human nature is.
		In a small pilot we replicated one of their experiments and found virtually the same pattern of abilities they reported, but our sample was too small (N = 16) to yield significant results.
	www.goldmark.org /jeff/papers/ridley/ridley-onefile.html (7355 words)

	Human Origins
		Traits which are shared by all living humans are believed to have originated in ape-like primates begining around 5 million years ago.
		The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind
		The Origins of Virtue: Human Instincts and the Evolution of Cooperation
	www.squidoo.com /humanorigins (1828 words)

	Amazon.de: The Origins of Virtue (Penguin Press Science): English Books: Matt Ridley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		We further concluded that "altruism" was a word without real meaning, that the Pope was an amoral political animal, and that women were, regardless of their nature, VERY interesting.
		Matt Ridley is all grown up, and what interests him in this book is not so much the origin of virtue (although he does get heavily into that) but the restoration of the conservative agenda.
		Ridley takes arguments from game theory and political science and the world of high finance to make his point that virtue as it is ordinarily understood does not exist.
	www.amazon.de /Origins-Virtue-Penguin-Press-Science/dp/0140244042 (2059 words)

	De Finibus IV
		Whereas your friends, Cato, on the strength of the fact, which we all admit, that virtue is man's highest and supreme excellence and that the Wise Man is the perfect and consummate type of humanity, try to dazzle our mental vision with virtue's radiance.
		AS a matter of fact it is entirely the other way about: it is impossible to find a place for virtue, unless all the things that she chooses and rejects are reckoned towards one sum-total of good.
		For we started to look for a virtue that should protect, not abandon, nature; whereas virtue as you conceive it protects a particular part of our nature but leaves the remainder in the lurch.
	www.molloy.edu /sophia/cicero/finibus4.htm (1994 words)

	On the Origins of Virtue by Matt Ridley - life - 24 May 2003 - New Scientist
		On the Origins of Virtue by Matt Ridley - life - 24 May 2003 - New Scientist
		On the Origins of Virtue by Matt Ridley
		It is hard to see how things could be otherwise, given that it is the fittest who survive.
	www.newscientist.com /channel/life/mg17823966.000 (196 words)

	The New York Review of Books: Darwinian Virtues
		In the Origin, where he largely avoided the topic of humans, and later in the Descent of Man, Darwin wrestled with this issue in ways that never fully satisfied him.
		In positing an innate but contingent tendency toward virtue, Ridley is fully aware that many aspects of human behavior can be explained just as well by social learning as by genetic predisposition.
		Such trust was originally limited to the band or tribe, which is no longer the case today.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/894 (5949 words)

	Mandeville, "Human Beings Are Always Selfish"
		So the politicians set up an ethical system and defined "vice" as the gratification of appetites, and "virtue" as acting contrary to the impulses of nature.
		Deities were set up to enforce what the politicians could not enforce: the threats and rewards of hell and heaven.
		The moral virtues, then, are a political offspring.
	philosophy.lander.edu /ethics/notes-mandeville.html (561 words)

	leadershipvirtuereview
		If many years from now, future man picked up Margaret Wheatley’s Leadership and the New Science, or Matt Ridley’s The Origin of Virtue, they could derive a picture of society in the midst of the Information Age.
		Where Leadership and the New Science gives a sense of naïve beauty, The Origins of Virtue provides the guts and practicality behind human interaction.
		And we are the embodiment of the virtues we hold dear because of, not despite of our uniqueness.
	homepages.nyu.edu /~kyl210/leadershipvirtuereview.html (3545 words)

	thinkBuddha.org: On Moral Evolutionism
		Looking at history we can see a clear trend towards the increase of social and technological complexity, a clear trend towards the growth of ever larger cities, a clear move away from the kind of hunting and gathering lifestyle that we were all engaged just over ten thousand years ago before the coming of agriculture.
		This is the cultural and social equivalent of what is known as the “evolutionary ratchet” by virtue of which each generation builds upon what has been bestowed upon it by the generation before, and so there’s a general drift towards growing complexity.
		However, even if history has a direction, and even if there is an increase in complexity, to say that this direction should be in some way teleological – tending towards some kind of goal that is itself actively shaping this flow of history – is questionable.
	www.thinkbuddha.org /article/142/on-moral-evolutionism (1162 words)

	How Individualist Is Human Nature? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Recently, I decided to examine the book Tierney recommended—Ridley’s The Origins of Virtue: Human Instincts and the Evolution of Cooperation—to see if its arguments for man’s predisposition to altruism were as convincing to me as to him.
		In his book, Ridley employs the methods of evolutionary psychology to solve the two mysteries mentioned in his title—the evolution of cooperation and the origins of virtue.
		In “Evolutionary Psychology: A Primer,”Cosmides and Tooby say flatly: “The brain is a physical system whose operation is governed solely by the laws of chemistry and physics.
	www.theobjectivistcenter.com /ct-1679-I_Hum_Nature.aspx (2034 words)

	Path of Virtue
		Reading their thoughtful responses ["Moral Attorneys; Moral People"], one is struck by the fact that virtues like these — more than abstract principles — provide the compass for many people when they confront ethical dilemmas.
		In this Issues in Ethics, we explore virtue from a number of different perspectives.
		Honesty is at the heart of the first article in a new feature we inaugurate with this issue: FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions), an advice column.
	www.scu.edu /ethics/publications/iie/v8n3/homepage.html (408 words)

	Necessary Virtue: The Pragmatic Origins of Religious Liberty in New England,by Charles P. Hanson
		In Necessary Virtue Charles P. Hanson explores the disruptive effects of the American Revolution on the religious culture of New England Protestantism.
		To some patriots, abandoning traditional anti-Catholicism meant shedding an obsolete relic of the intolerant colonial past; others saw it as a temporary concession to be reversed as soon as possible.
		Necessary Virtue is timely in pointing to the historical contingency and, perhaps, the fragility of the church-state separation that is very much a poltical and legal issue today.
	www.upress.virginia.edu /books/hanson.html (384 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: The Origins of Virtue (Penguin Press Science): Books: Matt Ridley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		When people have ownership and the ability to trade their produce, trust can be built up between individuals and groups and, Ridley concludes, "trust is the foundation of virtue".
		This is a brilliant and thought-provoking book that seeks to explain, from an evolutionary perspective, the origins of human virtue.
		If you are hostile to the idea that human behaviour is shaped by its evolutionary origins you may find this book uncomfortable reading, but only its most unfair critics will fail to be impressed by its well supported and carefully argued findings.
	www.amazon.co.uk /Origins-Virtue-Penguin-Press-Science/dp/0140244042 (2196 words)

	Necessary Virtue by Charles P. Hanson
		Necessary Virtue: The Pragmatic Origins of Religious Liberty in New England
		The paradox arising out of this partnership has been left virtually unexamined by previous historians of the Revolution.
		He examines the efforts of New Englanders to make sense of their own shifting ideas of Catholicism and anti-Catholicism and traces the "necessary virtue" of religious toleration to its origins in pragmatic cultural politics.
	www.upress.virginia.edu /hanson.html (370 words)

	Book By Walker And Shipman Wins Major Science Book Award Grand Prize
		The General Prize in the 1997 Rhone-Poulenc Prize s for Science Books, which has been described as the most prestigious prize for science writing in the English language worldwide, has been awarded to Alan Walker, distinguished professor of anthropology and biology, and Pat Shipman, adjunct associate professor of anthropology.
		It tells the story of Alan Walker's discovery in Kenya of the most complete skeleton ever found of Homo erectus, a species that proved to be an ancestor of modern humans, which was unexpectedly tall and strong but did not have full language.
		Among the former winners of the prize are "Plague's Progress" by Arno Karlen in 1996, "Wonderful Life" by Stephen Jay Gould in 1991; and "The Emperor's New Mind" by Roger Penrose in 1990.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1997-06/PS-BBWA-300697.php (435 words)

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