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Topic: The Outbreak of 2003

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	The SARS 2003 outbreak
		Outbreaks of legionellosis continue to develop in France, while a patient who had travelled on a cruise to Greenland died from the disease when returning to his home land in Germany.
		Many hypotheses try to account for the sudden local outbreaks, in particular it is known that coronaviruses are not only involved in respiratory diseases, but also in gut diseases, suggesting that, in some cases they may survive in the gut and be propagated by a faecal-oral route.
		The virus identified in the SARS outbreak in Canada is a metapneumovirus (6 identifications out of 8 cases), a virus from the paramyxoviruses family, which has been discovered in 2001 and is usually the cause of common cold-like diseases.
	www.pasteur.fr /recherche/unites/REG/SARS_2003.html (11138 words)

	Tularemia Outbreak, Sweden, 2003 \| CDC EID
		In 2003, 698 cases of tularemia were reported, the highest number since 1967 (Figure 1); this outbreak was larger than those usually observed (100–500 cases).
		Only 22% of patients in 2003 seemed to have been infected in what is considered the disease-endemic area of central Sweden, and as many as 67% were infected in border or disease-emerging areas (5).
		The main observations from the largest outbreak of tularemia in Sweden since 1967 were that cases occurred earlier in the year, in greater numbers outside the disease-endemic area in Sweden, affected those 45–64 years of age most frequently, and were mainly acquired through animal contact or insect bites.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol11no09/04-1189.htm (1449 words)

	May 2003 Tornado Outbreak Sequence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The May 2003 Tornado Outbreak Sequence in the United States was a series of tornado outbreaks that occurred from May 3 to May 11, 2003.
		The old record for most tornado reports in one week was 245 during the week of the Super Outbreak (March 30 to April 5, 1974), however, that unparalleled outbreak alone still produced more significant and violent tornadoes than any other week in history.
		The main enabling factor for this massive series of outbreaks was the presence of a persistent 500 mb trough over the western United States, coupled with a series of shortwave disturbances which propigated through the central and eastern United States.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_Outbreak_of_2003 (4250 words)

	Severe acute respiratory syndrome - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On April 7, 2003, WHO announced that it was generally agreed that a newly identified coronavirus is the major causative agent of SARS, and that the significance of a human metapneumovirus (hMPV) in SARS remains unclear and would continue to be studied.
		On April 16, 2003, the WHO issued a press release stating that the coronavirus identified by a number of laboratories was the official cause of SARS.
		In late May 2003, studies from samples of wild animals sold as food in the local market in Guangdong, China found that the SARS coronavirus could be isolated from civet cats.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Severe_Acute_Respiratory_Syndrome (5066 words)

	Congo Ebolo Outbreak (Winter 2003) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In the meantime, the ministry of health and the WHO are treating the deaths as a confirmed Ebola outbreak and taking measures to contain the spread of the virus, which is easily passed by contact with body fluids and between humans and animals.
		The outbreak is the second reported in little over a year in the remote forest region of the central African country.
		The outbreak of Ebola in the districts of Kelle and Mbomo near the central African country's northern border with Gabon is thought by scientists to have been caused by the consumption of infected monkey meat.
	www.bergen.org /ACADEMY/Bio/cellbio/cellbio2ebolaCongo2003.html (8506 words)

	Congo Ebolo Outbreak (November 2003) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		During the previous outbreak, villagers stoned and beat to death four teachers accused of casting a spell to cause the disease.
		The outbreak is in the Mbomo District of the Cuvette Ouest Department, in the northwestern part of the Congo.
		On 5 June 2003, the last outbreak of acute haemorrhagic fever syndrome, which was determined to have been the Ebola virus, was declared over by the health ministry.
	www.bergen.org /ACADEMY/Bio/cellbio/cellbio2ebolaCongo2003Nov.html (1481 words)

	WHO \| Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) - multi-country outbreak - Update
		As of 15 March 2003, reports of over 150 cases of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), an atypical pneumonia of unknown aetiology, have been received by the World Health Organization (WHO) since 26 February 2003 (see previous report).
		WHO is co-ordinating the international investigation of this outbreak and is working closely with health authorities in the affected countries to provide epidemiological, clinical and logistical support as required.
		On the 26 February 2003, a man (index case) was admitted to hospital in Hanoi with a high fever, dry cough, myalgia and mild sore throat.
	www.who.int /csr/don/2003_03_16/en (1034 words)

	Respiratory infections during SARS outbreak, Hong Kong, 2003 Emerging Infectious Diseases - Find Articles
		The effect of community hygienic measures during the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong was studied by comparing the proportion of positive specimens of various respiratory viruses in 2003 with those from 1998 to 2002.
		During the height of the outbreak, schools were suspended, social activities were curtailed with the closure of various public places, and the community was engaged in a sustained and intense hygiene campaign (1-3).
		In 2003, the monthly number of respiratory specimens ranged from 665 to 5,432 (mean 1,399), in comparison with a range throughout the years 1998-2002 of 757 to 3,162 (mean 1,334.5).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0GVK/is_11_11/ai_n15796064 (867 words)

	Ebola hemorrhagic fever-- Ebola Virus - Biotechnology Encyclopedia
		The outbreak in Sudan showed a lower fatality rate — 50% — compared to the 90% mortality rate of the Zaïre strain.
		The fatality rate for the 1976 outbreak was 88.05%; the 1977 outbreak 100%; the 1994 outbreak 59.18%; the 1995 outbreak 81.27%; the 1996 outbreak 73.12%; the 2001-2002 outbreak 79.51%; and the 2003 outbreak 90.14%.
		The fatality rate for the 1976 outbreak was 52.98%; for the 1979 outbreak 67.65%; and for the 2000-2001 outbreak 53.18%.
	www.biotech100.com /biotechnology_encyclopedia/ebola.htm (1957 words)

	SARS: Timeline of an Outbreak
		April 16, 2003 -- A new form of a coronavirus never before seen in humans is confirmed as the cause of SARS according to Koch's postulates, which are four specific conditions that must be met for a pathogen to be confirmed as a causal agent of disease.
		April 22, 2003 -- The CDC issues a health alert for travelers to Toronto, which is the epicenter of the Canadian outbreak of SARS.
		June 23, 2003 -- WHO removes Hong Kong from its list of areas with recent local SARS transmission after 20 days passed since the last SARS case was reported and isolated, which breaks the chain of human-to-human transmission and eliminates the risk of infection for both local residents and travellers.
	www.webmd.com /content/article/63/72068.htm (1226 words)

	2003 Press Releases : Food poisoning outbreak news releases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Bill Marler said that although the Chi-Chi's hepatitis A outbreak was traced to contaminated green onions, secondary cases of the illness would most likely be traced to household contact among families or roommates, or food prepared by an infectious individual.
		Health officials investigated the outbreak to determine whether Salmonella or another foodborne pathogen was present in the school lunch on Halloween.
		In follow up on the filing of a lawsuit involving 29 victims of the 2002 Lane County Fair E. coli outbreak, and in light of the upcoming fair season, Marler Clark drew attention to a study by the USDA that showed E. coli O157:H7 was present at fairs and petting zoos exhibiting livestock.
	www.marlerclark.com /press_releases_2003.htm (3559 words)

	A large rubella outbreak, Romania - 2003
		In the absence of available rubella containing vaccine for outbreak control, an outbreak response plan to improve the detection of cases and to limit rubella virus transmission was developed.
		Before the 2003 outbreak reported here, the last widespread rubella outbreak in Romania occurred in 1997, coincident with the measles outbreak, and had an incidence of 192 reported cases per 100 000 population.
		The outbreak started in the second half of the last quarter of 2002, in the eastern part of the country, and spread towards south, then west, involving the entire country by June 2003.
	www.eurosurveillance.org /em/v09n04/0904-224.asp (1722 words)

	CDC - SARS Outbreak, Taiwan, 2003
		Hsieh Y-H, Chen CWS, Hsu S-B. SARS outbreak, Taiwan, 2003.
		We proposed a dynamic model to reflect the actual sequence of events for a reported case-patient in Taiwan, from onset to admission at a hospital as a suspected case-patient to either reclassification as a probable case-patient or removal from the suspected SARS category, and finally reclassification from probable case to discharged case or fatality.
		Another crucial factor in the outbreak is spatial heterogeneity (i.e., diversity in spatial dimension, brought on by the factor of distance).
	www.cdc.gov /Ncidod/eid/vol10no2/03-0515.htm (3652 words)

	MSF-USA: Field News 8/15/2003 - Diphtheria Outbreak in Southern Afghanistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		People living in Zhare Dasht camp in the Kandahar province of southern Afghanistan are facing a rare outbreak of diphtheria - an infectious disease that has been all but eradicated in the western world.
		A massive outbreak in 1990 in the thern Soviet infected 150,000 people and resulted in 5,000 deaths.
		In the initial days of the outbreak anti-toxin treatment was no available in Afghanistan, so patients with diphtheria were transferred to Quetta, Pakistan.
	www.doctorswithoutborders.org /news/2003/08-15-2003.htm (452 words)

	WHO \| Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) - multi-country outbreak - Update 2
		The WHO Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network is coordinating an international multicenter effort to identify the causative agent.
		WHO Global Outbreak Alert and Response teams in Hanoi and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China, where the most new cases are presently concentrated, are assisting health authorities in outbreak management and in the collection of epidemiological and clinical data that can improve understanding of SARS.
		Chinese authorities have now issued a summary report on an outbreak of what may be the same or a related disease that began in Guangdong province in southern China in November and peaked in mid-February.
	www.who.int /csr/don/2003_03_17/en (558 words)

	West Nile cases doubled in 2003 US outbreak - 29 October 2003 - New Scientist
		The 2003 West Nile Virus season in the US is now drawing to a close, with the number of recorded cases looking set to double compared with 2002.
		Although the US now appears condemned to a yearly outbreak, experts suggest the situation could improve over time as immunity to WNV builds up in birds, which are the virus's main reservoir.
		The 2003 epidemic hit the western states of Colorado, Nebraska and South Dakota hardest, whereas in 2002 the central US and the eastern side of the great plains were worst affected.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn4325 (707 words)

	Monkeypox
		During the outbreak, the DRC was embroiled in civil war.
		As of 2003, additional studies report that cidofovir appears to be safe and effective as a treatment for monkeypox in humans.The drug has worked successfully in primates, but further research is needed to determine its effectiveness in humans.
		As of late 2003, no cases of monkeypox were identified in cats or dogs belonging to people infected by the June outbreak.
	www.lifesteps.com /gm/Atoz/ency/monkeypox.jsp (1472 words)

	NursingWorld \| OJIN: The 2003 SARS Outbreak: Global Challenges and Innovative Infection Control Measures
		Inadequate supply of commercially available personal protective apparel in the southern hemisphere during the outbreak, and the author’s observation of lack of familiarity with its use in some South East Asian countries prior to SARS, also contributed to variation in infection controls adopted during the SARS outbreak (Kermode et al., 2005).
		During the 2003 SARS outbreak, governments, health administrators, and clinicians identified the increasing incidence of disease among the community.
		The 2003 SARS outbreak provided a rich opportunity for clinicians to test the practicalities of new approaches to infection control and to identify deficiencies with existing controls (Seto et al., 2003).
	www.nursingworld.org /ojin/topic29/tpc29_5.htm (3977 words)

	[No title]
		The outbreak occurred in a chicken farm located in the Eumsung District of North Chungchung Province, in the central part of the nation.
		Two additional outbreaks have been confirmed in a duck farm and a layer farm located near the first outbreak farm.
		In 2003, Korea exported 300,000 breeding birds and 3,000 MT of broiler meat.
	www.fas.usda.gov /gainfiles/200312/146085450.doc (1115 words)

	Capcom(R) Debuts Resident Evil(R) Outbreak at E3 2003
		Resident Evil Outbreak is played from the viewpoint of ordinary Raccoon City citizens.
		Resident Evil Outbreak is revolutionary in the fact that it will support online and offline play to bring many gamers together to experience their favorite survival horror game." Resident Evil Outbreak tells the dramatic story of an outbreak caused by a secret biological weapon infecting the people of Raccoon City.
		Resident Evil Outbreak is the story of those survivors, fighting to endure this horrific ordeal.
	www.prnewswire.com /cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/05-14-2003/0001946572&EDATE= (675 words)

	CNN.com - Timeline: SARS outbreak - Apr. 24, 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		February 10, 2003: Chinese health authorities say an outbreak of a pneumonia-like illness has sickened 305 people and killed five in the southern province of Guangdong since November 2002.
		March 18: Scientists and doctors say preliminary tests indicate SARS may be caused by a common class of virus known as paramyxovirus, a family of microbes that causes measles, mumps and canine distemper, as well as several respiratory diseases.
		April 13: Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao concedes the SARS outbreak in China is "grave" and pledges the government will "speak the truth" in disclosing facts and figures.
	www.cnn.com /2003/HEALTH/04/24/timeline.sars/index.html (1383 words)

	Diarrhea outbreak in Tondo under control: health chief - Nov. 07, 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Improper hygiene eyed in new gastroenteritis outbreak (Nov. 5, 2003)
		THE DIARRHEA outbreak in Manila's Tondo district is under control and is expected to be contained fully in two to three weeks, Health Secretary Manuel Dayrit said Friday.
		He also called on the MWSI to keep water pressure in their pipes high and repair busted pipes to avoid seepage of contaminants into the water supply.
	www.inq7.net /brk/2003/nov/07/brkoth_4-1.htm (267 words)

	Midwest Climate
		On Sunday, May 4 a major severe weather outbreak occurred across the Central Plains and Midwest.
		By sunrise Sunday morning a large area of showers and thunderstroms had developed east of the storm system from the Dakotas southeast to the Ohio River.
		The tornado watches were "PDS" watches (Particularly Dangerous Situation), a designation made when weather conditions are favorable for a major outbreak of severe thunderstorms or tornadoes.
	mcc.sws.uiuc.edu /climate_midwest/historical/may0403svrwx.htm (900 words)

	CNN.com - At least 300 sick in hepatitis outbreak - Nov. 12, 2003
		The number of people sickened by a hepatitis A outbreak at a Mexican restaurant continued to climb, with state health officials confirming at least 300 cases Tuesday.
		Investigators hoped to pinpoint the source of the outbreak in the next week or so.
		The outbreak is believed to have begun as early as September, state Health Department spokesman Richard McGarvey said.
	edition.cnn.com /2003/HEALTH/conditions/11/12/hepatitis.outbreak.ap (287 words)

	May 04, 2003 Tornado Outbreak
		A classic "corridor" tornado outbreak occurred this day.
		We sampled three separate tornadic storms, ultimately witnessing a long-track strong to occasionally violent tornado that moved from 2 miles SW of Pierce City, MO to Springfield, MO. We captured the most dramatic close-range video footage of a strong multiple vortex tornado I've seen.
		As with most such events, a significant upper-tropospheric mobile trough was involved in generating the very strong vertical wind shear and instability over a large portion of the outbreak region.
	www.silverliningtours.com /silver2/2003May04.htm (1790 words)

	Pertussis.com Outbreak Digest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Click on the state of your choice on the Pertussis.com interactive map to get important pertussis outbreak information, including links to forms and contact information for reporting cases of pertussis.
		Following the introduction of immunization in the mid-1940s, pertussis incidence declined more than 99 percent by 1970 and to an all-time low of 1,010 cases by 1976.
		However, since then, a relevant increase in disease incidence has been documented, with more than 10,000 cases reported in 2003 and outbreaks occurring every three to four years.
	www.pertussis.com /digest/2003/index.html (301 words)

	Avian Flu - What we need to know: Economic Effects
		Jaap lost all his birds to the 2003 outbreak of bird flu and would like to protect his new flock, but knows that vaccination carries other risks.
		A fresh avian outbreak was also reported at a poultry farm in the southern Russian province of Dagestan, the second such case in the region this week.
		The bird flu outbreak in Asia has already cost the region about $8 billion to $12 billion and is intensifying pressure for tighter biosecurity, a report by investment bank CLSA says.
	avianflu.typepad.com /avianflu/economic_effects/index.html (5780 words)

	Improper hygiene eyed in new gastroenteritis outbreak - Nov. 05, 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The repeat of the acute gastroenteritis outbreak in Tondo district, Manila, over the weekend could have been due to unhygienic practices, an official of the Manila City Health Department (MCHD) said Tuesday.
		San Gabriel explained that secondary infection could have occurred when people who had been stricken with the disease went to the cemeteries and shared food and utensils with other people.
		He noted that the second wave of the outbreak happened from Oct. 30 to Nov. 2, when many people trooped to cemeteries to honor their dead.
	www.inq7.net /met/2003/nov/05/met_1-1.htm (432 words)

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