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	Persian Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cyrus rallied the Persians together, and in 550 BC defeated the forces of Astyages, who was then captured by his own nobles and turned over to the triumphant Cyrus, now Shah of a unified Persian kingdom.
		Persian art and architecture reached an apex during the reign of the Safavid dynasty.
		The Persian Empire is the seat of power for the sultan Shahryar, husband of Scheherazade in the 1001 Nights--though the tales themselves span from China to the Middle East and even parts of North Africa.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Persian_Empire (4761 words)

	Persian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Prior to British colonization, Persian was also widely used as a second language in the Indian subcontinent; it took prominence as the language of culture and education in several Muslim courts in the subcontinent throughout the Middle Ages and became the "official language" under the Mughal emperors.
		Persian is a member of the Indo-European family of languages, within that family to the satem-languages family, and within that family it belongs to the Indo-Iranian branch.
		The Academy of Persian Language and Literature has argued in an official pronouncement [6] that the name "Persian" is more appropriate, as it has the longer tradition in the western languages and better expresses the role of the language as a mark of cultural and national continuity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Persian_language (2233 words)

	Top Literature - Iran
		The Persian general Rostam Farrokhzād had been criticised for his decision to face the Arabs on their own ground, suggesting that the Persians could have prevailed if they had stayed on the opposite bank of the Euphrates.
		Persians constitute the majority of the population and are the founders of Ancient Persia.
		Iranian culture was long the predominant culture of the Middle East, with Persian considered the language of intellectuals during much of the second millennium A.D. Nearly all philosophical, scientific, or literary work of the Islamic empires was written in or translated to Persian as well as Arabic.
	encyclopedia.topliterature.com /?title=Iran (6657 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - JUDÆO-PERSIAN: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Persian became to a great extent the language of everyday life among the Jews of Babylonia; and a hundred years after the conquest of that country by the Sassanids an amora of Pumbedita, Rab Joseph (d.
		Nothing definite can be said in regard to the diffusion of the Persian language among the Jews during the long period that elapsed between the date of the completion of the Talmud and that of the earliest monuments of the Judæo-Persian literature.
		In Bokhara at an early date the Hebrew vowel-signs were used to represent the Persian vowels in the copies of the poems of Yusuf Yehudi and his circle and of the Chudâidâd poem.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=589&letter=J (3548 words)

	Persian cat
		The breed was originally established with a short (but not non-existent) muzzle, but over time this feature has become extremely exaggerated, and Persians are prone to a number of health problems (specifically affecting their sinuses and breathing) caused by it.
		There was an attempt to establish the silver Persian as a separate breed called the Sterling, but it was not accepted and silver and gold longhaired cats are judged in the Persian category of cat shows[?].
		A Persian cat without an established and registered pedigree[?] is classed as a domestic longhair cat.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/pe/Persian_cat.html (226 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia
		The ancient Persians were vigorous and hardy, simple in manners, occupied in raising cattle and horses in the mountainous regions, and agriculture in the valleys and plains.
		Persian literature is not very rich in historical and theological works, and even the comparatively small number of these is generally based on Arabic Mohammedan historical and theological productions.
		In 1874 he was consecrated, in Paris, Archbishop of Heraclea, and assumed the Administrator of the Diocese of Ispahan, thus withdrawing the Persian Mission from the jurisdiction of the Apostolic Delegation of Mesopotamia.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11712a.htm (14934 words)

	Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Persian, also known as Farsi, is the most widely spoken member of the Iranian branch of the
		Old Persian is recorded in the southwest in cuneiform inscriptions of the Persian kings of the Achaemenid dynasty (c.
		Middle Persian has a simpler grammar than Old Persian and was usually written in an ambiguous script with multivalent letters, adopted from Aramaic; it declined after the Arab conquest in the 7th century.
	www.historychannel.com /encyclopedia/article.jsp?link=FWNE.fw..pe054600.a (713 words)

	UCLA Language Materials Project Language Profiles Page
		Persian is a subgroup of West Iranian languages that include the closely related Persian languages of Dari and Tajik; the less closely related languages of Luri, Bakhtiari, and Kumzari; and the non-Persian dialects of Fars Province.
		Persian scholars were prominent in both Turkish and Indian courts during the fifteenth to eighteenth centuries in composing dictionaries and grammatical works.
		Persian is the first language of about 50 percent of the population in Iran, and is the country's official language.
	www.lmp.ucla.edu /Profile.aspx?LangID=63 (1526 words)

	Persian Gulf Wars - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		PERSIAN GULF WARS [Persian Gulf Wars] or Gulf Wars, two conflicts involving Iraq and U.S.-led coalitions in the late 20th and early 21st cent.
		The First Persian Gulf War, Jan.-Feb., 1991, was an armed conflict between Iraq and a coalition of 32 nations including the United States, Britain, Egypt, France, and Saudi Arabia.
		The 1991 Persian Gulf War: short-term impacts on ocean and air transportation.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/p/persgwar.asp (1318 words)

	Ney - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		It is a forerunner of the modern flute.
		The ney consists of a piece of hollow cane or reed (ney is an old Persian word for reed) with five or six finger holes and one thumb hole.
		In Persian, 'ney' means actually reed, and in the Arab world, the nay is sometimes called qassaba, which also means piece of reed.The oldest form, shown on Egyptian tomb paintings dates from 3000-2500 years BC.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Ney (758 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : The Persian Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Persian Encyclopedia, is the one of the comprehensive and authoritative Encyclopedias written in the Persian language.
		It is in two volumes and is based, in part, on the 1953, 1960, and 1968 editions of The Columbia Viking Desk Encyclopedia.
		After the Iranian revolution in 1979 and the death of Mosaheb in the same year, and after the takeover of the assets of the Franklin office in Tehran by the government, things got complex, which led to the second part of the second volume being delayed again.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /The_Persian_Encyclopedia (253 words)

	AllRefer.com - Persian Wars (Ancient History, Greece) - Encyclopedia
		The pass was defended by the Spartan Leonidas; his small army held back the Persians but was eventually trapped by a Persian detachment; the Spartan contingent chose to die fighting in the pass rather than flee.
		Shortly afterward the Persian fleet was crushed in the straits off the island of Salamis by a Greek force.
		During the remaining period of the Persian Wars the Greeks in the Aegean islands and Asia Minor, under Athenian leadership (see Delian League) strengthened their position without seeking conquest.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/P/PersWars.html (619 words)

	Jewish Language Research Website: Judeo-Persian
		Persian Muslims of the pre-Mongol period also used local dialects in written texts, such as in translations of the Qur'an (Ravaqi, Lazard 1978).
		In Iran, Persian is the main tool of education and written expression, though less than half of the population speak it at home and many dialects, Iranian and Turkic as well as Semitic, still exist.
		Local dialects of Persian (of Iran), especially by elder and less educated immigrants in Israel; the distinction between dialects of New Persian and local vernacular forms of New Persian is frequently blurred.
	www.jewish-languages.org /judeo-persian.html (1513 words)

	Wikinfo \| Persian language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Persian (فارسی), also known as Farsi or Parsi, is a language spoken in Iran, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Georgia, part of India and part of Pakistan.
		Persian is a member of the Indo-European family of languages, and within that family, it belongs to the Indo-Iranian (Aryan) branch, within which, the Iranian sub-branch consists of the following chronological linguistic path: Avestan/Old Persian -> Middle Persian (Pahlavi) -> Modern Persian.
		Although it uses the same Alphabet as the Arabic language (Persian adds four letters, and changes the shape of another two), the Persian is a language completly different, with a different Phonology and Grammar.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Persian_language (409 words)

	Persian Gulf Online
		Persian Gulf is a crescent-shape groove which has demonstrated the encroachment of theIndian Ocean waters (Gulf of Oman) in an span of 900 km long and 240 km wide in the inferior folds of southern Zagros mountains.
		The Persian Gulf and its neighboring countries constitute almost one ninth of the 44 million square km span of the Asian continent (1).
		The Persian Gulf has been a valuable waterway since the beginning of history and as the venue of the collision of great civilizations of the ancient East, it has a background of several millenniums (2).
	www.persiangulfonline.org /research/atefeh.htm (1559 words)

	Daf - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		A Persian woman playing a frame drum, from a painting on the walls of Chehel-sotoon palace, Isfahan, 17th century, Iran.
		Although the Daf is mainly used in sufi music of the Yarsanî Kurdish cult, it has recently been used in classical and folk Kurdish music, and in recent years Persian musicians have successfully integrated it into popular Persian music.
		It is fortunate that daf still functions as an important part of Kurdish and Persian art music (traditional or classical music) as it did in ancient times.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Daf (749 words)

	Persian Art Periods,
		Persian art is particularly noted for its architecture and production of exquisite miniatures, although perhaps best known today for ornate carpets.
		Although the wide diversity of outside influences make it difficult to pin down distinct characteristics, Persian art is generally characterized by its firm lines, extensive detail, and bold use of colour.
		By the 15 th century a distinctively Persian style had evolved, characterized by firm lines, strong colours, and a lot of detail; its greatest exponent was Bihzad.
	www.persianpaintings.com /history.html (484 words)

	Persian Religion (ancient) - International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
		There are clear indications in the Avesta that the religion of the Medes and Persians before Zoroaster's time agreed in most respects with that of the Indian Aryans, and in a less degree with the beliefs of the Aryans in general.
		In the Avesta and in the Persian cuneiform inscriptions alike, Ahura Mazda occupies much the same position as Varuna, Asura (the same word as Ahura), or Tvashtri in the Rig-Veda, or rather in the ancient belief of which traces are retained in the latter work.
		Hence, as the Avesta teaches, Zoroaster was not for the first time preaching the existence of Ahura Mazda, but he was rather endeavoring to recall his people to the belief of their ancestors, the doctrine which Ahura Mazda had taught Yima in primeval time in his first revelation (Vendidad II, 1-16,42).
	www.studylight.org /enc/isb/view.cgi?number=T6822 (3288 words)

	Persian Language and Literature (ancient) - International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
		The Persian language, ancient and modern alike, is an Aryan tongue.
		It stands to Old Persian grammatically somewhat as English does to German Its alphabet, consisting of 43 letters, is derived from the Syriac (probably the Estrangela), and is written from right to left.
		In order to understand the relation in which the Persian dialects and stages in the history of the language stand to one another, it may be well to subjoin a list of words in Old Persian, Avestic, Pahlavi and modern Persian.
	www.searchgodsword.org /enc/isb/view.cgi?number=T6821 (1970 words)

	New Georgia Encyclopedia: Sam Nunn (b. 1938)
		In 1991 Sam Nunn voted to oppose U.S. military action in the Persian Gulf to oust Saddam Hussein from Kuwait.
		Many have speculated, and Nunn himself has admitted, that the negative vote ensured the early demise of his presidential candidacy in 1992.
		After the successful conclusion of the Persian Gulf War, however, Nunn found that his earlier stance in opposition was untenable with the larger public and took himself out of consideration for the presidential race.
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1389 (973 words)

	Persian Language & Literature: Ali Akbar Dehkhoda
		irza Ali Akbar Ghazvini, known as Dehkhoda, the Persian literary scholar, poet, author, and a political and social critic, was born in Tehran circa 1879.
		It was during this period that he undertook the monumental task of writing his Persian Encyclopedia, Loghat-nameh as well as producing other literary and scholarly works on Persian literature and language among which his four volume work, Amssal o Kokm, was well received and saw several editions.
		The establishment of the Islamic Republic brought about a temporary erosion in the Persian consciousness with Arabic words supplanting the Persian terms in both official print and speeches as well as in the media, accompanied by attempts to revise the system of lower education and purges in the academic institutions.
	www.iranchamber.com /literature/adehkhoda/ali_akbar_dehkhoda.php (1909 words)

	Persian Gulf: History
		The Persian Gulf was an important transportation route in antiquity but declined with the fall of Mesopotamia.
		In succeeding centuries control of the region was contested by Arabs, Persians, Turks, and Western Europeans.
		In 1853, Britain and the Arab sheikhdoms of the Persian Gulf signed the Perpetual Maritime Truce, formalizing the temporary truces of 1820 and 1835.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/world/A0860321.html (488 words)

	Encyclopedia Iranica : Happy NowRuz!
		The Encyclopedia Iranica is a monumental undertaking with historical ramifications that covers the past three thousand years of life in its broadest sense on the Iranian plateau.
		Mohsen Kashef, senior assistant editor of the Encyclopedia Iranica, who has been associated with the project for twenty-five years, offers his description of the editorial process: It usually takes a long peer-reviewed process of up to three years to ensure accuracy and adequacy of an article before it is published in a specific volume.
		The Encyclopedia Iranica is currently assisted by its Foundation Board (Khosrow Eghbal, Chair; Fereydoun Nazem, and Khosrow B. Semnani, Vice Chairs; and Akbar Ghahary, Treasurer.) Iranica is also managed by an Editorial Board comprised of Senior Editor and six in-house Editors, forty-three consulting Editors, and an International Advisory Committee (www.iranica.com).
	www.payvand.com /news/01/mar/1075.html (1476 words)

	Royal Canin Persian Cat Food (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Cats with brachycephalic (flat) facial characteristics will tend to use the lower side of their tongue to pick up kibbles, but our studies have shown that an almond shaped kibble is easier for them to eat.
		Persian cats are 2.5 times more likely to develop calcium oxalate urinary stones than other breeds, therefore their diets should promote an alkaline urinary pH.
		Feline Health Nutrition Persian 30™ Formula for adult Persian cats from 1 to 10 years of age is formulated to meet the nutritional levels established by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) Cat Food Nutrient Profiles for maintenance.
	www.royalcanin.us /catfood/persian.html (476 words)

	Persian Percussion Encyclopaedia
		As a Persian instrument, in 20th century, it is considered as a Sufi instrument to be played in Khaghan-s for Zikr music but now this percussion instrument has recently become very popular and it has been integrated into Persian art music successfully.
		It is a kind of Persian frame drum, though apparently Dayereh is an Arabic word.
		In French encyclopedia of Littreé it has been mentioned that the French word Tabur (small drum used in medieval times to accompany folk-dancing) comes from the Persian word Tabire.
	www.drumdojo.com /world/persia/persian_perc_encyc.htm (2455 words)

	Amazon.com: Encyclopedia of the Persian Gulf War: Books: Mark Grossman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Grossman, the author of ABC-Clio companions to the civil rights and environmental movements, has compiled a useful encyclopedia, replete with biographies of major figures, a good selection of statistics, relevant documents, military slang, and a glossary of Arabic words.
		Persian Gulf War Almanac [RBB My 1 95] does have lengthy topical essays, but it lacks the more than 100 pages of documents found in this new encyclopedia.
		I read Harry Summers' "Persian Gulf War Encyclopedia," and while I was impressed with its handling of subjects, and giving a broad overview of the conflict, Grossman's war far exceeds Summers and then some.
	www.amazon.com /Encyclopedia-Persian-Gulf-Mark-Grossman/dp/0874366844 (1319 words)

	Iran, Cradle of Written Culture Persian Journal Latest Iran News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		During the reign of King Anushiravan, a center was established in Iran where Kelileh-va-Demneh was translated from Sanskrit into Persian "The Encyclopedia on Basics of Books" of Marv Library was established by the Samanids.
		The success of Iranians in compiling encyclopedia and expounding theories is also evident in ancient Iran.
		The Persian literature's impact on the western poets and literary figures as well as those of India and Pakistan is well known.
	www.iranian.ws /iran_news/publish/printer_12589.shtml (271 words)

	Persian Gulf War - MSN Encarta
		Great books about your topic, Persian Gulf War, selected by Encarta editors
		Introduction; Causes of the War; Iraq Invades; The Coalition Attacks by Air; Land War; Consequences of the War
		Author of The Rule of Law in the Arab World: Courts, Politics, and Society in Egypt and the Arab Gulf States.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761551555_2/Persian_Gulf_War.html (1157 words)

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