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	History of Ancient Athens - The Persian Wars
		At the battle, the Persians lost 6,400 men and seven of their ships were captured, and from the Athenian side, 192 men were killed, among them the polemarch Kallimachos and Stesilaos, one of the ten generals.
		It was from the Persian loot that Pheidias constructed the chryselephantine statue of goddess Athena.
		Persians also landed troops in the small island of Psitallia, that lies in the mouth of the straits, opposite Kynosoura of Salamis.
	www.sikyon.com /Athens/ahist_eg02.html (6957 words)

	Persian Wars. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		In 492 a Persian expedition commanded by Mardonius conquered Thrace and Macedon, but its fleet was crippled by a storm.
		The pass was defended by the Spartan Leonidas; his small army held back the Persians but was eventually trapped by a Persian detachment; the Spartan contingent chose to die fighting in the pass rather than flee.
		Shortly afterward the Persian fleet was crushed in the straits off the island of Salamis by a Greek force.
	www.bartleby.com /65/pe/PersWars.html (561 words)

	THE PERSIAN EXPEDITION
		During the winter of 1930-31, the Oriental Institute organized a Persian Expedition to conduct excavations in the largely unexplored mountainous regions east and southeast of the Mesopotamian plain.
		Herzfeld served as director of the Persian Expedition until the end of 1934, when he was succeeded by Erich Schmidt, who continued to excavate in the region until 1939.
		To the left is the reconstructed "Harem," which served as the expedition headquarters and museum.
	www-oi.uchicago.edu /OI/PROJ/PER/Persian_Ex.html (890 words)

	The Persian Empire of Ancient Iran
		Persia was an ancient empire, extending from the Indus to Thrace, and from the Caspian Sea to the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.
		The Persians were originally a Medic tribe which settled in Persia, on the eastern side of the Persian Gulf.
		James Henry Breasted requested and was granted a concession to excavate the remains of Persepolis, an Achaemenid royal administrative center in the province of Fars.
	ancientneareast.tripod.com /Persia.html (544 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In fact, the Ionian Greeks were on the fringes of a vast Persian empire which stretched from the Indus river in the east to the Aegean sea in the west and from the Caucasus mountains in the north to the deserts of Nubia in the south.
		Yet the Persian rulers considered themselves supreme rulers, and Darius I repeatedly refers to himself as "king of the lands of all tribes." The Persian monarch was expected to increase the territory under Persian dominion.
		One of the medizers was Hippias, the exiled tyrant of Athens.
	faculty.maxwell.syr.edu /cchampion/401_Herodotus/Persian%20Wars.htm (4301 words)

	Description of young Cyrus and Persian Education
		But the Persian laws, by anticipation, are careful to provide from the beginning, that their citizens shall not be such as to be inclined to any action that is bad and mean.
		If it be necessary to undertake any military expedition, they who are in this state of discipline do not march out with bows and javelins, but with what are called arms for close fight, a corslet over the breast, a shield in the left hand, and in the right, a large sword or bill.
		The Persians are said to be in number about a hundred and twenty thousand;[3] of these no individual is excluded by law from honours and magistracies, but all are at liberty to send their boys to the public schools of justice.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/XenCyr.html (1718 words)

	Persian Wars - Athens Info Guide
		The Persian Wars, 500–449 BC, were a series of conflicts fought between Greek states and the Persian Empire.
		In 492 BC a Persian expedition commanded by Mardonius conquered Thrace and Macedon but its fleet was crippled by a storm.
		The Persians encamped 32 km (20 miles) from the city on the coast plain of Marathon.
	www.athensinfoguide.com /historypersian.htm (665 words)

	Persian deer -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Iran lies in southwestern Asia and borders Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and the Caspian Sea to the north; Turkey and Iraq on the west; the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman on the south; and Pakistan and Afghanistan to the east.
		If the Persians had succeeded, they would have set up local tyrants, called satraps, to rule Greece and would have crushed the first stirrings of democracy in Europe.
		A shallow sea of the Indian Ocean, the Persian Gulf separates the Arabian Peninsula from Iran in southwestern Asia.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9001119 (864 words)

	The Grecian Empire
		The Persian plan to tempt Alexander across the river and kill him in the melee almost succeeded; but the Persian line broke, and Alexander's victory was complete.
		In the meantime (winter 333-332) the Persians had counterattacked by land in Asia Minor--where they were defeated by Antigonus, the satrap of Greater Phrygia--and by sea, recapturing a number of cities and islands.
		His determination to incorporate Persians on equal terms in the army and the administration of the provinces was bitterly resented.
	www.chn-net.com /timeline/grec_emp_alex.html (4162 words)

	The Medean Wars - Part II
		The Persian cavalry was heavily armored and relied on the unforgiving blade of the battle axe and the spear as their main weapons.
		Persian light cavalry would circle around the enemy and cause casualties using the bow from a safe distance and while the horse was on the move.
		The battle of Marathon debunked the myth of the Persian invincibility and made possible the survival of the newly born democracy (as the return of the tyrants was averted).
	fotios.cc /papers/articles/medean_wars/part2.htm (14754 words)

	The Persian Empire:Allen, Lindsay:0226014479:eCampus.com
		Beginning in the sixth century BCE, Persian kings ruled a vast, culturally diverse empire that stretched from northern Libya to central Asia.
		She traces the evolution of the monarchy, showing how it fostered unprecedented international communication and cultural exchange, and describes how the Persian expedition into Greece in the early fifth century BCE became a defining moment that established a European identity apart from an Asian one.
		As the subject experiences renewed interest, The Persian Empire promises to be the definitive work on one of the most powerful dynasties in ancient history.
	www.ecampus.com /bk_detail.asp?isbn=0226014479 (245 words)

	Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Herodotus tells us at the start that he is centrally concerned with the story of the two Persian invasions of Greece: the invasion force which came by sea in 490 BC (sent by the Persian king Darius) and the land invasion of 480 BC (sent by Darius's son Xerxes).
		The first Persian expedition was repulsed in the Battle of Marathon, and the second at the Battle of Salamis and the Battle of Plataea.
		These two defeats of the Persians marked a high point of Greek civilization, since the relatively small forces of the combined Greek states saved their independence by defeating the mightiest empire then known.
	www.mala.bc.ca /~johnstoi/Lbst112/Herodotus.htm (1483 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: The Persian Expedition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		To make matters worse, the Greek officers were slain by Persians under a false flag of truce, leaving the army leaderless, surrounded by overwhelming hostile forces and without provision 1500 miles from home.
		During the retreat, more treachery ensues as the Persians, under the pretext of meeting to discuss allaying the distrust between the Greeks & the Persian escort, murder the five remaining generals in charge of the forces.
		Xenophon's Anabasis (or "The Persian Expedition", as it is called here) is a classic tale of adventure, and a model of precise style on par with the more familiar works of Roman authors like Julius Caesar (De bello gallico) and Tacitus (Germania).
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0786115688 (1921 words)

	The Persian Expedition Infos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Persian Gulf TV War [Critical Studies in Communication and in the Cultural Industries]
		The Persian Revolution of 1905 - 1909 Persia Observed 1
		The Persian Sphinx: Amir Abbas Hoveyda and the Riddle of the Iranian Revolution
	www.academicbookreview.com /53642_the-persian-expedition/xenophon.html (217 words)

	WLGR
		Although repetitions in the phraseology indicate that such contracts were standard, the stiff penalties and exact specifications suggest that in previous instances both the slave-owners and wet nurses had failed to keep their part of the bargain.
		(1106) To Protarchus on the tribunal from Marcus Aemilius son of Marcus of the Claudian tribe and from Theodote the daughter of Dositheus, a Persian,[1] with her husband Sophron son of...archus, from the Persian expedition serving as her guardian and guarantor in regard to this contract.
		acting as guardian and from Didyme the daughter of Apollonius, a Persian, with her brother Ischyrion son of Apollonius of the Persian expedition acting as guardian.
	www.stoa.org /diotima/anthology/wlgr/wlgr-medicine381.shtml (779 words)

	Iranica.com - HORMOZD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		307-79 C.E.), who participated in Julian's Persian expedition of 363 C.E. He was one of the eight known sons of Hormozd II (q.v.), and was imprisoned by the nobles who had done away with two of his elder brothers and declared another, ˆa@pur (II), king of kings (Zosimus, 2.27; Zonaras, 13.5; cf.
		Once he was ambushed by the Persian general Surena and escaped only because the overflow of the Euphrates proved too much for his pursuers (Ammianus, 24.2.4; Zosimus, 3.15.5-6).
		The only Persian prince in Roman helmet opposing ˆa@pur II was his brother Hormozd.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v12f5/v12f5012.html (492 words)

	HELLAS:NET - History
		The Persian expedition against the Scythes in southern Russia turned out to be a huge failure as we know.
		Both parties drew wrong conclusions from this event: Darius that he could rely on the Greek colonies, and the Greek colonies that the Persian army was not undefeatable, and thus that the time had come to revolt.
		The Persians were know for their tolerant policy a towards other cultures so it seems likely that the Greeks did not revolt against the high king of Persia, but against the tyrants who were installed by him.
	monolith.dnsalias.org /~marsares/history/classic5/persian/revolt.html (434 words)

	THE PERSIAN EXPEDITION - Xenophon - Penguin Classics
		In The Persian Expedition, Xenophon, a young Athenian noble who sought his destiny abroad, provides an enthralling eyewitness account of the attempt by a Greek mercenary army – the Ten Thousand – to help Prince Cyrus overthrow his brother and take the Persian throne.
		When the Greeks were then betrayed by their Persian employers, they were forced to march home through hundreds of miles of difficult terrain – adrift in a hostile country and under constant attack from the unforgiving Persians and warlike tribes.
		In this outstanding description of endurance and individual bravery, Xenophon, one of those chosen to lead the retreating army, provides a vivid narrative of the campaign and its aftermath, and his account remains one of the best pictures we have of Greeks confronting a ‘barbarian’ world.
	us.penguinclassics.com /nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,10_0140440070,00.html (196 words)

	Arvin Arash Golkhosravi ___________________ Arvin Arash Golkhosravi ___
		However, because of this method of construction, the sehtar is markedly quieter than the tar Also, unlike the tar, the player plucks the strings with the nail of the index finger, instead of using a plectrum.
		In a typical Persian music ensemble, the leader of the group is the santur player and tends to sit in the middle of the line up.
		Unlike many instruments used in purely Persian music, the nay is also used outside of Iran such as in Arabic music and in Balkan folk music.
	golkhosravi.free.fr /iran/iran_e.htm (1189 words)

	Philip Of Macedonia
		The author of a piece does not shine in the limelight as the actor does, and it was Philip who planned much of the greatness that his son achieved, who laid the foundations and forged the tools, who had indeed already begun the Persian expedition at the time of his death.
		He carried expeditions into Illyria and as far as the Danube; he also spread his power along the coast as far as the Hellespont.
		That unification was to be the prelude to a still greater one, the unification of the Western world with the Persian empire into one world state of all known peoples.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles32n/outline-history-1.shtml (1594 words)

	The Persian Expedition
		It is then that Xenophon the Athenian proposes a daring escape expedition.
		Along the way, the Greeks mutiny when they discover that they have been misled by the Persian, who had ostensibly hired them from a brief punitive expedition.
		Their spirits are however uplifted with promise of booty, so they decide to stick it out, much to their later regret.
	www.gotterdammerung.org /books/reviews/p/persian-expedition.html (927 words)

	Science Social Sciences Archaeology Regional Middle East Iran (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Persian Expedition - Report of the Persian Expedition to conduct excavations by James Henry Breasted at the remains of Persepolis, an Achaemenid royal administrative center in the province of Fars.
		Darius Ancient Inscription Found in Boushehr Deciphered - From the Persian Journal, archaeologists have succeeded to decipher the text of an old stone tablet found recently in Boushehr, south of Iran.
		The First Iranians Who Lived on the Iranian Plateu - From the Persian Journal, ancient history of Iran, like many other countries, is believed to be based upon the archeological findings and a mixture of documented myths and information recorded by historians or religious entities of the time.
	www.iper1.com /iper1-odp/scat/id/Science/Social_Sciences/Archaeology/Regional/Middle_East/Iran (1006 words)

	reading_guide_01.05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Describe the interaction of the different Greek cities in the context of the Persian threat.
		The second Persian expedition (480 B.C.)--under King Xerxes; the army marched around the Aegean by land, accompanied by a fleet
		NB: a number of Greek cities were on the Persian side, having already submitted to Persian rule, e.g., the Ionian cities of E Asia Minor
	classics.uc.edu /hooker/cc111/reading_guide_01.05.html (323 words)

	Royalty.nu - Royalty & Monarchy in Iran and Persia - Persian Royal History
		This survey of the Persian Empire under the Achaeminids, the Parthians, and the Sasanians focuses on the primary Persian sources - written, archaeological, and numismatic.
		The Persian Expedition by Xenophon, translated by Rex Warner.
		Crowning Anguish: Memoirs of a Persian Princess From the Harem to Modernity: 1884-1914 by Taj Al-Saltanah, Ann Vanzan, and Amin Neshati.
	www.royalty.nu /MiddleEast/Iran/index.html (2086 words)

	Heroes Reading List
		Xenophon The Persian Expedition (tr by Rex Warner)
		The book's a real page-turner, and though the references to homosex are relatively few compared to the next book on our list, this book immerses you in the world of the ancient Greeks in a way that few others can.
		Though a little bit harder going than "The Persian Expedition," the reader's reward is reference after reference to same-sex love affairs among the Spartans and others.
	www.man2manalliance.org /hero/reading.html (794 words)

	Benevolent Persian Empire
		The Persians are known to have introduced rice into Mesopotamia, pistachio nuts into Syria and sesame into Egypt.
		Alexander tutor was none other than Aristotle, who is reported to have told Alexander, that if he destroyed the Persians he will have destroyed one of the pillars of excellence of civilization.
		He next set about completing the project of digging the canal joining the Red Sea to the Nile, which had been initiated by Kambujiya and is the predecessor of the present day Suez Canal.
	web.utk.edu /~persian/benevolent.htm (3790 words)

	Persian Wars
		Persian Wars, 500 B.C., series of conflicts fought between Greek states and the Persian Empire.
		; his small army held back the Persians but was eventually trapped by a Persian detachment; the Spartan contingent chose to die fighting in the pass rather than flee.
		Shortly afterward the Persian fleet was crushed in the straits off the island of
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/history/A0838515.html (481 words)

	Ford Parts
		Report of the Persian Expedition to conduct excavations by James Henry Breasted at the remains of Persepolis, an Achaemenid royal administrative center in the province of Fars.
		Expedition to retrace the footsteps of the firs papal envoy to Mongolia: Fiar Giovanni dal Pian di Carpini
		Archaeological expedition on the island of Yeronisos, off the coast of Cyprus, undertaken by Professor Joan Breton Connelly and the Yeronisos Island Expedition for New York University.
	www.fordpartsabc.com /2003fordexpeditionaccessories (1135 words)

	earlyempirespeoples
		The Greek poleis of Ionia rose in revolt against the Persian Empire.
		took the Persian camp; the battle was the last a Persian army fought in Europe.
		Persian prince Cyrus raised an army to unthrone his brother Artaxerxes; the key troops
	www.zum.de /whkmla/sat/wb/ant/clasgr/clasgrwars.html (812 words)

	SparkNotes: Alexander the Great: Important Terms, People, and Events
		Aristotle taught Alexander formal subjects such as poetry and rhetoric, while also instilling the belief that all non-Greeks were barbarians and fit to be slaves.
		Nephew of Aristotle and official historian of the Persian expedition.
		However, when his services were no longer required on the expedition, Alexander saw fit to dispose of him and his son before their influence could grow any greater.
	www.sparknotes.com /biography/alexander/terms.html (551 words)

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