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Topic: The Physics of Blown Sand

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	Scientific American: What are "booming sands" and what causes the sounds they make?
		Sands of the requisite size, and surface smoothness can be easily induced to "whistle" by poking a stick or pencil into the sand, sweeping the sand surface quickly with a hand or stepping on the sand.
		Sand is dropped from saltation (a process know as grainfall) and accumulates until it exceeds the angle of repose of sand, generally from 32 to 34 degrees.
		THE PHYSICS OF BLOWN SAND AND DESERT DUNES.
	www.sciam.com /print_version.cfm?articleID=000AD4E4-6158-1C71-9EB7809EC588F2D7 (1246 words)

	The Physics of Blown Sand - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes (1941) is a science book, written by Ralph A. Bagnold.
		During his expeditions into the Libyan Desert, Bagnold had been fascinated by the shapes of the sand dunes, and after returning to England he built a wind tunnel and conducted the experiments which are the basis of the book.
		The book is still a main reference in the field, and was, for instance, used by NASA for studying sand dunes on Mars.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_Physics_of_Blown_Sand (169 words)

	Sand research
		For many years, I have been involved in the study of the physics of wind blown sand.
		Sand transport studies in a wind tunnel using radioactive grains.
		Barchan dunes of dark sand in the Nili Patera region of Syrtis Major, Mars.
	www.math.ku.dk /~michael/sand.html (637 words)

	Dune - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In physical geography, a dune is a hill of sand built by eolian (wind-related) processes.
		The deep roots also bind the sand together, and the dune grows into a fore dune as more sand is blown over the grasses.
		The Physics of Blown Sand (1941) by Ralph Bagnold
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Sand_dune (1454 words)

	Bagnold Formula - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Bagnold formula relates the amount of sand moved by the wind to the wind speed.
		It states that the mass flux of sand is proportional to the third power of the friction velocity.
		The formula was derived by Ralph Alger Bagnold in his book The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes and has in wind tunnel and field experiments been found to be basically correct.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bagnold_Formula (173 words)

	Sand-ABC - Sanddüne
		Einen Meilenstein bei der Erforschung von Sanddünen setzte bereits 1925 der englische Autor R. Bagnold mit seinem Buch "The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes".
		Sand im Überfluss und dazu gleichmäßiger Wind aus einer vorherrschenden Richtung formt wellenförmige Rücken im rechten Winkel zur Windrichtung, die als Transversal- oder Querdünen bezeichnet werden.
		Hohe Düne bei Nida (Litauen) inmitten der vom Sand geprägten Landschaft der Kurischen Nehrung mit einer Höhe von 60 m eine besondere Touristenattraktion.
	www.sand-abc.de /sand-abc/beg02/sandduene.htm (523 words)

	City-swallowing Sand Dunes
		Sand fences, like snow fences, can also help, although in many cases their design is little more than guesswork.
		"Moving sand dunes are an example of granular flow--a poorly understood branch of physics," explains James Jenkins, a professor of theoretical mechanics at Cornell University.
		Sand dunes fascinate Jenkins (along with his collaborators in Gainesville, Florida, and Rennes, France) because they manifest three aspects of granular flow.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2002/06dec_dunes.htm (1205 words)

	April 3 - Today in Science History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		After retiring from the army (1935), he continued his research and wrote the book Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes, investigating the physics of particles moving through the atmosphere and deposited by wind.
		German physical chemist who, with Boländer proposed a theory of valency (1899) to explain the capacity of an atom to combine with another atom in light of the newly discovered presence of electrons within the atom.
		Chladni figures, seen when thin plates covered in sand at set in vibration, are complex patterns of vibration with nodal lines that remain stationary and retain sand.
	www.todayinsci.com /4/4_03.htm (1992 words)

	Dune Model May Prevent Desert Disasters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Where previous, more complex models have failed to predict essential aspects of sand dune formation, Kroy and his co-workers are confident their version is complete.
		"Singing sands" are a worldwide phenomenon discussed in Middle Eastern and Chinese literature for at least 1,200 years and attributable to wind shearing sand from the dunes.
		He said his team strategically excavated sand along Half Moon Bay on the Arabian coast and he later published a paper on the process.
	www.weeklyscientist.com /ws/articles/dune.htm (521 words)

	GEO_CHAPTER_8_REF.HTML (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Bagnold, R. Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes, Methuen, London, 265 pp., 1941.
		Mainguet, M., and M. Chemin, Sand seas of the Sahara and Sahel: An explanation of their thickness and sand dune type by the sand budget principle, in Eolian Sediments and Processes, edited by M. Brookfield and T. Ahlbrandt, pp.
		Valentine, P. Cooper, and J. mann, Submarine sand dunes and sedimentary environments in Oceanographer Canyon, J. Sedimentary Petrology, 54, 704-715, 1984.
	daac.gsfc.nasa.gov /geomorphology/GEO_8/GEO_CHAPTER_8_REF.HTML (2995 words)

	ADDITIONAL REFERENCE LIST FOR GLACIAL GEOLOGY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Paterson, W. B., 1981, The physics of glaciers, 2nd ed.: Pergamon Press, Oxford, 380 P. Powell, R. D., 1983, Glacial-marine sedimentation process and lithofacies of temperature tidewater glaciers, Glcier Bay, Alaska.
		Saunderson, H. and Jopling, A. V., 1980, Palaeohydraulics of a tabular, cross-stratified sand in the Brampton esker, Ontario: Sed.
		Slatt, R. and Eyles, N., 1981, Petrology of glacial sand: implications for the origin and mechanical durability of lithic fragments: Sedimentology, v.
	tvl1.geo.uc.edu /ice/other/resource/Refs2.html (2833 words)

	Dr. Curt Beebe - Morro Bay Sandspit Paper - The Blowouts Are Stable
		Very roughly 120,000 cubic yards of sand annually is washed ashore on the Sand Spit, which is at the center of the Estero Bay littoral sand cell, and blown across the Spit into the Bay.
		At the tip of the Spit the sand is blown into the water, and even across the Bay.
		According to Bagnall in The Physics of Blown Sand (available at Cal Poly’s Kennedy Library) wind-blown sand forms sheets that are horizontally compact but vertically loose.
	www.curtbeebe.com /sandspit/stable.html (705 words)

	The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes:R. A. Bagnold:0486439313:eCampus.com
		The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes:R. Bagnold:0486439313:eCampus.com
		An expert treatise on the origin and evolution of dunes, this classic work was used by NASA in studying sand dunes on Mars and is appropriate for undergraduate and graduate students.
		The three-part treatment begins with wind-tunnel investigations of the mechanism of sand transport, followed by examinations of small-scale surface phenomena such as ripples and ridges, and concluding with explanations of the growth and movement of dunes in general and specific characteristics of the two main dune types.
	www.ecampus.com /bk_detail.asp?isbn=0486439313&referrer=CJ (790 words)

	Probability distribution functions for the initial liftoff velocities of saltating sand grains in air
		Saltating sand grains are the primary component of airborne sand and account for 75% of all transport flux of sand grains.
		The main reason for this is that the bridge (probability distribution functions for initial liftoff velocities of saltating sand grains) between the macroscopic and microscopic research has not been satisfactorily solved because it is difficult to measure the initial liftoff parameters of saltating sand grains and because the underlying theory is lacking.
		We also demonstrated that it is feasible to colligate initial liftoff velocities of saltating sand grains obtained under different frictional wind velocities by different scholars in wind tunnel experiments and comprehensively analyze their distributions.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2006/2006JD007069.shtml (469 words)

	Analytical model of propagating sand ripples
		We formulate a simple phenomenological model of aeolian sand ripple migration based upon a balance between grain hopping driven by saltation and grain rolling or avalanching under gravity.
		In the case of an inclined saltation flux, the ripple wavelength is controlled by the length of the shadow zone, as suggested by R. Sharp [J. Geol.
		Although very simple, our model predicts some of the qualitative features shown by sand ripples in experimental or field studies [R. Bagnold, The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes (Methuen and Co., London, 1941); R. Sharp, J. Geol.
	epubs.surrey.ac.uk /mathspubl/101 (270 words)

	The Effect of Wind Speedup in the Formation of Transverse Dune Fields (ResearchIndex)
		4 The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes (context) - Bagnold - 1941
		1 Sand transport model of barchan dune equilibrium (context) - Howard, Morton et al.
		1 The role of streamline curvature in sand dune dynamics: evid..
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /422443.html (499 words)

	The Physics Of Blown Sand And Desert Dunes - SHOP.COM
		The Physics Of Blown Sand And Desert Dunes - SHOP.COM
		The Physics Of Blown Sand And Desert Dunes
		All other designated trademarks, copyrights and brands are the property of their respective owners.
	www.shop.com /op/aprod-p33650636 (192 words)

	InnovaToys - Searching the world for innovations
		Solar Eclipse is made of chromed metal and silvered mouth blown glass.
		Mathmos AirSwitch Lamps are unique and functional white lamps with a very unique switching and dimming mechanism achieved with an IR beam that tracks the movement of your hand above the lamp to activate the on/off/dimmer switch.
		The Magic Sand Wand puzzle is a clear acrylic wand, partially filled with brightly colored sand, and containing a silver ball.
	www.innovatoys.com /c/NOV (1231 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert: Books: R A Bagnold (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Bagnold explains on a basis of experimental physics some of the many strange phenomena produced by the natural movement of sand over the dry land of the Earth, seeing that as a particular case of the transport of solid particles of any kind by fluids in general.
		Bagnold's analysis is clear and well thought out, and it is a testament to the foundation that he laid that his work is still being built on, not discredited or ignored.
		The background to his work is also well worth reading, and can be found in 'Sand, wind and war; memoirs of a desert explorer', which also deserves to be reprinted.
	www.amazon.co.uk /gp/product/0486439313?tag=technically0b-21&link_code=sp1&camp=2025&dev-t=0T1Q3KQYBRP8TS6YAFR2 (637 words)

	Bad Astronomy Blog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		There is no line in the sand that says Here be good, there be jerk.
		The system is about 10 million years old, which is favorable as well: a planet forming at that distance from the star won’t have too much hydrogen and helium associated with it, since the star would have blown those lighter elements away by now.
		However, I’m not sure such a small body would retain much of that atmosphere anyway; the cores of Jupiter and Saturn are much larger than Mars.
	www.badastronomy.com (2089 words)

	USGS, Sedimentology - References (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		BAGNOLD, R.A., 1941, The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes: Methuen, London, 265 p.
		DALRYMPLE, R.W., 1984, Morphology and internal structure of sandwaves in the Bay of Fundy: Sedimentology, v.
		MACHIDA, T., INOKUCHI, M., MATSUMOTO, E., TAKAYUKI, I., AND IKEDA, H., 1974, Sand ripple patterns and their arrangement on the sea bottom of the Tatado beach, Izu Peninsula, central Japan: Science Reports of the Tokyo Kyoiku Daigaku, Section C, v.
	walrus.wr.usgs.gov /seds/References.html (1799 words)

	Find in a Library: The physics of blown sand and desert dunes,
		Find in a Library: The physics of blown sand and desert dunes,
		To find this item in a library, enter a postal code, state, province, or country in the field above.
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	www.worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/058cbd2ca3147361.html (63 words)

	The physics of blown sand and desert dunes SciTech Book News - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The physics of blown sand and desert dunes SciTech Book News - Find Articles
		Bagnold explains on a basis of experimental physics some of the many strange phenomena produced by the natural movement of sand over the dry land of the Earth, seeing that as a particular case of the transport of solid particles of any kind by fluids in general.
		Because of the war, only a few copies were printed of the original 1941 publication by Methuen in London.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0QLT/is_2005_Sept/ai_n15781955 (161 words)

	The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes
		This classic work was used by NASA in studying sand dunes on Mars and is appropriate for undergraduate and graduate students.
		The first book to deal exclusively with the behavior of blown sand and related land forms, its accessible style makes it an enduring reference.
		Accessible, entertaining work addresses Earth's age as it explores the work of Hooke, Buffon, Lyell, Cuvier, Darwin, Agassiz, and others, detailing discoveries that led to knowledge of Earth's astonishing antiquity.
	store.doverpublications.com /0486439313.html (131 words)

	Selected Readings
		Bagnold, R. A., 1941, The physics of blown sand and desert dunes: Methuen, London, 265 p.
		Breed, C. S., and others, 1979, Regional studies of sand seas, using Landsat (ERTS) imagery: in McKee, E. D., ed., A study of global sand seas: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1052, p.
		(A study of selected sand seas based on analysis of remote sensing images, surface wind summaries, and available literature.)
	pubs.usgs.gov /gip/deserts/readings (552 words)

	PDF VERSIONS OF ALAN HOWARD’S PAPERS
		1985 Howard, A.D., Interaction of sand transport with topography and local winds in the northern Peruvian coastal desert:
		Proceedings of International Workshop on the Physics of Blown Sand, edited by O.E. Barndorff-Nielson, J.T. Moeller, K. Romer Rasmussen, and B.B. Willetts, Department of Theoretical Statistics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark, Memoirs No. 8, v.
		Proceedings of International Workshop on the Physics of Blown Sand, edited by O.E. Barndorff-Nielson, J.T. Moeller, K. Romer Rasmussen, and B. Willetts, Department of Theoretical Statistics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark, Memoirs No. 8, v.
	erode.evsc.virginia.edu /papers/papers.htm (1852 words)

	Bibliography
		Bagnold, R. The physics of wind blown sand and desert dunes.
		Bagnold, R. The shearing and dilation of dry sand and the "singing" mechanism.
		Haff, D. Booming sands of the Mojave Desert and the Basin and Range Province, California.
	www.schweich.com /mojavebib.html (5294 words)

	DigitalBookIndex: PHYSICS (e-Books, eTexts, On Line Books, eDocuments) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The physics and chemistry of surfaces [capillarity, molecular theory]
		Bagnold, Ralph A. The physics of blown sand and desert dunes
		A History of Physics in its Elementary Branches
	www.digitalbookindex.com /_search/search010physicsa.asp (497 words)

	AbeBooks: Warzone Books
		The Physics of Blown Sand, Writing Poetry, Harry Potter and Organic Chemistry are just some of the diverse books bought from AbeBooks.com by military and civilian personnel stationed in Iraq since 2004.
		Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus, John Gray
		The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes, Ralph Bagnold
	www.abebooks.com /docs/Community/Featured/warzone-books.shtml (349 words)

	Core Historical Literature of Agriculture (CHLA)
		Bagnold, Ralph A. The physics of blown sand and desert dunes William Morrow & Co., New York, [1942]
		A manual of soil physics Ginn and Company, Boston ; [c1915]
		Wool quality; a study of the influence of various contributory...
	chla.library.cornell.edu /c/chla/browse/b.html (3448 words)

	Wiley-VCH - Hinrichsen, Haye / Wolf, Dietrich E. (eds.) - The Physics of Granular Media
		Wiley-VCH - Hinrichsen, Haye / Wolf, Dietrich E. (eds.) - The Physics of Granular Media
		A new reference book providing quick access to this rapidly developing field, containing high-level review articles covering the current level of knowledge from the viewpoints of applied, experimental, and theoretical physics.
		A must-have for researchers and developers aware of both the scientific challenge and the technological need to develop an understanding of the mechanisms underlying the flow of grains.
	www.wiley-vch.de /publish/en/books/bySubjectPH00/bySubSubjectPH00/3-527-40373-6/?sID=b3d7e0529f3bf3dcc248b8a35776767e (234 words)

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