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Topic: The Radiation Belt and Magnetosphere

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Van Allen radiation belt

Magnetosphere

Roentgen equivalent man

James Van Allen

Apollo moon landing conspiracy theory

Earth radius

James Irwin

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	ScienceDaily: Magnetosphere
		A magnetosphere is the region around an astronomical object in which phenomena are dominated or organized by its magnetic field.
		Earth is surrounded by a magnetosphere, as are the magnetized planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
		Magnetosphere -- A magnetosphere is the region around an astronomical object in which phenomena are dominated or organized by its magnetic field.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/Magnetosphere (1375 words)

	Van Allen radiation belt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The presence of a radiation belt had been theorized prior to the Space Age and the belt's presence was confirmed by the Explorer I on January 31, 1958 and Explorer III missions, under Doctor James Van Allen.
		The outer belt is thought to consist of plasma trapped by the Earth's magnetosphere.
		It is generally understood that the Van Allen belts are a result of the collision of Earth's magnetic field with the solar wind.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt (1122 words)

	Magnetosphere - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A magnetosphere is the region around an astronomical object, in which phenomena are dominated by its magnetic field.
		Laboratory simulation of the magnetosphere's influence on the Solar Wind; these auroral-like Birkeland currents were created in a terrella, a magnetised anode globe in an evacuated chamber.
		One distinguishes the inner radiation belt, a by-product of cosmic radiation discovered in 1958 by James Van Allen using the Explorer 1 and 3 satellites, and the ring current, a large belt of lower energy particles deposited mainly by magnetic storms, source of a widespread magnetic field of its own.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Magnetosphere (620 words)

	Van Allen radiation belt Summary
		The presence of a radiation belt had been theorized prior to the Space Age and was confirmed by the Explorer I on January 31, 1958 and Explorer III missions, under Doctor James Van Allen.
		The outer belt is thought to consist of plasma trapped by the Earth's magnetosphere.
		^ The Radiation Belt and Magnetosphere by Wilmot Hess (1968)
	www.bookrags.com /Van_Allen_radiation_belt (2002 words)

	Glossary
		In the inner magnetosphere, ions and electrons are confined between two mirror points, one north of the equator and one south of it.
		Magnetopause --The boundary of the magnetosphere, separating plasma attached to Earth from the one flowing with the solar wind.
		Radiation belt --The region of high-energy particles trapped in the Earth´s magnetic field.
	www.phy6.org /Education/gloss.html (5877 words)

	The Radiation Belt and Magnetosphere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		The Exploration of the Earth's Magnetosphere Looks at the hot gases which fill most of space which are ruled by magnetic and electric forces rather than by gravity.
		The polar aurora, the radiation belts, the solar wind, magnetic storms, "space weather", cosmic radiation--this is the
		John Gwozdz, M.D., radiation oncologist Information on the treatment of cancer with radiation, how to choose a radiation oncologist, and frequently asked questions about radiation therapy.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-The_Radiation_Belt_and_Magnetosphere.html (504 words)

	Cassini-Huygens-Magnetosphere
		Scientists are interested in a planet's magnetosphere because it may provide better understanding of the inside structure of a planet's chemical composition.
		One great mystery surrounding the planet Saturn is the nature of the planet's magnetosphere and its interaction with Saturn's magnetic field.
		This compressed side of the magnetosphere is called the 'bow shock' because the solar wind slams into it full force.
	saturn.jpl.nasa.gov /science/magnetosphere.cfm (224 words)

	ScienceDaily: NASA Finds Lightning Clears Safe Zone In Earth's Radiation Belt
		The research may eventually be applied to remove radiation belts around the Earth and other worlds, reducing the hazards of the space environment.
		If the Van Allen radiation belts were visible from space, they would resemble a pair of donuts around the Earth, one inside the other, with the planet in the hole of the innermost.
		The belts are comprised of high-speed electrically charged particles (electrons and atomic nuclei) trapped in the Earth's magnetic field.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/03/050309143029.htm (1193 words)

	MindNet Journal - Vol. 1, No. 51
		This is accomplished by transmitting from earth-based antennae high frequency electromagnetic radiation at a substantial angle to, not parallel to, the ionosphere's magnetic field to heat the ionospheric particles primarily by ohmic heating.
		The radiation is deliberately transmitted at the outset in a direction substantially parallel to and along a field line which extends upwardly through the region to be altered.
		The radiation is transmitted at a frequency which is based on the gyro frequency of the charged particles and which, when applied to the at least one region, excites electron cyclotron resonance within the region or regions to heat and accelerate the charged particles in their respective helical paths around and along the field line.
	www.mindcontrolforums.com /mindnet/mn151.htm (4827 words)

	Van Allen Radiation Belts
		This belt is populated by very energetic protons in the 10-100 MeV range (a byproduct of collisions by cosmic rays with atoms of the atmosphere).
		The cosmic radiation has a rather low intensity (comparable to starlight) and only by accumulating particles over the span of years does the inner belt reach its high intensity.
		The name radiation belt is usually applied to the more energetic part of the plasma population (e.g., ions of about 1 MeV of energy).
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/Dictionary/RADIATION_BELTS/DI160.htm (306 words)

	9. Energetic particle radiation
		A radiation environment specification for a mission shall be established wherein all types of radiation shall be considered, reflecting general and mission-specific radiation susceptibilities.
		For radiation background estimation for example, the fluxes are required above an energy threshold determined by sensor shielding and sensor sensitivity, and above a flux threshold determined by sensor signal- to-noise characteristics.
		Hess W.N., "The Radiation Belt and Magnetosphere", Blaisdell Publ.
	www.spenvis.oma.be /spenvis/ecss/ecss09/ecss09.html (7282 words)

	ch11-3.htm
		] As to whether magnetospheric physics was a new field of research, certainly before the discovery of the radiation belt no one was consciously working on investigating the magnetosphere, since the existence of such a region was unknown.
		Certainly the magnetospheric paradigm that emerged from the first half-dozen years of satellite and space-probe research was new and unpredicted.
		True, the trapped radiations and the magnetosphere as it was revealed were unpredicted.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/SP-4211/ch11-3.htm (748 words)

	The Magnetosphere
		The region of the magnetosphere directly adjacent to the plasma sheet is the northern and southern tail lobes.
		These belts lie approximately within the plasmasphere and bear the name of the discoverer, the Van Allen radiation belts.
		Both emissions are believed to be magnetospheric in origin and related to the magnetic field strength in the source region and yet the pulsar light is in the visible frequency range while the auroral kilometric radiation is in the few hundreds of kilohertz in the radio frequency range.
	ssdoo.gsfc.nasa.gov /education/lectures/magnetosphere (3240 words)

	Space Today Online - Answers To Your Questions
		The radiation in the belts is concentrated closest to Earth at the poles where we see the aurora – Northern Lights and Southern Lights.
		Satellites traveling near the radiation belts may be damaged severely, so spacecraft builders plan their orbits to spend as little time as possible in the radiation belts or even avoid the belts completely.
		The level of radiation in the belts changes when magnetic storms on the Sun pelt Earth or nuclear explosions are set off on the surface of our planet.
	www.spacetoday.org /Questions/VanAllenBelts.html (507 words)

	Patent (for HAARP) & weather control : SF Indymedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		The radiation is transmitted at a frequency which is based on the gyrofrequency of the charged particles and which, when applied to the at least one region, excites electron cyclotron resonance within the region or regions to heat and accelerate the charged particles in their respective helical paths around and along the field line.
		The electromagnetic radiation wave from antenna 32 is amplitude modulated to match a known mode of oscillation f.sub.3 in layer 30.
		The electromagnetic radiation is then passed by way of wire 53 to antenna 54 which is located at or near the end of field line 11.
	sf.indymedia.org /news/2005/09/1719323.php (6980 words)

	Cassini Captures First-Ever Photographs of Saturn's Radiation Belts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Using an innovative camera on NASA’s Cassini spacecraft, scientists have captured images of a radiation belt inside the rings of Saturn and have the clearest picture yet of the planet’s giant magnetosphere, according to a mid-year report of the spacecraft published today in the journal Science.
		Among the 12 science instruments on the spacecraft is the Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument (MIMI) — developed by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) — which scientists are using to study the energetic charged particle environment at Saturn and obtain images of the ringed planet’s magnetosphere.
		The properties of the main radiation belts are perhaps among the more significant of the findings, says Dr. Doug Hamilton of the University of Maryland, College Park, who led the instrument team measuring the composition.
	www.jhuapl.edu /newscenter/pressreleases/2005/050225.htm (597 words)

	The Outer Radiation Belt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		The space probes Pioneer 3 and 4 detected a wide belt of trapped particles beyond the inner belt.
		The intensity contours drawn here (together with their trajectories through space) were derived from their observations and are banana-shaped, because they follow magnetic field lines to which the particles are attached.
		Whereas the inner belt is marked by great stability, the ring current and outer belt constantly change.
	www.geophys.washington.edu /Space/ESS205/Education/woutbelt.html (249 words)

	Radiation belts [Oulu] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Earth are called radiation (or van Allen) belts (Van Allen et al., 1958; Van Allen and Frank, 1959).
		The investigation of the Earth's radiation environment was one of the main tasks of the CRRES satellite.
		It has observed, for example, a rapid (1 min) formation of a new radiation belt due to a SSC on 24 March, 1991 (Vampola and Korth, 1992).
	www.oulu.fi /~spaceweb/textbook/radbelts.html (446 words)

	Saturn: Magnetic Field and Magnetosphere
		On their inner edge the radiation belts are terminated by the main (A, B and C) rings of Saturn, which absorb any particles that encounter them.
		This newly created plasma adds mass to the magnetospheric plasma, which attempts to circulate in the Saturnian magnetosphere at a velocity similar to that needed to remain stationary with respect to the rotating planet.
		Thus the interaction between the Saturn magnetosphere and the Titan atmosphere resembles the interaction of the solar wind with comets and with Venus (Kivelson and Russell, 1983).
	www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu /personnel/russell/papers/sat_mag.html (998 words)

	ScienceDaily: New magnetosphere data are obtained
		NASA Spacecraft To Study Impact Of Magnetic Storms (March 17, 2000) -- NASA is about to launch the first spacecraft dedicated to imaging the Earth's magnetosphere -- an invisible magnetic field surrounding the planet that is strongly influenced by the solar...
		Geomagnetic storm -- A geomagnetic storm is a temporary disturbance of the Earth's magnetosphere.
		Associated with solar coronal mass ejections, coronal holes, or solar flares, a geomagnetic storm is caused by a solar...
	www.sciencedaily.com /upi/index.php?feed=Science&article=UPI-1-20070315-08365000-bc-us-magnetosphere.xml (1576 words)

	Living With a Star Program
		Under the protective shield of its the magnetic field and atmosphere, the Earth is an island in the solar system where life has developed and flourished.
		Besides emitting a continuous stream of plasma called the solar wind, the Sun periodically releases billions of tons of matter in what are called coronal mass ejections.
		The term space weather generally refers to conditions on the Sun and in the solar wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere that can influence the performance and reliability of space-borne and ground-based technological systems and can endanger human life or health.
	lws.gsfc.nasa.gov (305 words)

	The Radiation Belt and Magnetosphere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		The intention of the book is amalgamate and sift through some 2500 articles since 1960 on this topic.
		Radiation Belts: Models and Standards (Geophysical Monograph, 97)
		Post-launch data analysis for the cosmic ray isotope experiment ONR-604 in the "Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite" (CRRES) final techni...
	www.freeglossary.com /The_Radiation_Belt_and_Magnetosphere (250 words)

	Moon landing hoax van allen radiation belt Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Moon Landing Hoax Van Allen Radiation Belt are great for when you're looking to get better at moon landing hoax van allen radiation belt for selfish purposes.
		If you need help locating moon landing hoax van allen radiation belt then you've come to the right place because we have all the moon landing hoax van allen radiation belt you could want.
		scientific establishments claim that beyond the van allen radiation belt the cosmic radiation...
	moon.5infolock4.info /moon-palace-resort/moon-landing-hoax-van-allen-radiation-belt.html (329 words)

	FAQ: "Exploration of the Earth's Magnetosphere"
		Radiation Belt and Brazil Space tether to remove trapped radiation?
		Was the magnetosphere involved in the hole in the ozone layer?
		Effects of Radiation beyond the Van Allen Belts
	www.phy6.org /Education/FAQsubj.html (441 words)

	The Outer Radiation Belt
		The intensity contours drawn here (together with the trajectories of the probes through space) were derived from their observations and are banana-shaped, because they follow magnetic field lines to which the particles are attached.
		The electric fields which inject the new particles can also draw oxygen ions upwards from the ionosphere, and the ring current contains such ions, typically a few percent of the total, more during magnetic storms.
		Effects of Radiation beyond the Van Allen Belts
	www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov /Education/woutbelt.html (248 words)

	Antiproton radiation belt produced by cosmic rays in the Earth magnetosphere
		We expect that the fluxes of magnetospheric antiprotons to be higher compared to the interstellar fluxes because the fluxes get accumulated due to confinement by the magnetic field of the Earth.
		We present the results of the computations of the antiproton fluxes at 50 MeV to several GeV energies due to the CR particle interactions with the matter in the interstellar space, and also with the residual atmosphere at altitudes of ∼1000 km over the Earth's surface.
		The estimates show that the magnetospheric antiproton fluxes are two orders of magnitude greater compared to the interstellar fluxes measured at energies < 1 GeV.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2003/2002GL016146.shtml (360 words)

	The Radiation Belt and Magnetosphere - Information
		Looking For the radiation belt and magnetosphere - Find the radiation belt and magnetosphere and more at Lycos Search.
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		See the original editable 'The Radiation Belt and Magnetosphere' article.
	www.logicjungle.com /wiki/The_Radiation_Belt_and_Magnetosphere (156 words)

	untitled
		The radiation is transmitted at a frequency which excites
		as in the case of the trapped belts in the magnetosphere.
		belts, is a region in which hydrostatic forces govern its
	www.carnicom.com /east1.htm (4271 words)

	magnetosphere - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Magnetosphere : From Stargazers to Starships Glossary [home, info]
		Magnetosphere : National Weather Service Glossary [home, info]
		Phrases that include magnetosphere: magnetosphere chronology, magnetosphere history, radiation belt and magnetosphere, the radiation belt and magnetosphere
	www.onelook.com /?w=magnetosphere (197 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Cassini \| Cassini spacecraft explores Saturn's radiation belts
		One week after the Huygens probe landed on Saturn's moon Titan, scientists hold a news conference to announce additional results and describe more pictures from the mission.
		Using an innovative camera on NASA's Cassini spacecraft, scientists have captured images of a radiation belt inside the rings of Saturn and have the clearest picture yet of the planet's giant magnetosphere, according to a mid-year report of the spacecraft published in the journal Science.
		The schematic (B) illustrates the process by which these atoms from Saturn¹s outer radiation belt populate the low altitude inner radiation belt.
	spaceflightnow.com /cassini/050227radiation.html (805 words)

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