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Topic: Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states

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Italian unification

Revolutions of 1848

The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states

Conclusions of the Revolutions of 1848

Papal States

The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas

Italian Independence wars

Risorgimento

Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour

The Revolutions of 1848 in France

Greater Poland Uprising 1848

	Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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		The most important were the kingdom of the Two Sicilies in the south, the Papal States and Tuscany in the center, and the kingdom of Sardinia in the island and in the northwest (the bulk of the kingdom actually consisted of what is now the Piedmont region).
		By March 1848 (when the last and most important of these constitutions - the Statuto Albertino - had emerged in Piedmont) all the Italian states (with the exception of the Austrian-ruled Lombardo-Veneto) had formally become parliamentary monarchies.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Italian_States (1589 words)

	Revolutions of 1848 - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The European Revolutions of 1848, in some countries known as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were the bloody consequences of a variety of changes that had been taking place in Europe in the first half of the 19th century.
		The result was a wave of revolution sweeping across Europe and raising hopes of liberal reform as far away as Brazil, where the rhetoric surrounding the Praieira revolt took many cues from European events, as did its thorough repression.
		The United States remained profoundly isolated, increasingly involved in its own expansion and social ills; there, after a summer of European revolutions, the Free Soil Party in the November presidential election sufficed only to divide Democrats and bring the apolitical slave-holding career soldier General Zachary Taylor into office.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Revolutions_of_1848 (503 words)

	Wikipedia: The Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian States
		As Germany, there was no "Italy" at the time of the Revolutions of 1848, but a hodge-podge of states, ruled by absolute monarchs, most as rotten as any other absolute state.
		Italy did have positive points over other states; even the poor often owned their own land, and women had higher status than elsewhere, taking part in public affairs.
		On November 15 1848, the Prime Minister of the Papal States was assassinated in Rome, and while a crime wave was avoided, no one, the Pope included, took charge, the Pope fleeing to Geata in the south.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/t/th/the_revolutions_of_1848_in_the_italian_states.html (1069 words)

	1848.html
		The revolts of 1848 were not triggered by one group or incident, but arose out of similarly bad conditions in all the European countries: severe food shortage, a commercial and industrial recession, and widespread unemployment.
		As a result, the revolutions of 1848 were generally failures, and did not succeed in establishing any genuinely liberal or national states.
		Italian hopes of liberalism and were organized around the papacy, and the ideal of a unified Italy (they had not been a unified country since the Roman Empire).
	www.loyno.edu /~seduffy/1848.html (2049 words)

	History Of Italy
		Political tensions in the Italian states arose primarily from the refusal of the restored Italian rulers to share power with the propertied classes, who were in large part landowners.
		In the revolutions that occurred in Naples in 1820 and in Piedmont in 1821, the demand was primarily for constitutional government.
		Besides their involvement in the issues of Trentino and Trieste, the natural sympathies of the Italians were enlisted on the side of the Allies because of what was portrayed as the brutal German aggression against Belgium, the atrocities committed by the Germans in the invaded countries, and the vandalism of the German troops.
	members.tripod.com /~worldsite/italy/history.html (18405 words)

	The Revolutions of 1848: Essay by Mike White
		he Revolutions of 1848 were a series of political and economic revolts that took place in Europe because of a recession and abuse of political power.
		What sparked these revolutions was the second revolution in France, which drove Louis Philippe from his throne and brought in a provisional government dedicated to a democratic franchise and "national workshops" to reduce unemployment.
		These revolutions all did one thing together; that the people did have the power to overtake the government and establish what they thought as the ideal government that was run by their constitution.
	www.pvhs.chico.k12.ca.us /~bsilva/projects/revs/rev_of_1848.htm (1142 words)

	Risorgimento. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Italian literature of this period, especially the novels of Alessandro Manzoni and the marchese d’Azeglio and the poetry of Ugo Foscolo and Giacomo Leopardi, did much to stimulate Italian nationalism.
		Meanwhile, revolutions were suppressed in Venice (under Daniele Manin), Parma, Modena, Tuscany, the Two Sicilies, and the Papal States, where a short-lived Roman Republic was proclaimed under the leadership of Mazzini.
		Italian unification was then complete, but unsatisfied nationalism continued to exist in the form of irredentism.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ri/Risorgim.html (805 words)

	H-Net Review: Paul Arpaia on The Revolutions in Europe 1848-1849. From Reform to Reaction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		If the revolutions of 1848 were autochthonous in nature and their outcomes varied from country to country, all of the revolutions shared common aspects.
		And, while he states that the presence of "urban guerrillas" in Milan made the revolt "one of the most extraordinary episodes" of the 1848 revolutions, he fails to compare this revolt with popular insurrections elsewhere in Europe, or at least, in Tuscany, Brescia and Genoa.
		In his analysis of the revolutions, Evans argues that the army was not the key to the survival of the monarchy.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=7807982605772 (1982 words)

	revolutions of 1848 on Encyclopedia.com
		In the German states, popular demonstrations and uprisings (Feb.-Mar., 1848) led to the dismissal of unpopular ministers and the calling of a national parliament (see Frankfurt Parliament) to draft a constitution for a united Germany.
		The revolutions of 1848 failed notably because three kinds of demands—social and economic, liberal, and national—were not easily reconciled.
		The results of the uprisings were the spread of parliamentary governments, the extension of manhood suffrage in France (and briefly in Austria), the abolition of manorialism in Central Europe, the beginnings of the German and Italian unification movements, and the establishment of Hungary as an equal partner with Austria under Hapsburg rule.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/r1/revol1848.asp (624 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		As for Germany, the French Revolution and Napoleon gave the first impetus to nationalist and liberal forces; On the one hand, Napoleon reduced the number of German states from over three hundred to thirty nine and grouped them into a Confederation of the Rhine.
		Nonetheless, Piedmont greatly increased her prestige among Italian nationalists and liberals for her brave fighting against Austria and her promulgation of a constitution in 1848.
		As such, the 1848 revolution failed to bring liberty or unity to Germany, as it had failed in Italy.
	www.thecorner.org /hists/assign/unif-compare.htm (1768 words)

	Revolutions of 1848 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		From 1848 to 1852, Europe was convulsed by a series of Revolutions which all ultimately failed by 1852 with the restoration of either dictatorship or the reestablishment of conservative rule.
		The revolutions started in a part of Italy in 1848, but the real spark was in France in 1848.
		This increased nationalism in March of 1848 led to riots and the ousting of Prince Klemens von Metternich and Ferdinand I, the Hapsburg Emperor.
	www.pvhs.chico.k12.ca.us /~bsilva/projects/revs/1848essy.html (332 words)

	SparkNotes: Europe (1848-1871): The Revolutions of 1848 (1848)
		The revolutions of 1848 were a "turning point in modern history that modern history failed to turn." Every one was an utter failure; though minor reforms emerged in the Germany provinces and in Prussia, the conservative regimes that canvassed Europe remained in power.
		PARGRAPH The year 1848 marked the end of the so-called "concert of Europe" that had been defined after the defeat of Napoleon in 1815 as a way to maintain the European balance of power by having the continent's major powers meet to resolve their differences and prevent aggression.
		After 1848, the European powers seemed incapable of united action to maintain the status quo, probably because the revolutions of 1848 weakened the regimes in the eyes of their people.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/1871/section1.html (1021 words)

	1848_webpage_2
		After 1848, Louis Napoleon broke the oath he agreed to "remain faithful to the democratic Republic and to defend the Constitution." He also got rid of Parliament and declared himself the ruler of France.
		In November, the appointed Prime Minister of the Papal States, Pelligrino Rossi was assassinated and the Pope fled to Genoa.
		In this primary source, Giuseppi Mazzini, Italian nationalist leader, states his views on nationality.This primary source was helpful in understanding some of the nationalistic ideas which caused the revolutions to occur at that particular time in history, and the motives behind the revolutions.
	nhs.needham.k12.ma.us /cur/Baker_00/2001_p2/baker_mc_sh_p2/1848_webpage_2.htm (1659 words)

	German American Corner: The Revolution of 1848
		The revolutions were initiated by members of the middle class and nobility who began demanding constitutional and representative governments, and by workers and peasants who revolted against developing capitalist practices that were resulting in greater poverty.
		Although governmental changes achieved by the revolutions of 1848 were short-lived, the revolutions influenced the course of European government in the long term by undermining the concept of absolute monarchy and establishing an impetus for liberalism and socialism.
		Although these revolutions in the German and Italian states failed, the movement for unification gained strength in later years-resulting in the unifying of Italy in 1861 and Germany in 1871.
	www.germanheritage.com /Essays/1848/the_revolutions_of_1848.html (865 words)

	The Italian Empire
		Revolutions in the Papal States caused the separation of Rome -- loyal to the Pope -- from the remainder of the Papal States, which joined the Italian nationalists.
		In 1874, the Italian states coalesced into the Italian Empire, a federal state on the model of Germany under the hereditary rule of the King of Piedmont-Sardinia.
		Italian culture also enjoyed a golden age, as the Futurists -- avant-garde artists and writers who hoped to renovate the ancient pieties of Italian culture along the streamlined and innovative lines of the new industrial world -- made themselves known worldwide as exciting innovators.
	www.ahtg.net /TpA/italemp.html (1108 words)

	g. The Italian States. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Lombardy and Venetia were annexed to Austria, and nine new or revived states were created: kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont), Modena, Parma, Lucca, Tuscany, Papal States, kingdom of Naples, republic of San Marino, and Monaco.
		Ferdinand promised a constitution (July 15) but was restored to his former position as a result of Austrian intervention under the Troppau Protocol (See 1820–21).
		Spurred by the Neapolitan Revolution, economic crisis, and resentment toward conscription and administrative reforms, craftsmen and workers rose in Palermo and demonstrated a violence toward the army not experienced in Naples.
	www.bartleby.com /67/1066.html (830 words)

	Hist143NineteenthCentury
		Hence: the Crimean War, 1853-1856, the Italian War against Austria, 1859, eventually the intervention in a Mexican quarrel, 1866-67, and ultimately the ill-fated declaration of war against Prussia in 1870 which led to his defeat and downfall.
		Italian developments: Liberals and nationalists in the separate and partly backward Italian states long to unify Italy, so that she can take her rightful place in the sun.
		German developments: The 1848 revolutions shook up the German liberals who wanted unification, teaching them that POWER is more important than some niggling devotion to constitutions, parliamentary power, etc., at least if you want to unify a modern country.
	artemis.austincollege.edu /acad/history/htooley/Hist14319thCen.html (663 words)

	AllRefer.com - revolutions of 1848 (Wars And Battles) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The stage was set when the unrest caused by the economic effects of severe crop failures in 1846–47 merged with the discontent caused by political repression of liberal and nationalist aspirations.
		In the German states, popular demonstrations and uprisings (Feb.–Mar., 1848) led to the dismissal of unpopular ministers and the calling of a national parliament (see Frankfurt Parliament) to draft a constitution for a united Germany.
		The revolutions of 1848 failed notably because three kinds of demands : social and economic, liberal, and national : were not easily reconciled.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/R/revol1848.html (505 words)

	Civil Liberties and the 1848 Revolutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Civil Liberties and the 1848 Revolutions The first reactions of the rulers of Europe to the revolutionary outbreaks of 1848 were panic and loss of nerve.
		Altogether, demands for constitutional government were granted during the early days of the 1848 revolution in the Austrian Empire, throughout the German and Italian states where it had not existed before, in Wallachia, and in Denmark, while existing constitutions were significantly liberalized in France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and many German states.
		Finally, in many ways the 1848 revolutions established a civil liberties agenda that was to play a major, and sometimes dominant role in European domestic politics for the next seventy years.
	cscwww.cats.ohiou.edu /~Chastain/ac/civillib.htm (1193 words)

	SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS, NATIONAL REVOLUTIONS (1830-1850) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In the early months of 1848, it seemed as though all Europe would be transformed by massive uprisings of liberals and radicals.
		Throughout most of Europe, the revolutions of 1848 were undone, at least constitutionally.
		Temporary though their successes were, the revolutions of 1848 revealed much about the way in which political life had been transformed by economic and social developments in the first half of the 19th century.
	www.unlv.edu /Faculty/gbrown/westernciv/wc201/wciv2c20/wciv2c20lsec0.html (122 words)

	Austria Sardinia Italian Independence War 1848-1849
		The first battle, on July 24, 1848, was a crushing defeat for the forces of Charles Albert, king of Sardinia-Piedmont, at the hands of the 82-year-old Austrian veteran of the Napoleonic Wars, Field Marshal Joseph Radetzky.
		Battle of Novara, (March 23, 1849), battle of the first Italian War of Independence in which 70,000 Austrian troops under Field Marshal Joseph Radetzky thoroughly defeated 100,000 poorly trained Italian troops (not all of whom were actually employed in the battle) under Charles Albert, king of Sardinia-Piedmont.
		This new defeat, a result of Radetzky's military superiority and Piedmont's lack of support from the smaller Italian states, led to a treaty on Aug. 9, 1849, which included an indemnity of 65 million francs to be paid to Austria.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/india/italy1848.htm (734 words)

	NWSA Journal--The Lid Comes Off: International Radical Feminism and the Revolutions of 1848
		By the outbreak of the 1848 revolutions, scores of feminists in Europe and the United States read the same literature, shared a common discourse and set of expectations, and had woven close personal connections to each other.
		The United States was the first nation to recognize the French Republic and, throughout the spring, celebrations of reformers and immigrants took place from New York to New Orleans.
		This "year of revolution" has a feminist dimension, which can no longer be left out of accounts of its events, whether on the national or the international level.
	iupjournals.org /nwsa/nws10-2.html (4384 words)

	SparkNotes: Europe (1848-1871): Italian Unification (1848-1870)
		Garibaldi, supported by his legion of Red Shirts-- mostly young Italian democrats who used the 1848 revolutions as a opportunity for democratic uprising--failed in the face of the resurgence of conservative power in Europe.
		In 1855, as prime minister of Sardinia, he involved the kingdom on the British and French side of the Crimean War, using the peace conference to give international publicity to the cause of Italian unification.
		Garibaldi was forced to use his own grassroots strength, empowered by young Italian democrats interested in an idealistic future for their nation.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/1871/section3.rhtml (834 words)

	OpinionJournal - Featured Article
		One of the principal leaders of the Supreme Islamic Council for Revolution in Iraq, Sheikh Hamam Hammoudi, an elegant, thoughtful cleric in his early 50s, brushed aside the talk of a Shia theocracy.
		He wanted no theocratic state in Iraq: Islam, he said, would be "a source" of legislation, but the content of politics would be largely secular.
		There is to this moment of Arab history the feel of a re-enactment of Europe's Revolution of 1848--the springtime of peoples: That revolution broke out in France, then spread to the Italian states, to the German principalities, to the remotest corners of the Austrian empire.
	www.opinionjournal.com /editorial/feature.html?id=110006721 (2060 words)

	Revolutions of 1848: Handbook
		However, this ‘system’ came under increasing pressure in some areas from liberal and nationalist movements; the widespread economic crisis of the mid 1840s increased popular discontent, until the ‘old order’ suddenly appeared to be swept away in a serious of revolutions in the first quarter of 1848.
		The divisions and uncertainties among the ‘revolutionaries’ soon became apparent: some, primarily middle-class liberals, were concerned mainly with limited political reform, others saw the establishment of nation-states as the first priority, whereas yet other, more radical, participants saw the opportunity for a fundamental re-structuring of the social and economic order.
		Does this mean, however, that the revolutions of 1848 were simply failures, representing ‘the turning point at which history failed to turn?
	www.gla.ac.uk /centres/tltphistory/hcc/1848/syllabus/handbook.htm (1247 words)

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