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Topic: The Second Treatise of Civil Government

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	Second Treatise on Government (Chapter VIII)
		Government is everywhere antecedent to records, and letters seldom come in amongst a people till a long continuation of civil society has, by other more necessary arts, provided for their safety, ease, and plenty.
		But it is plain governments themselves understand it otherwise; they claim no power over the son because of that they had over the father; nor look on children as being their subjects, by their fathers being so.
		And thus we see that foreigners, by living all their lives under another government, and enjoying the privileges and protection of it, though they are bound, even in conscience, to submit to its administration as far forth as any denizen, yet do not thereby come to be subjects or members of that commonwealth.
	libertyonline.hypermall.com /Locke/second/second-8.html (2668 words)

	BY: Seth Heath
		In a civil society it is necessary for all the people within that society to forfeit the “natural power” innate in all men to the state.
		Fourth, that the government, representing the people, has the power to administer the laws and rules of that community in protection of the people in the community, this is where he derives justification for war.
		For the people of the civil/political society have, “given a right to the commonwealth to employ his (their) force, for the executions of the judgment of the commonwealth, whenever he (they) shall be called to it.”(Cohen, 39) This duty of the citizen to defend the rules and laws of society affects all people within it.
	www.swheath.com /doc/lockeeval.htm (2170 words)

	[No title]
		The same measures governed the possession of land too: whatsoever he tilled and reaped, laid up and made use of, before it spoiled, that was his peculiar right; whatsoever he enclosed, and could feed, and make use of, the cattle and product was also his.
		The law, that was to govern Adam, was the same that was to govern all his posterity, the law of reason.
		For all the ends of marriage being to be obtained under politic government, as well as in the state of nature, the civil magistrate cloth not abridge the right or power of either naturally necessary to those ends, viz.
	www.ilt.columbia.edu /academic/digitexts/locke/second/locke2nd.txt (7590 words)

	Amazon.com: Second Treatise of Government: Books: John Locke (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In his book, Second Treatise of Government, John Locke (1632 - 1704) writes that all humans are born equal with the same ability to reason for themselves, and because of this, government should have limitations to ensure that people are free from the arbitrary will of another person, according to the laws of nature.
		Locke writes the "Second Treatise of Government" to justify the Revolt of 1688 and the ascension of William of Orange to the English throne.
		Although he believed that government should not be changed lightly or on a whim, and believed that the ruler must violate the contract and usurp power, he nevertheless pointed out that government is of men, not God or gods.
	www.amazon.com /Second-Treatise-Government-John-Locke/dp/0915144867 (2209 words)

	The Second Treatise on Civil Government (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Endeavoring to reconstruct the nature and purpose of government, a social contract theory is proposed.
		The Second Treatise sets forth a detailed discussion of how civil society came to be and the nature of its inception.
		Locke's discussion of tacit consent, separation of powers, and the right of citizens to revolt against repressive governments, has made the Second Treatise one of the most influential essays in the history of political philosophy.
	www.evolvefish.com /fish/product981.html (71 words)

	John Locke′s Second Treatise on Government
		To inform the mind, and govern the actions of their yet ignorant nonage, till reason shall take its place and ease them of that trouble, is what the children want, and the parents are bound to.
		The freedom of a man at years of discretion, and the subjection of a child to his parents, whilst yet short of it, are so consistent and so distinguishable that the most blinded contenders for monarchy, "by right of fatherhood," cannot miss of it; the most obstinate cannot but allow of it.
		The government they had been under during it continued still to be more their protection than restraint; and they could nowhere find a greater security to their peace, liberties, and fortunes than in the rule of a father.
	www.jim.com /2ndtreat.htm (10350 words)

	Two Treatises of Government - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Second Treatise is often cited as a manifesto for liberal democracy and capitalism, and so has been alternately praised and vilified, depending on one's point of view.
		Locke claims in the Preface to the work that its purpose is to justify William of Orange's ascension to the throne of England after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, though recent scholarship has suggested that the bulk of the writing was completed between 1679-1682.
		The Second Treatise is often taken as a refutation of Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan, the latter's support of absolute monarchism seemingly antithetical to Locke's ideal majoritarian government.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Second_Treatise_on_Civil_Government (3575 words)

	Human Rights & Human Diversity -- Foundation: Unit II. What Are Human Rights and Where Do They Come From? -- John ...
		Locke’s most important piece of political philosophy is his Second Treatise of Civil Government: Written by John Locke and first published in 1689, this book argues that people are equal and invested with natural rights that may not be infringed upon by government.',event)" onMouseOut="popupoff()" class="glossterm">Second Treatise of Civil Government.
		Locke knew that that it was necessary to have a powerful government in order to maintain enough stability to keep people from taking the law into their own hands and harming one another.
		But he was dissatisfied because he found this type of government was also oppressive, exercising absolute power over people and depriving them of the liberties and freedoms that he believed all people had by nature.
	www.unl.edu /HumanR/teach/01/0102/0102_04.htm (303 words)

	Locke, Two Treatises of Government (1689, 1764 ed.): The Online Library of Liberty
		Reader, thou hast here the beginning and end of a discourse concerning government; what fate has otherwise disposed of the papers that should have filled up the middle, and were more than all the rest, it is not worth while to tell thee.
		Men are not born free, and therefore could never have the liberty to choose either governors, or forms of government.
		If this be the original grant of government, as our author tells us, and Adam was now made monarch, whatever Sir Robert would have him, it is plain, God made him but a very poor monarch, such an one, as our author himself would have counted it no great privilege to be.
	oll.libertyfund.org /Texts/Locke0154/TwoTreatises/0057_Bk.html (7612 words)

	Selections from John Locke at conservativeforum.org
		The great question which, in all ages, has disturbed mankind and brought on them the greatest part of their mischiefs, which has ruined cities, depopulated countries and disordered the peace of the world has been, not whether there be power in the world, nor whence it came, but who should have it.
		The great and chief end, therefore, of men uniting into commonwealths, and putting themselves under government, is the preservation of their property; to which in the state of Nature there are many things wanting.
		The State of Nature has a Law of Nature to govern it, which obliges every one: And Reason, which is that Law, teaches all Mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his Life, Health, Liberty, or Possessions.
	www.conservativeforum.org /authquot.asp?ID=573 (247 words)

	John Locke / On Conquest (from the Second Treatise of Civil Government)
		From all which it follows that the government of a conqueror, imposed by force on the subdued, against whom he had no right of war, or who joined not in the war against him, where he had right, has no obligation upon them.
		But let us suppose that all the men of that community being all members of the same body politic, may be taken to have joined in that unjust war, wherein they are subdued, and so their lives are at the mercy of the conqueror.
		But if he disclaim the lawful government of the country he was born in, he must also quit the right that belonged to him, by the laws of it, and the possessions there descending to him from his ancestors, if it were a government made by their consent.
	www.cooperativeindividualism.org /locke_on_conquest.html (2914 words)

	John Locke Bibliography--Part I -- Two treatises of government
		100 Two treatises of government: in the former, the false principles, and foundation of Sir Robert Filmer, and his followers, are detected and overthrown.
		101 Two treatises of government: in the former, the false principles, and foundation of Sir Robert Filmer, and his followers, are detected and overthrown.
		Paragraphs 87, 95-97, 131, 135-136, and 142 of the Second treatise.
	www.libraries.psu.edu /tas/locke/ch0c.html (3537 words)

	Second Treatise of Civil Government by John Locke
		Reader, thou hast here the beginning and end of a discourse concerning government; what fate has otherwise disposed ofthe papers that should have filled up the middle, and were more than all the rest, it is not worth while to tell thee.
		It is true, in land that is common in England, or any other country, where there is plenty of people under government, who have money and commerce, no one can inclose or appropriate any part, without the consent of all his fellow-commoners; because this is left common by compact, i.e.
		This left no room for controversy about the title, nor for encroachment on the right of others; what portion a man carved to himself, was easily seen; and it was useless, as well as dishonest, to carve himself too much, or take more than he needed.
	www.orst.edu /instruct/phl302/texts/locke/locke2/locke2nd-a.html (3901 words)

	The Second Treatise of Civil Government, by John Locke (chapter17) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		AS conquest may be called a foreign usurpation, so usurpation is a kind of domestic conquest, with this difference, that an usurper can never have right on his side, it being no usurpation, but where one is got into the possession of what another has right to.
		This, so far as it is usurpation, is a change only of persons, but not of the forms and rules of the government: for if the usurper extend his power beyond what of right belonged to the lawful princes, or governors of the commonwealth, it is tyranny added to usurpation.
		Hence all commonwealths, with the form of government established, have rules also of appointing those who are to have any share in the public authority, and settled methods of conveying the right to them.
	www.angelfire.com /blog2/ir/Locke/chapter17.html (181 words)

	[No title]
		The great and chief end, therefore, of men's uniting into commonwealths, and putting themselves under government, is the preservation of their property.
		The inconveniencies that they are therein exposed to, by the irregular and uncertain exercise of the power every man has of punishing the transgressions of others, make them take sanctuary under the established laws of government, and therein seek the preservation of their property.
		And were it not for the corruption and viciousness of degenerate men, there would be no need of any other; no necessity that men should separate from this great and natural community, and by positive agreements combine into smaller and divided associations.
	homepages.wmich.edu /~hbaker/locketreatiseexcerpt.doc (381 words)

	Professor Peter Woll's 14b Student Study Guide chapts. 1-3
		Legitimate government is based on consent, and it remains legitimate only insofar as it furthers these ends (protection of life, liberty and property}.
		If government violates the trust placed by the people, then "the people shall judge." (In other words, there is a right to revolution against illegitimate government).
		Grodzins looks behind the formal notion of "separate levels" of government (a layer cake), to the informal arrangements by which all levels are simultaneously involved in the governmental process (a marble cake).
	www.unet.brandeis.edu /~woll/pol14b2.htm (2219 words)

	Gun-control and Freedom
		John Locke, known as the intellectual father of America, conceived of a three branch system of government and the idea that the power of government rested on the consent of the governed.
		Speaking of the power of the legislature, Locke wrote "Their power, in the utmost bounds of it, is limited to the public good of the society." (The Second Treatise of Civil Government, Chapter XI Section 135).
		The government has an obligation to protect people’s fundamental rights such as the right to live.
	www.guninformation.org /freedom.html (500 words)

	State of nature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		John Locke further explores the state of nature in his Second Treatise on Civil Government written just prior to England's Glorious Revolution of 1688.
		Locke argued that unlimited government leads to abuses and that government should be from the people and that it should be limited so as not to violate the natural rights of people.
		In Hobbes's view, once a civil government is instituted, the state of nature has disappeared between individuals because of the civil power which exists to enforce contracts.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Natural_condition_of_mankind (829 words)

	Amazon.com: The Second Treatise on Civil Government (Great Books in Philosophy): Books: John Locke (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Though his critique of Filmer's `Patriarcha' is primarily addressed in the First Treatise and only summed up in the first chapter of the Second Treatise, his ideas of the `tabula rasa,' refuting the divine right of Kings is the foundation of the essay.
		It is the account of nature and origin of property, which leads to the explanation of why civil government replaces the state of nature.
		The main ideas of the book are that government exists by the consent of the governed who found government for the purpose of securing their lives, rights and property.
	amazon.com /Second-Treatise-Government-Great-Philosophy/dp/0879753374 (2685 words)

	Locke's Government
		When governments fail in that task, citizens have the right--and sometimes the duty--to withdraw their support and event to rebel.
		The first major relationship between Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence and Locke’s Second Treatise is that they both believe in the State of Nature and use it as the basis of their governments.
		It is very clear that both works on how government should and should not be are similar and that Jefferson was greatly influenced by Locke’s, The Second Treatise on Civil Government, when he wrote the Declaration of Independence.
	www.freeessays.cc /db/38/pbk33.shtml (1131 words)

	Treatise of Civil Government and a Letter Concerning Toleration by John Locke, New, Used Books, Cheap Prices, ISBN ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Treatise of Civil Government and a Letter Concerni...
		Second Treatise of Government and a Letter Concern...
		Locke's Second treatise of civil government: An es...
	www.bookfinder4u.com /detail/0891975195.html (338 words)

	The Second Treatise of Civil Government, by John Locke (chapter7)
		The Second Treatise of Civil Government, by John Locke (chapter7)
		GOD having made man such a creature, that in his own judgment, it was not good for him to be alone, put him under strong obligations of necessity, convenience, and inclination to drive him into society, as well as fitted him with understanding and language to continue and enjoy it.
		(**Civil law being the act of the whole body politic, cloth therefore over-rule each several part of the same body.
	etext.library.adelaide.edu.au /l/locke/john/l81s/chapter7.html (1022 words)

	John Locke's Second Treatise on Government
		[Editor's Acknowledgement: This version of Locke's second treatise was originally prepared by the Constitution Society, and their permission to reprint is gratefully acknowledged.]
		It is true, in land that is common in England, or any other country, where there is plenty of people under government, who have money and commerce, no one can inclose or appropriate any part, without the consent of all his fellowcommoners; because this is left common by compact, i.e.
		For all the ends of marriage being to be obtained under politic government, as well as in the state of nature, the civil magistrate doth not abridge the right or power of either naturally necessary to those ends, viz.
	www.tax.org /Museum/Docs/LockeSecondTreatise.htm (5982 words)

	Two Treatises of Government
		"Peter Laslett's edition of Locke's Two Treatises of Government is widely recognised as one of the classic pieces of recent scholarship in the history of ideas, and has been read and used by students of politcal theory throughout the world.
		John Locke's second treatise Of Civil Government is one of the cardinal works of English political philosophy and directly related to the forming of our Constitution.
		An Englishman, Locke's notions of a "government with the consent of the governed" and man's natural rights—life, liberty, and estate (property)—had an enormous influence on the development of political philosophy.
	www.ou.edu /cas/psc/booklocke.htm (405 words)

	John Locke - Second Treatise on Government (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Chapter VII - Of Political or Civil Society
		Chapter IX - Of the Ends of Political Society and Government
		Chapter XIX - Of the Dissolution of Government
	libertyonline.hypermall.com /Locke/second/second-frame.html (114 words)

	SparkNotes: Locke's Second Treatise on Civil Government: Context
		Much Enlightenment philosophy is based on Locke's writings, particularly his adherence to rationality and his refutation of the importance of innate personal traits in favor of experience in shaping personality.
		Two years earlier, in 1688, the very unpopular King James II had been ousted in favor of King William the III and his wife Queen Mary in the Glorious Revolution, with the help of a group of wealthy noblemen known as the Whigs.
		The Second Treatise of Government, subtitled An Essay Concerning the True Original Extent and End of Civil Government, stands today as an extremely influential work that shaped political philosophy and provided a basis for later political doctrines, such as those set forth in the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution.
	www.sparknotes.com /philosophy/locke/context.html (562 words)

	The Second Treatise on Civil Government Locke, John- Textbook - Bookbyte.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Second Treatise on Civil Government Locke, John- Textbook - Bookbyte.com
		The Second Treatise on Civil Government by Locke, John
		The Second Treatise of Government and a Letter Concerning Toleration
	www.bookbyte.com /product.aspx?isbn=0879753374 (82 words)

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