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Topic: The Secret History of the Mongols

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	Mongols
		There is no Buddhist influence in the Secret History, its language has not been touched by the literary and historiographical conventions of Tibet, its poetry reflects the pure, unmitigated tradition of the nomadic tribes of Mongolia and of the Turkic- and Mongolian-speaking inhabitants of the vast steppelands of Inner Asia.
		Secret History is and remains a true and original Mongol product, unique of its kind, for no other nomadic or semi-nomadic people has ever created a literary masterpiece like it, in which epic poetry and narrative are so skilfully and indeed artistically blended with fictional and historical accounts.
		The value of the Secret History as a historical source and the literature on the subject are also adequately dealt with.
	www.wordtrade.com /history/asia/mongolsR.htm (2590 words)

	Mongols. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		The origin of the Mongols is obscure, but it is believed that many of the so-called Huns, who invaded Europe, as well as the Khitan, who founded a dynasty (916–1125) in N China, may have been Mongols.
		From their capital at Karakorum the Mongol hordes swept W into Europe and E into China, and by c.1260 the sons of Jenghiz Khan ruled a far-flung Eurasian empire that was divided into four khanates.
		and tr., The Secret History of the Mongols (1982).
	www.bartleby.com /65/mo/Mongols.html (423 words)

	Mongol Arms
		The Mongols themselves, in order to maintain their mobility, were lightly armored compared to many of the armies they faced.
		In The Secret History of the Mongols, this procedure is demonstrated on several occasions.
		In addition, since the Mongols could usually unite their forces before the enemy was cognizant of all of the different invasion forces, the Mongols were better able to conceal their troop strengths.
	www.accd.edu /sac/history/keller/Mongols/empsub2.html (2333 words)

	The Secret History of the Mongols Homepage
		Very important works were the dictionary of the language of the Secret History of the Mongols (Haenisch E. 1962) and the index to the manuscript compiled by Igor de Rachewiltz (1972).
		The Secret History of the Mongols; The Origins of Chingis Khan: An Adaptation of the Yuan Ch'ao Pi Shih, Based Primarily on the English Translation by Francis Woodman Cleaves.
		Gumilyov L.N. The Secret and the Official History of the Mongols in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries.
	altaica.narod.ru /shengl.htm (566 words)

	Royalty.nu - Royal History of the Mongols, Genghis Khan, Mongolia
		The History of the Mongol Conquests by J. Saunders.
		The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century translated by Igor De Rachewiltz.
		History of the Tartars in East Asia from the 15th century B.C. through the 12th century A.D., when they were conquered by Genghis Khan.
	www.royalty.nu /Asia/Mongolia.html (1598 words)

	Sources on the Rise of Chinggis Qan
		The Secret History, besides being the official biography of Chinggis Qan and the founding legend of the Mongol people and their empire, also served as a charter of nobility for the descendants of those who gave significant support to Temujin in his rise to power.
		Perhaps the most important respect in which the Secret History is problematic is the way it treats the major figures whose relationship to Temujin during his rise to power reflected badly on the future Qan.
		By this account, the Secret History was kept secret primarily because even after tampering it did not sufficiently reinforce the Toluid claims, and not because Mongol secrets were being hidden from the Chinese.
	www.idiocentrism.com /turan.sources.htm (1802 words)

	The Secret History of the Mongols and Western Literature
		Several passages in the Secret History make it clear that the difficulties in the anda relationship are all over the issue of equality.
		Secret History #246; the original promise is at SH #204.
		Onon, Urgunge (tr.), The Secret History of the Mongols, E. Brill, Leiden, 1990.
	www.idiocentrism.com /turan.anecdote.htm (3352 words)

	Mongols - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Mongols, Asian people, numbering about 6 million and distributed mainly in the Republic of Mongolia, the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China, and Kalmykia and the Buryat Republic of Russia.
		The origin of the Mongols is obscure, but it is believed that many of the so-called Huns, who invaded Europe, as well as the Khitan, who founded a dynasty (916-1125) in N China, may have been Mongols.
		The mamluks: James Waterson introduces the slave warriors of medieval Islam who overthrew their masters, defeated the Mongols and the Crusaders and established a dynasty that lasted three hundred years.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Mongols.html (920 words)

	Genghis Khan
		The fact that Genghis Khan was able to command a place in history is perhaps more amazing than the deeds that earned him fame as much of his life prior to 1200 was fraught with hardship.
		Mongol armies had clashed with those of Khwarazm earlier in 1218 when Genghis Khan's son Jochi and a general (Jebe) completed the conquest of Qara-Kitai, which was to the northeast of Khwarazm.
		From 1219 to 1222, the Mongols waged a war in central Asia and destroyed the Khwarazmian Empire.
	www.accd.edu /sac/history/keller/Mongols/empsub1.html (1048 words)

	De Rachewiltz-Secret History of the Mongols
		Rachewiltz’s new edition of The Secret History of the Mongols is a substantial addition to the scholarship of the Mongol Empire, not only in terms of finally being published in a book format, but also the improvements to the translation.
		The introduction alone is a boon to the historiography of the Mongol Empire.
		For the readers of this journal, the value of SHM is clearly in the development of the Mongol military as well as the extension of power through conquest.
	www.deremilitari.org /REVIEWS/Rachewiltz_Mongols.htm (1363 words)

	History @ Oregon ::Spring 2004 Courses
		The Mongols swept out of the steppes under the leadership of Genghis Khan in the first decades of the thirteenth century and managed to create a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-religious empire that was the largest contiguous empire in world history.
		How the Mongols accumulated their empire, how they organized their armies, how they ruled (especially with such a small Mongol population), their impact on different societies, and any legacy, continues to intrigue.
		Mongol Imperialism: the policies of the Grand Qan Mongke in China, Russia, and the Islamic lands, 1251-1259.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~history/courses/spring2004/407mongolgoble.htm (1553 words)

	Mongols & Mongolians - Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China -- Research Into Origins Of Huns, ...
		That's why historians also disputed Secret History's claim that Yisugei took home Tatar clan leader as a prisoner and applied to his son the same name as the Tatar chief (in AD 1167?, year uncertain being reasonable in that the nomads did not have calendar).
		After Mongols left, Tanguts, angry that the Jurchens did not come to their aid, broke the peace treaty with the Jurchens which had been effective as of AD 1165, and a new treaty would not be signed till AD 1225 when they faced new waves of Mongol attackes.
		By 1218, the Mongol state extended as far west as Lake Balkash and adjoined Khwarizm, a Muslim state that reached the Caspian Sea in the west and the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea in the south.
	www.republicanchina.org /Mongols.html (13804 words)

	The Mongols in World History \| Asia Topics in World History
		To the Mongols, however, Chinggis Khan is a great national hero who united all the Mongol tribes and carved out the largest contiguous land empire in world history.
		The Secret History of the Mongols is one that presents a contemporaneous Mongol perspective.
		His work is generally judicious — it is (in his own words) "on the one hand, [a] candid recital of Mongol atrocities, [a] lament for the extinction of learning, [a] thinly veiled criticism of the conquerors and...
	www.columbia.edu /itc/eacp/japanworks/mongols/figures/figu_geng_myth.htm (390 words)

	Mongolia Today - online magazine \| Treasure books
		Mongols, fond of books, paid special attention to the style and the beauty of book designs and did not save money to produce special editions lavishly decorated with gold and precious stones, or covered with color silks.
		Nuuts Tovchoo (The Secret History of the Mongols) is an outstanding historical, cultural and literary monument written by an unknown author around 1240.
		The first attempt to publish the books was taken in 13th century, but the turbulent history of that time did not allow to accomplish such a grand undertaking as Ganjuur alone consists of 108 volumes with 1162 chapters.
	www.mongoliatoday.com /issue/6/nomadic_books.html (918 words)

	The Secret History of the Mongols - Nov. 16, 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		The Secret History of the Mongols - Nov. 16, 2003
		In short, Buddha's name be praised, the Mongols have produced a "head" album that's not afraid to rock.
		The Mongols are also not, repeat, not Buendia's back-up band.
	www.inq7.net /mag/2003/nov/16/mag_1-1.htm (546 words)

	CA 54: The Mongols: BIBLIOGRAPHY & PICTURES
		Saunders, John J. The History of the Mongol Conquests, Barnes and Noble, New York, 1971.
		The Secret History of the Mongols, An Adaptation of the Yuan Ch'ao Pi Shih,based on the English translation of F. Cleaves, by Paul Kahn, North Point Press, San Francisco, 1984.
		History of the Mongols, translated from the German by H. and S. Drummond, Dorset Press, New York, 1988.
	members.tripod.com /~whitebard/bibli54.htm (390 words)

	Buryat History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		The Secret History of the Mongols mentions that Kutula was elected khan of the Mongols at a huriltai (tribal council) held in the Onon River valley.
		The Secret History tells that his elevation to khan was celebrated with the traditional Buryat yohor dance, which lasted all night.
		As the Secret History of the Mongols shows, the region known as Buryatia today was important in Mongolian history up to the time of the Great Mongolian Empire.
	www.buryatmongol.com /history.html (3755 words)

	The Secret History of the Mongols
		It is often said that history is written by the victors but in the case of the Mongols, this is really not the case.
		It is the Secret History of the Mongols and it was written most probably either in 1228 or 1240.
		The script that was adopted - for there was no need for the Mongols to invent their own when so many conquered peoples could supply something ready made for them - was the Sogdian, which had been prevalent in Central Asia for hundreds of years and was widely understood by merchants travelling the region.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/east_asian_history/115388 (420 words)

	Asian History
		Secret Societies Of The Middle Ages: The Assassins, Templars and the Secret Tribunals of Westphalia by Thomas Keightley, James Wasserman (Weiser Books) explores the foundations of modern secret societies, examining the history and known facts of three very different organizations.
		Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History by Romila Thapar (Verso) An explosive account, drawing together and placing in context the many interpretations of a pivotal moment in Indian history, which dispels the myths and inventions of Hindu nationalism.
		Religion, Society, and Modernity in Turkey by Serif Mardin (Modern Intellectual and Political History of the Middle East: Syracuse University Press) A selection of the finest essays by Serif Mardin, offering a historical and cultural analysis of the late Ottoman period and Republican Turkey.
	www.wordtrade.com /history/asia (384 words)

	Mongol history and chronology from ancient times
		In this context it must not be forgotten that the Yuan Dynasty was Mongol, a fact which in addition to the effects of the long-standing contacts between the Chinese and the Mongol nations, would facilitate the writing of a truthful translation of Mongol history.
		Since these passages are placed on the opening lines of the secret history of the Mongols, constituting the story of their creation, it reveals much about their spiritual foundation, and indeed of the spiritual foundations of Chingis Khan.
		Yeh-lu Chu'tsai was descended from Mongols who, in the tenth and eleventh centuries had entered the service of the Liao state, which came into existence during the ninth century as an offspring of a culture which originated as a result of contacts between Mongol pastoralists and Chinese farmers.
	www.coldsiberia.org /webdoc3.htm (9052 words)

	ancient mongols - Books, journals, articles @ The Questia Online Library
		THE MONGOLS THE MONGOLS A History Jeremiah Curtin With a foreword by THEODORE...Cataloging-in-Publication Data Curtin, Jeremiah, 1835-1906.
		The Mongols : a history / Jeremiah Curtin.
		The Mongols superior weaponry, tactics...tried to negotiate with the Mongols, arguing against further attempts...Second Battle of Hakata Bay, the Mongols were driven back to their ships...
	www.questia.com /search/ancient-mongols (1769 words)

	BRILL
		Igor De Rachewiltz, Ph.D. (1961) in Chinese History, The Australian National University, has published extensively on the political and cultural history of China and Mongolia in the 12th-14th centuries, and on Sino-Mongolian philology.
		The 13th century Secret History of the Mongols, covering the great Činggis Qan’s (1162-1227) ancestry and life, stands out as a literary monument of first magnitude.
		Written partly in prose and partly in epic poetry, it is the major native source on Činggis Qan, also dealing with part of the reign of his son and successor Ögödei (r.1229-41).
	www.brill.nl /m_catalogue_sub6_id11381.htm (455 words)

	AGE OF MONGOLIAN EMPIRE:
		Less successful was a general history in English, by Henry H. Howorth (History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century, London: Longmans, Green, and Company, 1876-1927), since Howorth was unable to read his primary sources in the original languages.
		Haenisch, although not the first to reconstruct the Mongolian text of the Secret History of the Mongols from Chinese transcription (he was proceeded by Paul Pelliot in France), still produced a valuable edition of the text and a dictionary of the Mongolian words occurring in it4, among many works.
		Cleaves was also the author of a translation of the Secret History of the Mongols, although it is in a particularly obscure language and is difficult to read and lacks a promised volume of notes.
	www.silk-road.com /newsletter/volumeonenumberone/age.html (7171 words)

	Medieval Naming Guides: Mongol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		The Mongols ruled a vast area of land, stretching from Russia and the Middle East to China.
		More information about Turkic and Central Asian naming practices, which are related to the naming practices of some of the Mongols, may be found in the Islamic and Central Asian sections of this Archive.
		Another translation of this source, Francis Woodman Cleaves, The Secret History of the Mongols, was published by Harvard University Press, 1982.
	www.s-gabriel.org /names/mongol.shtml (361 words)

	From The Secret History of the Mongols
		The Mongols were illiterate before the time of Chingis Khan, who adopted the script of the Uighurs, one of the more literate peoples of the steppe.
		Because so much about the Mongols was written by their literate enemies, The Secret History is an invaluable resource: It is clearly an "insider's" account of the early years of Mongol expansion.
		The Mongols forced their scouts back on to the forward lines, and then their forward lines back on to the main army, and drove tightly knit formations of horsemen again and again into the Naiman ranks.
	www.macalester.edu /~cuffel/mongols.htm (5208 words)

	Mongolian History Resources
		History of the Mongols, Genghis Khan – Chinggis Khan,
		History of Galicia and Volhynia; Relations of Leo of Galicia with Khan Telebuga of the Golden Horde
		Monument to the Secret History of the Mongols in Mongolia
	www.mongolianculture.com /MongolianHistoryResourc.html (1595 words)

	Mongols & Mongolians - Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China -- Research Into Origins Of Huns, ...
		That's why historians also disputed Secret History's claim that Yisugei took home Tatar clan leader as a prisoner and applied to his son the same name as the Tatar chief (in AD 1167?, year uncertain being reasonable in that the nomads did not have calendar).
		After Mongols left, Tanguts, angry that the Jurchens did not come to their aid, broke the peace treaty with the Jurchens which had been effective as of AD 1165, and a new treaty would not be signed till AD 1225 when they faced new waves of Mongol attackes.
		By 1218, the Mongol state extended as far west as Lake Balkash and adjoined Khwarizm, a Muslim state that reached the Caspian Sea in the west and the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea in the south.
	www.uglychinese.org /mongolian.htm (13892 words)

	Used Textbooks, College & Cheap Textbooks, Textbook Buyback - Secret History of the Mongols: The Origin of Chingis ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		This adaptation of what is recognized today as the oldest Mongolian text (written two decades after Chingis Khan`s death) tells the Mongols` own version of the origin of their nation, the life of Chingis Khan, and the creation of an empire that stretched across Eurasia in the 13th century.
		The Secret History is a record of the Mongolian Royal families, which is thought to have been written during the thirteenth century.
		The Secret History of the Mongols is one of the most important primary source for study of Mongol history and Chingis Khan.
	www.campusbooks.com /books/details.php?ISBN=0887272991 (409 words)

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