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Topic: The Significance of the Frontier in American History

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	Modern History Sourcebook: Frederick Jackson Turner: The Significance of the Frontier in American History, 1893
		The fall line marked the frontier of the seventeenth century; the Alleghanies that of the eighteenth; the Mississippi that of the first quarter of the nineteenth; the Missouri that of the middle of this century (omitting the California movement); and the belt of the Rocky Mountains and the arid tract, the present frontier.
		The first frontier had to meet its Indian question, its question of the disposition of the public domain, of the means of intercourse with older settlements, of the extension of political organization, of religious and educational activity.
		It is evident that the farming frontier of the Mississippi Valley presents different conditions from the mining frontier of the Rocky Mountains.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/1893turner.html (3695 words)

	Frontier Thesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Frontier Thesis or Turner Thesis is the conclusion of Frederick Jackson Turner that the wellsprings of American exceptionalism and vitality have always been the American frontier, the region between urbanized, civilized society and the untamed wilderness.
		The Canadian political thinker Charles Blattberg has developed an interesting contrast between the American frontier process as described by Turner and the notion that, in Canada, settlement is best described as having involved the moving of a "border" from east to west.
		According to Blattberg, a border assumes a significantly sharper contrast between the civilized and the uncivilised since unlike with a frontier process the civilizing force is not supposed to be shaped by that which it is civilizing.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Frontier_Thesis (767 words)

	"The Significance of the Frontier in American History," Frederick Jackson Turner
		In these successive frontiers we find natural boundary lines which have served to mark and to affect the characteristics of the frontiers, namely: The "fall line;" the Allegheny Mountains; the Mississippi; the Missouri where its direction approximates north and south; the line of the arid lands, approximately the ninety-ninth meridian; and the Rocky Mountains.
		The fall line marked the frontier of the seventeenth century; the Alleghenies that of the eighteenth; the Mississippi that of the first quarter of the nineteenth; the Missouri that of the middle of this century (omitting the California movement); and the belt of the Rocky Mountains and the arid tract, the present frontier.
		In this connection may be mentioned the importance of the frontier, from that day to this, as a military training school, keeping alive the power of resistance to aggression, and developing the stalwart and rugged qualities of the frontiersman.
	www.learner.org /channel/workshops/primarysources/corporations/docs/turner.html (3388 words)

	The Signifigance of the Frontier in American History
		The American frontier is sharply distinguished from the European frontier a fortified boundary line running through dense populations.
		The growth of nationalism and the evolution of American political institutions were dependent on the advance of the frontier....
		The purchase of Louisiana was perhaps the constitutional turning point in the history of the Republic, in as much as it afforded both a new area for national legislation and the occasion of the downfall of the policy of strict construction...
	www.pinzler.com /ushistory/sigfrontsupp.html (2498 words)

	American Historical Association (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In this advance, the frontier is the outer edge of the wave—the meeting point between savagery and civilization.
		The American frontier is sharply distinguished from the European frontier—a fortified boundary line running through dense populations.
		The frontier army post, serving to protect the settlers from the Indians, has also acted as a wedge to open the Indian country, and has been a nucleus for settlement.29 In this connection mention should also be made of the Government military and exploring expeditions in determining the lines of settlement.
	www.historians.org /pubs/archives/Turnerthesis.htm (8864 words)

	The Frontier In American History: Chapter I
		The exploitation of the beasts took hunter and trader to the west, the exploitation of the grasses took the rancher west, and the exploitation of the virgin soil of the river valleys and prairies attracted the farmer.
		The purchase of Louisiana was perhaps the constitutional turning point in the history of the Republic, inasmuch as it afforded both a new area for national legislation and the occasion of the downfall of the policy of strict construction.
		The frontier States that came into the Union in the first quarter of a century of its existence came in with democratic suffrage provisions, and had reactive effects of the highest importance upon the older States whose peoples were being attracted there.
	xroads.virginia.edu /~HYPER/TURNER/chapter1.html (9635 words)

	Turner Thesis 1893
		In these successive frontiers we find natural boundary lines which have served to mark and to affect the characteristics of the frontiers, namely: the "fall line"; the Allegheny Mountains; the Mississippi the Missouri where its direction approximates north and south; the line of the arid lands, approximately the ninety-ninth meridian; and the Rocky Mountains.
		The fall line marked the frontier of the seventeenth century; the Alleghenies that of the eighteenth; the Mississippi that of the first quarter of the nineteenth; the Missouri that of the middle of this century (omitting the California movement); and the belt of the Rocky Mountains and the arid tract, the present frontier.
		The exploitation of the beasts took hunter and traderto the west, the exploitation of the grasses took the rancher west, and the exploitation of the virgin soil of the river valleys and prairies attracted the farmer.
	history.sandiego.edu /gen/text/civ/turner.html (8544 words)

	Frederick Jackson Turner / The Significance of the Frontier in American History
		Perhaps that is not the least important reason why the article from which a selection is here made created as profound a change in the general attitude toward American history as any single word on that subject that has ever been spoken.
		This perennial rebirth, this fluidity of American life, this expansion westward with its new opportunities, its continuous touch with the simplicity of primitive society, has furnished the forces dominating American character.
		This paper will make no attempt to treat the subject exhaustively; its aim is simply to call attention to the frontier as a fertile field for investigation, and to suggest some of the problems which arise in connection with it.
	www.cooperativeindividualism.org /turner_frontier.html (1049 words)

	PBS - THE WEST - Frederick Jackson Turner
		He most cogently articulated this idea in "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," which he first delivered to a gathering of historians in 1893 at Chicago, then the site of the World's Columbian Exposition, an enormous fair to mark the four-hundredth anniversary of Columbus' voyage.
		For Turner, the deeper significance of the frontier lay in the effects of this social recapitulation on the American character.
		The mainstream of the profession has long since discarded Turner's assumption that the frontier is the key to American history as a whole; they point instead to the critical influence of such factors as slavery and the Civil War, immigration, and the development of industrial capitalism.
	www.pbs.org /weta/thewest/people/s_z/turner.htm (1225 words)

	Turner's "The Significance of the Frontier in American History"
		Turner's "The Significance of the Frontier in American History"
		The American frontier is sharply distinguished from the European frontier-a fortified boundary line running through dense populations.
		In short, at the frontier the environment is at first too strong for the man. He must accept the conditions which it furnishes, or perish, and so he fits him- self into the Indian clearings and follows the Indian trails.
	www.d.umn.edu /cla/faculty/tbacig/cst1030/1030anth/turnerth.html (3477 words)

	Berkin, Making America, A History of the United States, 3/e - - Primary Sources
		No academic paper has ever had an impact equal to that of Frederick Jackson Turner's "The Significance of the Frontier in American History." Turner's essay was initially delivered at the Chicago Columbian Exposition of 1893, which celebrated the 400th anniversary of Columbus's first voyage to the Western Hemisphere.
		Turner's insistence that the frontier experience explained the development of democracy in the United States made sense to historians and the general public, generating a popular sense of American exceptionalism and promoting a highly cultural valuation of the frontier.
		The American frontier is sharply distinguished from the European frontier— fortified boundary line running through dense populations.
	college.hmco.com /history/us/berkin/making_america/3e/students/primary/sigfront.htm (1239 words)

	PAL: Appendix L - The Frontier in American Literature
		His frontier is explicitly "the meeting point between savagery and civilization." From the standpoint of economic theory the wilderness beyond the frontier, the realm of savagery, is a constant receding area of free land.
		Westward expansion : a history of the American frontier.
		Newquist, David L. "The Violation of Hospitality and the Demoralization of the Frontier." Midwestern Miscellany 21 (1993): 19-28.
	www.csustan.edu /english/reuben/pal/append/axl.html (962 words)

	Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier"
		but the distinctive frontier of the period is found in California, where the gold discoveries had sent a sudden tide of adventurous miners, and in Oregon, and the settlements in Utah.
		An interesting illustration of the tone of frontier democracy in 1830 comes from the same debates in the Virginia convention already referred to.
		The West in the War of 1812 repeated the phenomenon on the frontier of that day, while the speculation and wild-cat banking of the period of the crisis of 1837 occurred on the new frontier belt of the next tier of States.
	andromeda.rutgers.edu /~jlynch/Texts/frontier.html (9658 words)

	Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History, Chapter 1, excerpts
		Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History, Chapter 1, excerpts
		Adams states the situation as follows: "The slaveholders of the South have bought the coöperation of the western country by the bribe of the western lands, abandoning to the new Western States their own proportion of the public property and aiding them in the design of grasping all the lands into their own hands.
		Osgood, in an able article,46 has pointed out that the frontier conditions prevalent in the colonies are important factors in the explanation of the American Revolution, where individual liberty was sometimes confused with absence of all effective government.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/afp/turner.htm (3393 words)

	The Significance of the Frontier in American History
		The American frontier is sharply distinguished from the European frontier -- a fortified boundary line running through dense populations.
		The frontier region of the time lay along the Great Lakes, where Astor's American Fur Company operated in the Indian trade, [11] and beyond the Mississippi, where Indian traders extended their activity even to the Rocky Mountains; Florida also furnished frontier conditions.
		Osgood, in an able article, [46] has pointed out that the frontier conditions prevalent in the colonies are important factors in the explanation of the American Revolution, where individual liberty was sometimes confused with absence of all effective government.
	www.therblig.com /turner/frontier.html (9618 words)

	Untitled Document
		Frederick Jackson Turner (1861-1932) was an American historian who developed the theory that American history is based on the influence of the frontier.
		Turner believed that it was the frontier mentality of settlers which determined the characteristics of American people and their democratic institutions.
		This passage about the effect of the frontier on Americans was written in 1893, three years after the American frontier was officially declared closed.
	hkuhist2.hku.hk /history/firstyear/Roberts/robertse01.htm (297 words)

	The Turner Thesis: An Annotated Bibliography for Students
		Frontier scholarship began in 1893, when Frederick Jackson Turner gave his landmark speech "The Significance of the Frontier in American History".
		Also, the frontier has become a mythical time and place, to the point where it is difficult to distinguish history from myth.
		The American frontier heritage is distinct from the frontier heritage of Mexico which unites with the U.S. in the borderlands region.
	www.d.umn.edu /cla/faculty/tbacig/urop/bibtrner.html (3218 words)

	Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier...." (1893)
		It is evident that the unifying tendencies of the Revolutionary period were facilitated by the previous coöperation in the regulation of the frontier.
		The rise of democracy as an effective force in the nation came in with western preponderance under Jackson and William Henry Harrison, and it meant the triumph of the frontier with all of its good and with all of its evil elements.
		Prepared by Professor Catherine Lavender for Honors 502 (American Frontiers and Borderlands), Department of History, The College of Staten Island of The City University of New York.
	www.library.csi.cuny.edu /dept/history/lavender/frontierthesis.html (9696 words)

	WER: Frederick J. Turner / The Significance of the Frontier in American History
		WER: Frederick J. Turner / The Significance of the Frontier in American History
		Born in Portage, Wisconsin, in 1861, Frederick J. Turner was graduated from the State University in 1884, and six years later he received his Ph.
		The American frontier is sharply distinguished from the European frontier--a fortified boundary line running through dense populations.
	www.library.wisc.edu /etext/WIReader/WER0750.html (1087 words)

	The Frontier in American Culture brochure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		To understand the attractiveness and influence of the frontier, this exhibition looks at two of the most compelling sources of frontier stories: the historian Frederick Jackson Turner's famous lecture and article, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," and Buffalo Bill Cody's Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders.
		Seemingly contradictory stories about peace and war in the West, these complementary interpretations of America's frontier past reveal two sides of a complicted national identity: the ways in which we think about American history and what we believe it means to be an American.
		They used them to make their stories seem merely everyday experiences on the frontier, even as they paved the way for these images and others to achieve even greater prominence as elements of the American identity in the twentieth century.
	www.ulib.iupui.edu /lisarchive/frontier/brochure.html (573 words)

	Turner: The Significance of the Frontier (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In "The Frontier in American History," Frederick Jackson Turner, a past professor of American history at the University of Wisconsin and Harvard University, argues that American democracy and Americanism were made in the West.
		The West, Turner contends, created the type of many who is the American race, not a transatlantic European, but something entirely different from all other races.
		He argues that the fight for the frontier has been the distinctive feature of American history.
	www.otal.umd.edu /amst/Research/cultland/annotations/Turner1.html (194 words)

	History 263: Readings in Frontier and Western History
		Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," in The Frontier in American History, 1-38.
		Susan Johnson, "'A Memory Sweet to Soldiers: The Significance of Gender in the History of the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, 24 (1993), 495- 518.
		David Gutiérrez, "Significant to Whom?: Mexican Americans and the History of the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, 24 (1993), 519-39.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /history/aron/classes/263a (1217 words)

	Amazon.com: The Frontier in American History: Books: Frederick Jackson Turner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		His chapters on the general influence on American government of the midwest are fascinating, especially in the light of present day hindsight.
		The idea that the frontier is crucial to the development of American civilization has been one of the major themes of American history.
		From the time of the first European settlements on the East Coast until the 1890s, when Jackson and others first recognized that the American frontier had disappeared, the possibility of farming/mining/foresting new lands had always be a possibility for Americans and an attractant for European immigrants.
	www.amazon.com /Frontier-American-History-Frederick-Jackson/dp/0486291677 (1568 words)

	Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier Thesis (1893)
		Frederick Jackson Turner's essay, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," written in 1893, is perhaps the most influential essay ever read at the American Historical Association's annual conference.
		4) Turner is often identified as a "Progressive" historian, meaning that he views history as the inevitable process from chaos to improvement, with the underlying assumption that change is usually for the better.
		In what ways is Turner's thesis a statement of American hegemony at the moment of the 1890s, both with regards to that normative American and American territorial expansion?
	www.library.csi.cuny.edu /dept/history/lavender/frontier.html (601 words)

	The Frontier and Indian Representations in American History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Significance of the Frontier in (Native) American History
		The Significance of the Frontier in American History: The Frontier and the American Character
		The Result is American Individualism (Self-Reliance) that is at the root of Democracy, and a Common National Identity Despite Range of European Ancestries.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~mcountry/frontierhistory.htm (212 words)

	Turner Thesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		It was entitled "The Significance of the Frontier in American History." The "Turner thesis" or "frontier thesis," as his argument quickly became known, shaped both popular and scholarly views of the West (and of much else) for two generations.
		The settlement of the West by white people - "the existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of American settlement westward" - was the central story of American history.
		It had also continually renewed American ideas of democracy and individualism and had, therefore, shaped not just the West but the nation as a whole.
	history.sandiego.edu /gen/west/turner.html (237 words)

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