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Topic: Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage

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Origins of the American Civil War

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	abolitionism - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		The abolitionism of the mid-nineteenth century was generally close to the era's other influential reform movements, such as the temperance movement, anti-Catholic nativism, public schooling, and prison- and asylum-building.
		Although there were several groups that opposed slavery (such as The Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage), at the time of the founding of the Republic, there were few states which prohibited slavery outright.
		This issue was one of several that led to the creation of the Free Methodist Church, a group which split from the Methodist Episcopal Church in the 1860s.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/abolitionism (1397 words)

	Abolitionism - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		From 1839, the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society worked to outlaw slavery in other countries and to pressure the government to help enforce the suppression of the slave trade by declaring slave traders pirates and pursuing them.
		The Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage was the first American abolition society, formed April 14, 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
		The abolitionist movement was strengthened by the activities of free African-Americans, especially in the fl church, who argued that the old Biblical justifications for slavery contradicted the New Testament.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Abolitionist (2786 words)

	This Far by Faith . 1526-1775: from AFRICA to AMERICA \| PBS
		Once their term (3-7 years) is completed, indentured servants are allowed to live free, own land, and have indentured servants of their own.
		The English Crown charters the Society for Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts of the Anglican Church to convert slaves and Native Americans to Christianity.
		Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage, which later (1784) becomes known as the Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery, is founded in Philadelphia.
	www.pbs.org /thisfarbyfaith/timeline/p_1.html (662 words)

	[No title]
		Legendary abolitionist Anthony Benezet organized the Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage in April 1775.
		Its first meeting was held at the Rising Sun Tavern in Philadelphia in order to help a mixed-race woman named Dinah Nevill and her three children.
		Nevill, who claimed to be free, was threatened with being sold into slavery in Virginia.
	www.explorepahistory.com /hmarker.php?markerId=291 (296 words)

	Home > San Carlos, CA, California Yellow Pages, Classifieds, Real Estate, Business, Schools, Library and Jobs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The AbbÃ© GrÃ©goire and the Society of the Friends of the Blacks (SociÃ©tÃ© des Amis des Noirs), led by Jacques Pierre Brissot, were part of the abolitionist movement, which had laid important groundwork in building anti-slavery sentiment in the metropole.
		The Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage was the first American abolition society, formed April 14, 1775, in Philadelphia, primarily by Quakers who had a strong religious objection.
		Although there were several groups that opposed slavery (such as The Society for the Relief of Free American Black People Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage), at the time of the founding of the Republic, there were few states which prohibited slavery outright.
	www.sancarloscaus.com /topic/Abolitionist (4063 words)

	Benjamin Franklin Encyclopedia Articles @ Karrnet.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		With Rodgers' fate unknown, and bigamy an offense punishable by public whipping and imprisonment, Deborah was not free to remarry.
		Franklin remained in France until 1785, and was such a favorite of French society that it became fashionable for wealthy French families to decorate their parlors with a painting of him.
		He eventually became president of The Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage.
	www.karrnet.com /encyclopedia/Benjamin_Franklin (4996 words)

	Eagleton Centers and Programs
		In Pennsylvania, the influence in the government of the colony of the Society of Friends, whose adherents were known as Quakers, was reflected in emerging concerns over the presence of slavery.
		It was not until 1758, however, that the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of the Society of Friends made buying or selling a slave a bar to leadership in the Quaker meetings, and in 1774 it became cause for being disowned or banished from the Society.
		Under the agreement, the northern part of Massachusetts was admitted to the Union as the free state of Maine at the same time that Missouri was admitted as a slave state, thereby maintaining a balance of 12 slave and 12 free states.
	www.eagleton.rutgers.edu /e-gov/e-politicalarchive-compromise.htm (899 words)

	CitiLife (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage, formed in that year, later became known as the Pennsylvania Abolition Society.
		However, a society marriage to Pierce Butler, scion of a prominent Philadelphia family and owner of a Georgia plantation, pitched Kemble into an agonizing struggle over both slavery and marriage, which she carried on privately in her eloquent journals until she and Butler divorced in 1849.
		Founded in 1824 in Philadelphia, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania is one of the oldest historical societies in the United States and holds historical materials of national importance.
	www.phillyrecord.com /2001/0524/women.html (1237 words)

	National Register Supplement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Their leaders served in the several anti-slavery societies that were founded in the city and established their own local fl churches and institutions that offered a model of progress and improvement, while building an internal framework to help fugitives make their escape on the Underground Railroad.
		The Society led the way for the national convention of abolition societies that met in Philadelphia after the turn of the century.
		Two of the free fls who assisted her escape were convicted of riot, but only served one week, but Judge Kane sent Passmore Williamson to jail for contempt of court.
	www.nps.gov /inde/archeology/NRamend.htm (6768 words)

	Underground RR
		His work in obtaining release of free Negroes who were being kidnapped into slavery led in 1775 to the organization of The Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage.
		Composed of members of various religious denominations, it was the first antislavery organization in America and the forerunner of the societies for the complete abolition of slavery.
		A year later the Abolition Society of Salem was active in the defense of kidnapped Negroes, purchasing their freedom if necessary.
	members.tripod.com /~drakehouse/html/underground_rr2.html (775 words)

	Slavery: Early Abolitionists (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In April 1775, Benezet called the first meeting of the Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully held in Bondage at the Rising Sun Tavern.
		Often referred to as the Abolition Society, the group focused on intervention in the cases of Blacks and Indians who claimed to have been illegally enslaved.
		By December 1833, when the American Anti-Slave Society was founded in Philadelphia, PAS had become a small, embattled group with little public support.
	mkoehler.educ.msu.edu /MattWeb/Courses/CEP_909_FA02/CivilWar/Slavery_early.asp (180 words)

	American Political Tradition
		Should a government fail to represent their common interest, a majority of the same held the right to "reform, alter or abolish" the government.
		September 5, 1882 - The nation's first Labor Day parade was held in New York City; initiated by Peter J. McGuire, a carpenter and labor union leader who co-founded the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions; intended to be a tribute to the toil and achievements of the nation's workers.
		Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War.
	www.kipnotes.com /AmerPolTradition.htm (9571 words)

	NARA - Center for Legislative Archives - Franklin Petitions for Abolition of Slavery
		The Society was originally formed April 14, 1775, in Philadelphia, as The Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage; it was reorganized in 1784 and again in 1787, and then incorporated by the state of Pennsylvania in 1789.
		The Society not only advocated the abolition of slavery, but made efforts to integrate freed slaves into American society.
		In 1789 he wrote and published several essays supporting the abolition of slavery and his last public act was to send to Congress a petition on behalf of the Society asking for the abolition of slavery and an end to the slave trade.
	www.archives.gov /legislative/features/franklin?template=print (431 words)

	Churches and Slavery
		The Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage came to life in Philadelphia with the assistance of the Quakers and the philosophical backing of Benjamin Franklin and his fellow Deist, Thomas Paine.
		Thus, 9 million Africans were torn from their homes, shipped in appalling conditions to a foreign land, and treated brutally for centuries, before the churches found their voice — after a thousand years of silence — prompted, as always, by those with less respect for the revealed word of God.
		In fact, Christians were more concerned with saving souls than freeing bodies, and in took the rise of Rationalism and Freethought, and the gradual realization that without a social policy the Church would become irrelevant, to elicit action.
	www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com /rants/0414almanac.htm (581 words)

	April 14 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		1775 - The first abolition society in the North America is established.
		The "Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage" is organized in Philadelphia by Benjamin Franklin and Benjamin Rush.
		1914 - Hubert Bland, English co-founder of the Fabian Society (b.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/April_14 (1348 words)

	Category:1775 establishments - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage
		This page was last modified 19:36, 15 June 2006.
		All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Category:1775_establishments (66 words)

	Philadelphia Rare Books and Manuscripts: Philadelphia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Constitution and act of incorporation of the Pennsylvania Society, for promoting the abolition of slavery and the relief of free Negroes, unlawfully held in bondage.
		The group was originally formed in 1775 as the Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage, reorganized in 1784 as the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery and the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage, and first incorporated in 1789.
		Following the constitution and act of incorporation are pages filled with extracts from federal and state legislation affecting slaves, free fls, mulattoes, and ex-slaves.
	www.prbm.com /interest/phila-n-q.shtml (1454 words)

	Timeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The First Quaker anti-slavery society, The Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage, is organized in Philadelphia.
		The Smith School was constructed using funds left by Abiel Smith to the city of Boston for the education of fl children.
		Dred Scott, a slave, was not free, even though his owner had brought him into a territory in which slavery had been forbidden.
	www.nps.gov /boaf/timeline.htm (1706 words)

	African Americans in Pennsylvania - Page 6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		1775 Pennsylvania Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in
		Bondage is formed by Benjamin Franklin and others.
		1787 Pennsylvania Society for Relief of Free Negroes is reorganized as the Pennsylvania
	www.phmc.state.pa.us /ppet/africanamericans/page6.asp?secid=31 (222 words)

	Hartnett/Democratic Dissent & the Cultural Fictions of Antebellum America. Chapter 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The president of one of the young republic's first abolitionist societies thus acknowledges that although slavery constitutes an atrocious debasement, freeing the slaves may be worse.
		In a passage describing the expansionist, proslavery positions held by President Tyler and Abel Upshur, he suggests that "it must always be borne in mind that Upshur and Tyler considered slaves a form of property quite as legitimate as a mackerel fleet.
		Indeed, although the ostensibly free North was not saddled with the obvious ethical baggage of engaging openly in slavery, many Northern merchants were nevertheless deeply implicated in the economic benefits of cotton and were therefore complicit with the political economy of slavery.
	www.press.uillinois.edu /epub/books/hartnett/ch2.html (10541 words)

	WarData.net Slavery in America Timeline
		In Virginia, the ratio of free colonists to slaves is nearly 1:1.
		Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully held in Bondage reorganized as the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery and for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage
		Free fls and mulattos are forbidden from entering the state.
	www.wardata.net /wardata_slavery_in_america_timeline.htm (9543 words)

	THE CIVIL WAR AND UNDERGROUND RAILROAD MUSEUM OF PHILADELPHIA - THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD
		Runaway slaves from Southern plantations were captured in Philadelphia and forcibly returned to bondage.
		In 1775, a group of Quakers and other opponents of slavery organized the Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage, the first abolitionist society in America.
		In December 1833, opponents of slavery from throughout the United States gathered in Philadelphia to form the American Anti-Slavery Society, which issued a famous "Declaration of Sentiments," written by William Lloyd Garrison.
	www.cwurmuseum.org /pages/Underground.htm (519 words)

	This Day in History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage, the first American society dedicated to the cause of abolition, is founded in Philadelphia on this day in 1775.
		The society changes its name to the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery and the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage in 1784.
		His society was renamed in that year, and in 1787, Benjamin Franklin lent his prestige to the organization, serving as its president.
	www.historychannel.com /tdih/tdih.jsp?category=americanrevolution&month=10272956&day=10272979 (327 words)

	Ohio Roundtable: The Public Square - Bible In School (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		He was a distinguished physician and a scientist who held the first chemistry professorship in all of America.
		He established the first free dispensary in America in 1786, and he published another book on medical disorders in 1812.
		I hold in my hand today a letter by Dr. Benjamin Rush, in which he was petitioning society that the Bible should be the primary textbook taught in public schools.
	www.ohioroundtable.org /cfdocs/shows.cfm?showcode=1489&frommonthly=YES (220 words)

	Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery and the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage
		Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery and the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage
		On April 14, 1775 (just four days before Paul Revere's famous ride), the Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage was founded.
		In February 1784 it was reorganized as the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery and the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage.
	www.anti-slaverysociety.addr.com /hus-pennass.htm (144 words)

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