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Topic: The Sound Pattern of English

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	English Language - MSN Encarta
		The four major dialects recognized in Old English are Kentish, originally the dialect spoken by the Jutes; West Saxon, a branch of the dialect spoken by the Saxons; and Northumbrian (see Northumberland) and Mercian (see Mercia), subdivisions of the dialects spoken by the Angles.
		Eventually the Norman nobility and clergy learned English, but they introduced into it words from the French language pertaining to the government, the church, the army, and the fashions of the court, in addition to others proper to the arts, scholarship, and medicine.
		Midland, the dialect of Middle English derived from the Mercian dialect of Old English, became important during the 14th century, when the English counties in which it was spoken developed into centers of university, economic, and courtly life.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761564210_2/English_Language.html (1469 words)

	Background information for Sound
		Sound is a vibration or wave of air molecules caused by the motion of an object.
		The bottom half of the diagram is a representation of the pressure of the air during a sound wave.
		In a telephone, sound waves produced by a person's voice exert pressure on a thin metal plate called a diaphragm, which vibrates and presses on carbon granules in the mouthpiece.
	www.sciencetech.technomuses.ca /english/schoolzone/Info_Sound.cfm (1222 words)

	Phonology: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		...Sound Pattern of English is a work on phonology (a branch of linguistics) by Noam Chomsky and Morris-Halle Morris...present a view of phonology that, not surprisingly, fits in with the rest of Chomsky 's early...
		For example, /p/ and /b/ in English: due to minimal pairs such as "pin" and "bin", it is clear that /p/ and /b/ are distinctive units of sound in English, i.e.
		Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle[?] presented in The sound pattern of English a view of phonology where a phonological representation (surface form) is a sequence of units which have characteristic features.
	www.encyclopedian.com /ph/Phonology.html (1091 words)

	Teaching A Turtle How To Spell
		This is because each language has its own distinctive sound pattern, consisting of an inventory of sounds that exist in the language and constraints on how the sounds may be combined to form "natural-sounding words" in the language [6].
		English speakers intuitively rule out words like hlad, mgla, and srim as possible English words because /hl-/, /mgl-/, and /sr-/ are not permitted sound sequences in the onset position.
		Still, there are regularities in English spelling that reflect the underlying sound pattern, which I was able to capitalize on for the purpose of introducing to children the phenomenon of linguistic constraints governing the syllable.
	el.media.mit.edu /logo-foundation/pubs/papers/spelling/index.html (2493 words)

	Phonology & Phonetics — Department of English and American Studies
		In English, all speech sounds are initiated by a pulmonic (= lung-based) egressive (= directed outwards) airstream which is then pushed through the larynx ("Adam's apple"), and then proceeds through the glottis into the vocal tract.
		However, sound waves involved in human speech are complex due to the simultaneous use of different sound sources in the vocal tract.
		The initial sound of the first word was intended to be voiceless (/k/ in clear), whereas the initial sound of the second word (/b/ in blue) was to be voiced.
	www.angl.hu-berlin.de /faculty/haertl/ling_pages/phonetics.html (2126 words)

	Simplified Spelling Society : Morphological considerations.
		Stress is probably the single most unstable element in English pronunciation and traditional stress patterns have been lost in the last few generations or are changing significantly at present simply because of a failure of the standard orthography to indicate it (cf.
		Note that whereas in American English mammy and mammae 'mammary glands' are pronounced identically (unless a restored Latin pronunciation is attempted so that the <-ae> is pronounced like the in aisle), in the rest of the English speaking world they are generally differentiated as mami vs mámee.
		Altho English alone has been considered here, it should be clear that similar considerations could be used in the creation of rational orthographies for any and all languages in the world.
	www.spellingsociety.org /journals/j2/gregersen.php (3231 words)

	Chomsky,Halle -- The Sound Pattern of English -- 1968
		Chomsky, N. and M. Halle (1968) The Sound Pattern of English.
		Chomsky, N. and Halle, M. The Sound Pattern of English.
		Chomsky, Noam and Morris Halle (1968) The sound pattern of English, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
	www.isrl.uiuc.edu /~amag/langev/cited2/chomskyhallethesoundpatternofenglish.html (328 words)

	Reading study by Rosemarie Farkas Myerson
		Chomsky and M. Halle in Sound Pattern of English (Harper Row 1968) hypothesized that inner knowledge of sound pattern changes must be part of the adult speaker's general system of grammatical knowledge.
		The nature of these five sound patterns is such that they allow for testing of inner knowledge both of relations that are and are not abstractly encoded in English orthography.
		Further, the two sound patterns which distinguished the word recall scores for the three levels of reading groups of third graders were vowel shift -ity and stress shift -ity; only third grade good readers showed inner knowledge of these sound patterns.
	home.uchicago.edu /~rmyerson/reading (1451 words)

	LINGUIST List 9.872: Recent Change in English
		Alexis MR raised an interesting issue in asking whether English and various other European languages are undergoing a change from calquing (translating) foreign proper nouns to borrowing them in their native form, e.g., as Wilhelm (as in Kaiser Wilhelm) rather than William (as in William of Orange).
		English omits this segment entirely, leaving the "h" as purely graphic accomodation, making the pun sound even more forced.) Similarly, some form of politically motivated accomodation can be supposed for the change from translation to borowing for political figures, whether royal or not.
		English speaking announcers on classical music stations seem to be generally equal to the task of pronunciation, without much additional knowledge of German.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/9/9-872.html (2075 words)

	The Neutral Position (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		SPE proceeds to define the 3X2 vowel grid on the basis of movements of the tongue body away from this position: up [high], down [low] and back [back].
		In most dialects, where a clear pattern is evident, the effect of stress is a graded shift of the phonetic quality of the nucleus of unstressed vowels from the quality of stressed nuclei towards a single ``reduction target'', which differs from dialect to dialect.
		Thus the phonologically unspecified or unmarked height is that phonetic height which unstressed vowels reduce towards, so that in dialects where unstressed vowels shift towards high-central, the unspecified or default vowel height should be phonetically high (and the unspecified level on the front/back scale should be central).
	tomveatch.com /Veatch1991/node26.html (393 words)

	AllRefer.com - phonology (Language And Linguistics) - Encyclopedia
		It is distinguished from phonetics, which is the study of the production, perception, and physical properties of speech sounds; phonology attempts to account for how they are combined, organized, and convey meaning in particular languages.
		In phonology, speech sounds are analyzed into phonemes, the smallest units of sound that can change the meaning of a word.
		A phoneme may have several allophones, related sounds that are distinct but do not change the meaning of a word when they are interchanged.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/P/phonolog.html (300 words)

	The Sound Pattern of English - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Sound Pattern of English (frequently referred to as SPE) is a work on phonology (a branch of linguistics) by Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle.
		It presents a comprehensive view of the phonology of English, and stands as a landmark both in the field of phonology and in the analysis of the English language.
		Chomsky and Halle present a view of phonology as a linguistic subsystem, separate from other components of the grammar, that transforms an underlying phonemic sequence according to rules and produces as its output the phonetic form that is uttered by a speaker.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_Sound_Pattern_of_English (515 words)

	Phonology - an introduction - Citizendium
		Another example: in English and many other languages, the liquids /l/ and /r/ are two separate phonemes (minimal pair 'life', 'rife'); however, in Korean these two liquids are allophones of the same phoneme, and the general rule is that [ɾ] comes before a vowel, and [l] does not (e.g.
		An important consequence of the influence SPE had on phonological theory was the downplaying of the syllable and the emphasis on segments.
		Variation in the English Indefinite Article: A humorous article demonstrating the importance of phonology (as opposed to merely syntax and semantics) in linguistic analysis.
	en.citizendium.org /wiki/Phonology (2104 words)

	English Language History, with excursus on Technology
		English speakers don't walk around with the history of the English language in their heads.
		English spelling is the way it is because of the timing of the introduction of printing in England.
		Before printing, in the Middle English period (and even in the first part of the Early Modern English period, which conventionally starts with Caxton), spelling was simply a personal representation of speech, and there wasn't any such thing as a standard spelling system.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~jlawler/aue/enghist.html (1568 words)

	English (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Sophomore Communications parallels Sophomore English and is limited to those students who have reading and writing difficulties and are recommended by their Freshman English teachers.
		Junior English is required in the third year of high school.
		A sound background in basic grammar is an essential prerequisite for this course, as well as a reading level of eleventh grade or above.
	www.tempehighschools.com /curriculum/courses/english.htm (3051 words)

	English (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Sophomore Communications parallels Sophomore English and is limited to those students who have reading and writing difficulties and are recommended by their Freshman English teachers.
		Junior English is required in the third year of high school.
		A sound background in basic grammar is an essential prerequisite for this course, as well as a reading level of eleventh grade or above.
	www.tuhsd.k12.az.us /curriculum/courses/english.htm (3051 words)

	Phonology Summary
		It covers the forms in which the sounds of words are kept in memory and the manner in which the motions of speech organs are shaped by grammar.
		In English, voiceless stops at the beginning of a word are aspirated, whereas after /s/ they are not aspirated.
		Another example: in English, the liquids /l/ and /ɹ/ are two separate phonemes (minimal pair 'life', 'rife'); however, in Korean these two liquids are allophones of the same phoneme, and the general rule is that [ɾ] comes before a vowel, and [l] does not (e.g.
	www.bookrags.com /Phonology (3009 words)

	Simplified Spelling Society : Optimality of English spelling.
		Ever since English spelling settled down in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the consensus seems to have been that the conventions we have inherited are ill-suited...
		Carney refers to the summary logic of S.S. when he talks of its representation of the traditional English long vowel sounds with a so-called silent-e: "the moving forward of the marker for long vowels (biet, not bite) is [not] startling, since the digraph is familiar...
		An algorithm was developed to determine the optimality of English spelling in terms of its morphophonemic, or rather, its morphographemic basis.
	www.spellingsociety.org /journals/j29/optimality.php (4453 words)

	Spelling. ERIC Digest.
		Their studies have revealed that English orthography, while appearing quite irregular on the surface, is considerably more logical than it appears when examined at deeper, more complex levels of language.
		Their work reveals that such factors as the relationships among letters within words, the ways prefixes and suffixes are appended to roots, and the ways words related in meaning remain related in spelling despite sound changes (for example, derive-derivative-derivation) are fundamental properties of the orthography.
		For example, children typically spelled the sounds of words with the alphabet letters whose names were like those sounds: bot for boat, fas for face, lade for lady.
	www.ericdigests.org /pre-921/spelling.htm (1263 words)

	Distinctive Feature Theory
		Thus we might refer to: 'the set of all plosives' (seven in English - which is the seventh?), or 'the set of all voiced plosives' (three in English), or 'the set of all voiced alveolar plosives' (one only in English) - and so on, cutting horizontally and vertically around the consonant matrix.
		Morris Halle's 'Sound Pattern of Russian' [The Hague: Mouton, 1959] was really the first influential textbook in modern phonological theory (just two years after Noam Chomsky's 'Syntactic Structures' [The Hague: Mouton, 1957], the first influential textbook in modern syntactic theory).
		The regularity of patterning in phonology is part of the evidence for this claim - but the claim is more solid when based on the evidence that when the users of a language make up new words they do so by producing utterances which obey the rules of the natural classes their sounds fall into.
	www.msu.edu /course/asc/232/DF/df-theory.html (1700 words)

	The Sound Pattern of English - Wikipedia
		The Sound Pattern of English odder SPE iss en Phonology Buch gepublished in 1968 unn gschriwwe vun em Noam Chomsky unn em Morris Halle.
		However, es gibt heidedaags viele Unnerschidde mit was mir in em SPE Buch lese.
		Zum Beischpiel, SPE en linear Theory vun Phonology iss.
	pdc.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_Sound_Pattern_of_English (96 words)

	phonology. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		It is distinguished from phonetics, which is the study of the production, perception, and physical properties of speech sounds; phonology attempts to account for how they are combined, organized, and convey meaning in particular languages.
		Also, possible combinations of sounds vary widely from language to language—the combination kt at the beginning of a word, for example, would be impossible in some languages but is unexceptional in Greek.
		In phonology, speech sounds are analyzed into phonemes, the smallest units of sound that can change the meaning of a word.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ph/phonolog.html (231 words)

	Language Documentation & Conservation, 1(1), June 2007: Endangered Sound Patterns: Three Perspectives on Theory and ...
		Three different perspectives are presented: a long view of phonology, from ancient to modern traditions; an areal and genetic view of sound patterns, and their relation to theory and description; and a practical perspective on the importance of research on endangered sound patterns.
		Great contributions have been made by linguists concerned with language preservation and documentation of endangered sound patterns; grammatical traditions were founded by linguists working on their native languages; the earliest phonological theories were a fusion of description and analysis, with no distance between the linguist and the primary data.
		However interesting a sound pattern may appear, without proper phonetic documentation, descriptions may not be subject to the rigors of the scientific method and general hypothesis testing (Bhaskararao 2004).
	www.nflrc.hawaii.edu /ldc/June2007/blevins/blevins.html (5537 words)

	OWL at Purdue University: Sound
		This means that repeated sounds cohere the poem in much the same way that repeated rhythms do.
		Think of the non-rhyming lines in free verse as establishing a pattern of not rhyming, then the use of rhyme breaks the aural and visual pattern and creates emphasis by variation from that pattern.
		All of us have read ineffective poems where the rhymes sounded like "the cat sat on the mat" and we felt like we were being forced into a box that felt both unnatural and unnerving.
	owl.english.purdue.edu /handouts/general/gl_sound.html (1388 words)

	Improving Japanese Pronunciation of American English [r] Using Electronic Visual Feedback
		The main advantage of EVF is that it allows students to visualize their pronunciation by associating the patterns on the screen with the sounds they are producing.
		Cross-linguistic (English and Japanese) data samples containing AE [r] were presented for students to visualize the acoustic differences between the sounds on their monitors as produced by both native speakers and Japanese speakers, and to compare their own production with the teacher's.
		The evaluation of [r] cluster during both the pretest and post-test was based on either an existence or non-existence of the [r] pattern, rather than a measuring of the formant structure as in the other contexts of AE [r].
	www.u-aizu.ac.jp /~steeve/rsound2.html (4107 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Phonetics
		So the English speaker does not notice that he always makes a puff of air when he pronounces the p of pin and never makes the puff with the p of spin; for him they are the same sound.
		In English the two sounds are considered variations of a single sound, the phoneme p, and as such are allophones.
		Whereas phonetics refers to the study of the production, perception, and physical nature of speech sounds, phonology refers to the study of how such sounds are combined in particular languages and of how they are used to convey meaning.
	www.reference.com /browse/columbia/phonetic (399 words)

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