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	Tay Rail Bridge - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first engine to cross the bridge was on September 22, 1877 and upon its completion in early 1878, the Tay bridge was among the longest in the world.
		The bridge proposal was formally incorporated in July 1881 and the foundation stone laid on July 6, 1883.
		Rothery, Upon the Circumstances Attending the Fall of a Portion of the Tay Bridge on the 28th December 1879 from The Railways Archive.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tay_Rail_Bridge (1365 words)

	The OTHER Tay Bridge Disaster - on the Monikie, Scotland Website.
		About twenty minutes past ten workmen on a staging situated about midway across that portion of the bridge, distinctive from the rest by reason of its high girders, had completed their work at the place in question, and preparations were accordingly made for changing their position immediately to the north.
		About twenty minutes past ten in the forenoon the workmen on a staging situated about midway across that portion of the bridge, distinctive from the rest by reason of its high girders, had completed their work at the place in question, and preparations were accordingly made for changing their position immediately to the north.
		Much excitement prevailed at the city end of the bridge when news of the accident was received, and there were many anxious inquiries at the Esplanade Station to obtain particulars of the catastrophe.
	www.monikie.org.uk /other-tay-bridge-disaster-1902.htm (2835 words)

	Failure Magazine-Archives-Science & Technology-Tay Bridge
		In 1879 the Tay Bridge was the longest bridge in the world, spanning two miles across the Tay estuary in southeastern Scotland.
		Although wind loads contributed to the disaster, the bridge was already severely defective owing to failure of its most important stabilizing elements.
		On the day of the disaster, extra loads were added to the high girders by the westerly gale, especially during the passage of the six o'clock train.
	www.failuremag.com /arch_science_tay_bridge.html (1559 words)

	The Failure of the Tay Bridge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		But the bridge was taken advantage of and due to poor maintenance, lack of a stable design, and faulty materials; it was only a matter of time before the bridge would inevitably come crashing down.
		Significance of the Tay Bridge before the Disaster The cause of in incident was due less to underestimated wind pressure than to some faults in materials and workmanship.
		The bridge was poorly designed to begin with and with all of the changes and detours that were taken, the design and structural integrity got even worse.
	www.pitt.edu /~mpk10/interesting_engineering_event.html (3208 words)

	The Tay Bridge Disaster
		The collapse of the bridge, only opened 19 months and passed safe by the Board of Trade, sent shock waves through the Victorian engineering profession and was reported widely in the newspapers of the time.
		The Tay bridge was two miles long, had 85 spans and was the longest bridge in the world.
		The Court of Inquiry which followed the disaster found, "The fall of the bridge was occasioned by the insufficiency of the cross bracing and its fastenings to sustain the force of the gale." In other words the bridge was not designed to withstand the strong winds and weight of the train.
	www.technologystudent.com /struct1/taybrd1.htm (322 words)

	McGonagall Online: The Tay Bridge Disaster
		On the 2d of October 1877, while the bridge was in course of construction, one of the girders was blown down during a gale similar to that of to-day, but the only one of the workmen lost his life.
		Soon a new bridge would rise beside the ruins of the old, and the "Bard of the Tay" would once again be inspired to pick up his pen.
		The Fall of the Tay Bridge - David Swinfen's readable account of the rise and fall of the bridge, the subsequent enquiry and the building of the new bridge.
	www.mcgonagall-online.org.uk /poems/pgdisaster.htm (1294 words)

	The Forth Bridge Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland
		In the aftermath of the Tay Bridge disaster the bridge was a testament to robust and conservative over-engineering.
		The bridge easily survived the test: though following the Tay disaster it is interesting to wonder about the feelings of the drivers of those first trains as they looked down at the river 150 feet below them.
		The bridge can be viewed to really good effect from both North Queensferryand Queensferry: and the views from one of the many trains crossing it is equally worthwhile, especially of North Queensferry and Queensferry and of the Forth Road Bridge only a short distance to the west.
	www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk /queensferry/forthrailbridge (647 words)

	Science Museum \| Heavy Weather \| The Tay Bridge disaster (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Tay Bridge Disaster: View of the broken bridge from the North End.
		At the time, the tragedy of Tay Bridge was not blamed on the strength of the storm but on bad engineering.
		Though this instrument was invented earlier than the Tay Bridge disaster, the importance of recording wind speed on it became more fully understood.
	www.sciencemuseum.org.uk /on-line/heavy-weather/page3.asp (391 words)

	The Tay Bridge Disaster - The Tay Bridge Disaster (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The disaster is one of the most famous bridge failures and to date it is still the worst structural engineering failure in the British Isles.
		Most of his bridges were lattice girders supported on slender cast iron columns braced with wrought iron struts and ties, such as the Belah Viaduct in the photograph to the right.
		The Tay bridge was nearly two miles long, consisting of 85 spans and at the time was the longest bridge in the world.
	taybridgedisaster.co.uk.cob-web.org:8888 (868 words)

	Taybridge Disaster 1879 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Although Queen Victoria was unable to open the bridge, she did cross it in the summer of 1879, shortly before she knighted Thomas Bouch.
		The tragedy of the Tay Bridge Disaster lives on in the memory of Dundonians and, 125 years after the event, it exercises a strange fascination over all who study it.
		the force of the wind on the bridge set up a domino effect whereby, one after the other, the upper courses of masonry on the bridge piers became detached from the lower courses, thus irretrievably tilting the bridge downwind.
	www.dundeecity.gov.uk /centlib/taybridge/taybridge.htm (458 words)

	The Illustrated London News - Viaducts
		As there are sharp curves at both ends of the bridge, which causes the line to assume a horseshoe form, of which the bridge is the arch, an excellent view of it can be obtained on approaching it from either the Cornwall or Devon side.
		A walk across the bridge gives a sense of enormous strength in the structure, and although the lines of the structure are wholly straight, or diagonal, its extent, its lightness, and its ever-shifting lines give it a picturesque effect.
		The quantity of wrought iron used, in-cluding many girders from the old bridge, is 19,000 tons; of steel, 3500 tons; and of cast-iron, for the piers, 2500 tons; with three million rivets, averaging five inches in length; ten million bricks, weighing 37,500 tons; and 70,000 tons of concrete.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /courses/rschwart/ind_rev/iln/viaduct.htm (2787 words)

	Tay Bridge disaster 1879 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The single-track bridge was a box construction with numerous box-section legs, up to 230ft apart, supporting the steam trains up to 88ft in the air as they snaked for almost two miles over the Tay and Perth-bound shipping.
		These points were discovered after the bridge’s central sections failed during the stormy night of 28 December 1879 while a train was crossing.
		When travelling on the 1887 replacement bridge over the Tay, the bases of the original’s supporting legs can be seen along the eastern side, reaching out of the cold water, a disturbing sight on a stormy crossing.
	www.scotclans.com /clans/1879.htm (197 words)

	BBC Forensic Engineering - Solve the Riddle - Tay Bridge
		With the loss of all 75 lives on board the fateful passenger train, the Tay Bridge disaster of 1879 was not just a catastrophe, it was (and remains) the worst structural disaster in British history.
		This tragedy had a major influence on the way bridges were built afterwards, in particular the replacement Tay Bridge built alongside the remains of the original and the much larger Forth Rail Bridge near Edinburgh.
		Discover in this section the history and design of the bridge and the period in which it was built.
	www.open2.net /forensic_engineering/riddle/riddle_01.htm (157 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - The Tay Bridge Disaster, December 1879
		The bridge had a total of 85 spans across the river in a curved design, including 13 navigation spans which allowed ships to sail under the bridge and up the River Tay to Perth, which was a major port in Scotland at this time.
		The bridge was inspected and cleared for use in February 1878 by the Board of Trade, and the Edinburgh and Northern Railway was free to open the bridge and did so at an official opening in May. Queen Victoria crossed the Tay Bridge in June 1879 and went on to award him a knighthood.
		As for the wreckage of the Tay Bridge, most of the iron girders were recoverable and were put to use when construction of the second and present Tay Bridge began.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/actionnetwork/A5648808 (1372 words)

	Infamous Bridge Disasters
		He designed most of his bridges with “lattice girders supported on slender cast iron columns braced with wrought iron struts and ties.”(5) The Tay Bridge, a bridge over the Firth of Tay in Scotland, was close to two miles in length.
		It was 7:15 PM when the Tay Bridge collapsed into the Firth of Tay at Dundee.
		“The Court of Inquiry report concluded that, 'The fall of the bridge was occasioned by the insufficiency of the cross bracing and its fastenings to sustain the force of the gale.'”(5) It was found that Bouch designed the Tay Bridge for a 10 lb/sq.ft. wind load, which is significantly underdesigned.
	filebox.vt.edu /users/aschaeff/tay/tay.html (419 words)

	The Tay Bridges (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Tay Road Bridge viewed from the Fife side of the estuary.
		Building the bridge across the Tay was a major engineering achievement and lives were lost in the process.
		This is the rebuilt bridge as the original collapsed in the well documented Tay Bridge disaster at the end of the 19th century.
	www.tayestuary.co.uk /taybridgeinfo.htm (104 words)

	Bridge photos, Bridge postcards -- Bridgepix.com
		The Forth Rail Bridge is a cantilever railway bridge over he Firth of Forth in the east of Scotland, to the east of the Forth Road Bridge (a huge, modern suspension bridge built 1964), and 14 km (9 miles) west of Edinburgh.
		Costruction of an earlier bridge, designed by Sir Thomas Bouch, got as far as the laying of the foundation stone, but was stopped after the failure of another of his works, the Tay Bridge.
		“Painting the Forth Bridge” is a colloquial term for a never-ending task coined on the erroneous belief that, at one time in the history of the bridge, repainting was required and commenced immediately upon completion of the previous repaint.
	www.bridgepix.com /bridgeblog/?p=74 (427 words)

	Nunthorpe man ruined by Tay Bridge disaster
		The Tay Bridge carried a single railway line from London and Edinburgh to Dundee and Aberdeen and crossed the Tay estuary from Wormit in Fife to the City of Dundee.
		On the night of the disaster, a gale force wind was blowing down the estuary at right angles to the bridge which had been opened only nine months previously and passed as safe by the Board of Trade inspectors.
		The Tay bridge was nearly two miles long and consisted of 85 spans including 13 navigation spans.
	www.nowandthenmag.co.uk /spring2001/4.htm (792 words)

	Mark Ketchum's Bridge Collapse Page
		The original Tacoma Narrow Bridge, at all stages of its short life, was very active in the wind.
		The K-B Bridge was a 790 ft span concrete box girder bridge, built using the cantilever method in the late 1970s.
		At approximately 7:15 p.m.on the stormy night of 28 December 1879, the central navigation spans of the Tay bridge collapsed into the Firth of Tay at Dundee, taking with them a train, 6 carriages and 75 souls to their fate.
	www.ketchum.org /bridgecollapse.html (252 words)

	The Scotsman - Uneven track set off Tay Bridge disaster (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		THE Tay Bridge disaster 123 years ago today, happened because of a fault which caused the structure to sway like the wobbly Millennium footbridge in London, engineers have claimed.
		Sir Thomas Bouch, the bridge’s designer, claimed the wind blew the train from the track into the bridge, which led to the collapse.
		On the night of the disaster, claims Dr Lewis, this caused a chain reaction.
	thescotsman.scotsman.com /index.cfm?id=1437872002 (797 words)

	Tay Bridge information
		From the early days of the Open University we have used case studies of disasters (such as the Markham Colliery incident of 1973, in which eighteen miners died when a brake rod failed, causing a pit cage to fall to the bottom of a shaft) to demonstrate the importance of fatigue.
		The TAY BRIDGE disaster of 1879 shocked the world and led to important changes in bridge design, construction, and inspection.
		The amplitude of these oscillations grew with time, because joints holding the bridge together were defective, and this in turn resulted in fatigue cracks being induced in the cast iron lugs, which reached criticality on the night of the disaster.
	materials.open.ac.uk /about_us/tay_bridge.htm (529 words)

	Overview of Tay Bridge Disaster (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In a fierce winter storm on the 28th December, the Tay Bridge, which was completed only 19 months previously, collapses killing 75 passengers and crew of the train which was crossing at the time.
		The disaster led to a re-evaluation of various bridge designs, most notably of what was being proposed for the Firth of Forth resulting in the massively engineered structure we see today.
		The locomotive which plunged with the bridge was recovered, restored and, with the nickname "the diver" crossed the bridge on many more occasions until it was finally withdrawn for service in 1908.
	www.geo.ed.ac.uk:81 /scotgaz/events/eventfirst16.html (156 words)

	BUILDING BIG: Databank: Firth of Forth Bridge
		In the late 1800s, a railway bridge across Scotland's Firth of Tay swayed and collapsed in the wind.
		It was the worst bridge disaster in history.
		The Firth of Forth Bridge is made of a pair of cantilever arms, or beams "sticking out" from two main towers.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/buildingbig/wonder/structure/firth_of_forth.html (315 words)

	The Tay Bridge Disaster (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Tay Bridge was the longest bridge in the world during its day.
		He watched as ‎it traveled across the many spans of the bridge, and soon in the distant darkness he could ‎no longer see the form of the train or the outline of the bridge.
		When the train was on the middle ‎of the bridge all of its lights abruptly went out and the whole scene was swallowed up in ‎darkness.
	www.muhammadanism.org.cob-web.org:8888 /Gospel/Stories/tay_bridge_1.htm (577 words)

	The Tay Bridge Disaster - Theories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In terms of loss of life, the Tay Rail Bridge disaster is one of the worst structural collapses in the UK in recorded history. The loss of the Stranraer to Larne Ferry Princess Victoria in 1953 is the worst maritime disaster on the UK coast outside wartime. To mark the 50
		In the case of the Tay Bridge the wind loading was seriously underestimated; in the case of the Princess Victoria the stern doors (see picture above) were inadequate to withstand heavy seas and the scuppers were not large enough to efficiently drain water from the car deck.
		Could it be said that, as for the Princess Victoria disaster, for those who perished in the cold waters of the firth of Tay that night, it was death by design?
	taybridgedisaster.co.uk /index/theories (306 words)

	BridgePros Links
		Tacoma Narrows Bridge--A Short Essay - The collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge and the ethics surrounding the disaster.
		National Bridge Research Organization - The National Bridge Research Organization (NaBRO) at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln(UNL) is dedicated to developing, collecting and disseminating the latest technologies for the advancement of bridge design, construction, retrofit and maintenance.
		Covered Bridges of Maine - The Department of Transportation presents a history of the state's covered bridges and a tour via clickable map: photographs and information on the 9 surviving bridges.
	bridgepros.com /links/links.htm (2489 words)

	Montrose Basin Heritage Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In his book about the Tay Bridge disaster, 'The High Girders', John Prebble states that a bridge built by Bouch at Montrose also fell down, but that there was no train crossing it at the time.
		In order to reach the bridge from the Arbroath side a cutting had had to be blasted through the rocks at the Craig Braes immediately to the south of the bridge.
		Certainly the current bridge, which despite Yelland's recommendation carries only a single line, stands to this day while it is likely that its predecessor would have needed to be replaced or at least strengthened by now so perhaps, like its new neighbours over the Tay and Forth, it was a worthwhile investment.
	sites.ecosse.net /montrosebasin/mbhsrailbridge.htm (1337 words)

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