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Topic: The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution

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	SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION : Encyclopedia Entry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Since the time of Voltaire, some observers have considered that a revolutionary change in thought, called in recent times a scientific revolution, took place around the year 1600; that is, that there were dramatic and historically rapid changes in the ways in which scholars thought about the physical world and studied it.
		During the scientific revolution, changing perceptions about the role of the scientist in respect to nature, the value of evidence, experimental or observed, led towards a scientific methodology in which empiricism played a large, but not absolute, role.
		The scientific revolution, as a change in theoretical outlook, is normally identified as a four step process (this is not true of 'scientific practice' which is much less clearly definable historically).
	www.bibleocean.com /OmniDefinition/Scientific_Revolution (2688 words)

	C. P. Snow - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Snow is most noted for his lectures and books regarding his concept of "The Two Cultures", as developed in The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution (1959).
		A good many times I have been present at gatherings of people who, by the standards of the traditional culture, are thought highly educated and who have with considerable gusto been expressing their incredulity at the illiteracy of scientists.
		So the great edifice of modern physics goes up, and the majority of the cleverest people in the western world have about as much insight into it as their Neolithic ancestors would have had.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/C.P._Snow (665 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Two polar groups: at one pole we have the literary intellectuals, who incidentally while no one was looking took to referring to themselves as intellectuals' as though there were no others.
		As though the scientific edifice of the physical world was not, in its intellectual depth, complexity and articulation, the most beautiful and wonderful collective work of the mind of man. Yet most non-scientists have no conception of that edifice at all.
		The reasons for the existence of the two cultures are man)and#128;, deep, and complex, some rooted in social histories, some in personal histories, and some in the inner dynamic of the different kinds of mental activity themselves.
	www.towson.edu /~sallen/COURSES/311/ESSAYS/Snow.html (5576 words)

	“The two cultures” today by Roger Kimball
		Things are a little different with “the two cultures.” The phrase has lived on as a vague popular shorthand for the rift—a matter of incomprehension tinged with hostility—that has grown up between scientists and literary intellectuals in the modern world.
		Lack of precision has been part of its appeal: to speak of “the two cultures” is to convey regret, censure, and—since one is bold enough to name and appreciate a presumably unfortunate circumstance—superiority all at once.
		In contemporary academic culture, a widespread suspicion of the achievements of science—often extending to an outright rejection of the idea of factual truth—can be seen in many radical movements and “theories.” “Cultural constructivism,” deconstruction, radical feminism, and many other fashionable ists and isms are aggressively anti-empirical.
	www.newcriterion.com /archive/12/feb94/cultures.htm (3123 words)

	The 'Two Cultures' debate
		Choosing as his title 'The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution', Snow opened his Rede lecture with the observation that he was, by British standards at least, an unusual animal.
		The mutual incomprehension of the scientific and literary cultures was deeply regrettable; there were faults on both sides; the intense early specialisation enforced by the British A-level system of secondary education had a great deal to answer for; etc., etc.
		It was never clear, for example, whether in talking about the scientific culture he was referring to scientists and their political views, or merely to people who vaguely approve of science and a 'scientific approach' to human affairs.
	technology.open.ac.uk /eeru/staff/john/culture.htm (1658 words)

	The Two Cultures
		At one pole, the scientific culture really is a culture, not only in an intellectual but also in an an- thropological sense.
		If the scientists have the future in their bones, then the traditional culture responds by wishing the future did not exist.[6] It is the traditional culture, to an extent remarkably little diminished by the emergence of the scientific one, which manages the western world.
		Now and then one used to find poets conscientiously using scientific expressions, and getting them wrong-there was a time when 'refraction' kept cropping up in verse in a mystifying fashion, and when 'polarised light' was used as though writers were under the illusion that it was a specially admirable kind of light.
	info.med.yale.edu /therarad/summers/snow.htm (5656 words)

	PATHS FROM SCIENCE TOWARDS GOD
		It exploded on to the cultural scene and the reverberations continue, and the 'two cultures' became part of the stock-in-trade of intellectual discourse.
		Yet it is a notable feature of most, though not all, of these authors that their basic stance is tinged with an all-consuming scientific imperialism that attributes to science the role of the only objective mentor and guide through the jungle of current problems concerning the nature and destiny of humanity.
		I say 'scientific' because of the new quality of systematic, rational reflection which the Ionians brought to bear on their questions about the natural world, a quality that was distinctive and original and has remained the central characteristic of science ever since.
	www.oneworld-publications.com /books/texts/paths-from-science-towards-god-ch1.htm (4043 words)

	From two cultures to digital culture: the rise of the digital demotic
		It seems clear that the unforgiveable sin for which Leavis attacked Snow was that Sir Charles epitomized the tendency to trivialize culture by reducing it to a form of entertainment.
		Arnold's famous essay was originally conceived as a response to T. H Huxley's claim, quoted by Arnold, that ‘for the purpose of attaining real culture, an exclusively scientific education is at least as effectual as an exclusively literary education’.
		And I would also like to argue that it is by making the transition from ‘two cultures’ to ‘digital culture’ that we are empowered to rediscover cultural value of a kind more appropriate to our decentred, fragmented, and indeterminate world.
	users.ox.ac.uk /~lou/wip/twocults.html (3601 words)

	Certain Doubts » Beyond the Humanities and Sciences (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Scientific theories arise in a certain milieu and against a certain background of philosophical thought.
		As the name of the degree suggests, there are emerging disciplines that work across the two cultures, the epistemology of these fields, i.e., theory of what they “know”, will be an interesting specialty to watch for in the future.
		The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution as it was originally called, can also be seen as an anthropological exercise describing two different systems of cultural rules, including educational patterns, which tends to produce paradigmatic (and typically opposed) cultural types.
	bengal-ng.missouri.edu /~kvanvigj/certain_doubts/?p=542 (3161 words)

	Commentary Magazine - The Two Cultures, by C. P. Snow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		[are] tenuous, nothing more than a formal touch of the cap," and that their culture, although "in many ways an exacting and admirable one," doesn't contain much art-music being the single exception-and "of the books which to most literary persons are bread and butter, novels, history, poetry, plays, almost nothing at all...
		...Snow's censure of the retrograde attitudes of the traditional culture is correlative with his defense of the "culture" of the scientists...
		...Unable to find much that is happening in either of the two cultures to relieve his sense of dissatisfaction and distress, he makes certain suggestions, mostly in respect to higher education, which are designed to set us on the way toward some solution of the conflict...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V29I2P79-1.htm (2779 words)

	The Harvard Crimson :: News :: Further Views On The 'Two Cultures'
		"The Two Cultures exhibits an utter lack of distinction, and an embarrassing vulgarity of style...if his lecture has any value...it is a document for the study of cliche." Such statements are unmistakable in their tone, their emphasis, their unnecessary sharpness.
		It may be that a more scientific poem about nightingales must await a change in the attitudes of the readers as well as the poet; it is a mistake, to believe that such an attitude change does not take place at all.
		There does seem to be a point of diminishing returns for a general education program, and we must accept as inevitable the fact that two specialists from different disciplines cannot often carry on an expert discussion in the field of either.
	www.thecrimson.com /article.aspx?ref=247060 (1170 words)

	goonan
		Yet, it is in journals such as the one in which this paper appears that differences between "The Two Cultures" can be discussed so that there can begin to be a melding of the richnesses and insights of these two cultures, to everyone's benefit.
		Just as scientific progress in many fields, including that of consciousness studies, is crippled by lack of communication between specialized, but extremely knowledgeable people, so the idea that human progress in all academic fields can be given a boost by a cross-culturization of information seems plausible.
		To Virginia Woolf, the Post-Impressionist Exhibit of 1910 as well as the changes she observed in fiction were a testament to the changes that new scientific discoveries had brought about not in consciousness itself, which of course did not change, but in the contents of consciousness.
	www.uiowa.edu /~iareview/mainpages/new/aug05/goonan3.html (1133 words)

	EducationGuardian.co.uk \| higher news \| Two cultures still
		By the start of the 21st century, scientific politicians, as distinct from political scientists, are nearly as uncommon as chemistry sets.
		Yet the scientific voice is surprisingly marginal to the public discussion of many, if not all, of these issues.
		Snow's HG Wells-like assumption that there is a general optimism about scientific progress seems anachronistic to an age in which science is widely seen as a threat rather than a liberation, although his views were typical of their time.
	education.guardian.co.uk /higher/news/story/0,9830,643644,00.html (1120 words)

	Business and the Humanities: A New Look at Two Cultures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The humanities as a culture, on the other hand, are somewhat harder to define than the “business” culture, since there are no census data by which they can be quantified.
		The difficulty of the transition is not solely a matter of cultural assumptions; it extends to language.
		At the very least, the humanities graduate must possess some understanding of the objectives and values of the business culture, some ability to use and understand the language of the business culture, and some sense of his or her potential role in the business culture.
	www.adfl.org /ade/bulletin/n068/068013.htm (3039 words)

	snow
		In "The Two Cultures" Snow argued that 'literary intellectuals' and physical scientists form two highly educated groups separated by a very wide gulf of mutual incomprehension.
		Scientists have a developed culture: "there are common attitudes, common standards and patterns of behaviour, common approaches and assumptions." (9) Scientists naturally, said Snow, have "the future in their bones." Literary intellectuals are harder to characterize as a group.
		They are judged great not because of their grasp of relevant social events such as the Industrial Revolution, nor because of their moral purity or palatable politics, but because … actually, he doesn't really say.
	www.lehigh.edu /~cmp8/worksinprogress/summary/snow.html (1116 words)

	The Two Cultures: C.P. Snow, Literature and Science"
		"George Derfer on Charles Hartshorne's Contribution to the Two Cultures Debate" by Paul Christianssen
		"Two Cultures or One?" by Paul Grobstein and Eleanor A. Bliss, Bryn Mawr College.
		Cultures in Conflict: Perspectives on the Snow-Leavis Controversy
	academics.vmi.edu /gen_ed/Two_Cultures.html (744 words)

	The Third Culture - Introduction
		The third culture consists of those scientists and other thinkers in the empirical world who, through their work and expository writing, are taking the place of the traditional intellectual in rendering visible the deeper meanings of our lives, redefining who and what we are.
		In a second edition of The Two Cultures, published in 1963, Snow added a new essay, "The Two Cultures: A Second Look," in which he optimistically suggested that a new culture, a "third culture," would emerge and close the communications gap between the literary intellectuals and the scientists.
		It may be that of the two hundred and eighty million people in America, not a very high percentage understands science well, but among people who buy books — which may not be a high percentage of the American population but is a high absolute number — interest is very strong.
	www.edge.org /documents/ThirdCulture/f-Introduction.html (5112 words)

	HISTORY OF SCIENCE/SCIENCE STUDIES REFERENCE SOURCES
		The Renaissance and the scientific revolution: biographical portraits.
		Scientific and technical periodicals of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: a guide.
		Contains two presentations: Renee M. Jaussaud's inventory of the documents accessioned by the end of 1997 and Mary C. Rabbitt's The United States Geological Survey 1879-1989.
	www.hscibib.com (1920 words)

	CCCU : Resource Center \| Psychology’s "Two Cultures": A Christian Analysis
		There are subcultural themes within each culture which vary across time and constituency, but the broad contours of each and the gulf that separates the two can be clearly documented, as can the strengths and weaknesses of each.
		Kimble takes his cue from C. Snow’s 1959 lecture on "The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution," in which, as a practitioner of both the sciences and the humanities, Snow deplored the gap in methods, values, and conceptual language that increasingly seemed to be separating these two major branches of Western culture.
		Results for the first two groups (heterogenous samples of pre-psychology students and A.P.A. officers) showed a roughly normal distribution of scores, with the means in each case very close to the center—that is, showing no clear evidence for the "two cultures" phenomenon.
	www.cccu.org /resourcecenter/rc_detail.asp?resID=988 (7834 words)

	Amazon.com: The Two Cultures (Canto): Books: C. P. Snow,Stefan Collini (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The reissue of The Two Cultures and its successor piece, A Second Look (in which Snow responded to the controversy four years later) has a new introduction by Stefan Collini, charting the history and context of the debate, its implications and its afterlife.
		The tragedy of "the two cultures" is the breakdown between the politicians who must wield the tools and the technologists who must create them.
		The Two Cultures is probably more famous as an idea which ignited discussion than as the lecture it is. This edition of C.P. Snow's classic includes a brilliant introduction by Stefan Collini.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0521457300?v=glance (2270 words)

	LORD SNOW (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In their judgement the proper test is not people in the scientific profession in loose sense, but what they call ‘scientific authors’, who are judged not by the number of publications but by some sort of repute.
		The present scientific historian believe that for many purposes India ought to be regarded as a highly developed country, a highly sophisticated country of the size of Canada, coexisting with a very large non-developed country of much greater size.
		The value in deflators in mind in what it does to almost general, what it does to in fact both the scientific culture and the culture of big sciences of power,) I believe that was very well done and yet remember that there is very strong argument on the other side.
	www.nfdindia.org /lec3.htm (10648 words)

	BrothersJudd.com - Review of C. P. Snow's The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution
		He's of course right that most conservatives are at least somewhat hostile to the industrial revolution, precisely because of the damage it did to traditional culture, but that's a very different matter from not understanding it.
		But then with the pure science revolution of which Snow spoke--in biology and chemistry, but most of all in physics--suddenly a great deal of specialized training and education was necessary before one could be knowledgeable in each field.
		He was also a member of both elites, the scientific and the intellectual, and to a significant degree they've reached an implicit agreement whereby each accepts the others judgment in their given fields.
	www.brothersjudd.com /index.cfm/fuseaction/reviews.detail/book_id/991 (1642 words)

	RE-THOMAS PYNCHON - New York Times
		The 25th anniversary of C. Snow's influential Rede Lecture, ''The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution,'' mentioned in Thomas Pynchon's essay, actually came three years after Snow introduced his concept (that intellectual life in the West was becoming increasingly polarized into ''literary'' and ''scientific'' factions).
		It was called ''The Two Cultures,'' and generated immediate attention.
		By the time of the Cambridge lecture, Snow's ''two cultures'' concept had already gone into the language, assuring wide interest in the problem he had already enunciated three years earlier.
	query.nytimes.com /gst/fullpage.html?res=9903E5DD1438F931A35751C1A962948260 (136 words)

	Congressman Ehlers on Science Policy
		Congressman Vernon Ehlers (R-Michigan) addressed the Physics Department of the University of Maryland this week, focusing his address on bridging the gap between the "two cultures" of scientists and non-scientists.
		Quoting the "Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution" lecture given by C.P. Snow in 1959, Ehlers said there is still a cultural division between scientists and non-scientists.
		The representative also wants to speed the use of scientific discoveries, citing the way in which agricultural research is utilized quickly by farmers.
	www.aip.org /enews/fyi/1997/fyi97.140.htm (474 words)

	Pynchon - Essays: "Is it OK to be a Luddite?"
		As if being 1984 weren't enough, it's also the 25th anniversary this year of C. Snow's famous Rede lecture, "The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution," notable for its warning that intellectual life in the West was becoming polarized into "literary" and "scientific" factions, each doomed not to understand or appreciate the other.
		But the Industrial Revolution was not, like the American and French Revolutions of about the same period, a violent struggle with a beginning, middle and end.
		The Methodist movement and the American Great Awakening were only two sectors on a broad front of resistance to the Age of Reason, a front which included Radicalism and Freemasonry as well as Luddites and the Gothic novel.
	www.themodernword.com /pynchon/pynchon_essays_luddite.html (3102 words)

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