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Topic: The Uncounted Enemy

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William Westmoreland

	Uncounted Enemy, The
		The CBS Reports documentary The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception, which aired on 23 January 1982, engendered one of the most bitter controversies in television history.
		Former intelligence officers testify that field command reports withheld information from Washington and the press, ostensibly under orders from higher military command, and that a 300,000-troop ceiling was imposed on official reports to reflect favorable progress in the war.
		The Uncounted Enemy helps explain an aspect of Tet and gives voice to intelligence officers who were silenced during the war.
	www.museum.tv /archives/etv/U/htmlU/uncountedene/uncountedene.htm (1060 words)

	VVI
		However, The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception was watched by an important minority audience: some, to include General William Westmoreland, the "heavy" of the show, were incensed by its distortions; many more were convinced by the program that CBS had caught people in high places betraying the public trust.
		TUE then went into a long computational sequence with graphics to show the implausibility of these figures, given the pre-Tet estimate of enemy strength.
		If the primary thesis of TUE was that General Westmoreland suppressed true estimates of enemy strength from the public and the President, the secondary theme of the program was that Tet was such a great surprise because of inadequate information.
	www.vvi.org /Content/vvi2.asp (6956 words)

	Vietnam: Cease Fire To Capitulation - Chapters 7-12
		The surge in enemy attacks, which continued through November, was motivated in part, as in the border provinces, by the harvest and marked by Communist attempts to gather as much of it as possible.
		The confidence of the population in their local forces was strengthened, and the enemy was often compelled to move or discontinue his activities while the territorials maneuvered through the area.
		Enemy casualties were heavy that first week of the Tri Phap campaign; over 500 were killed, and the ARVN captured tons of ammunition and nearly 200 weapons.
	libraryautomation.com /nymas/Vietnamfulltext2.html (18742 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Westmoreland vs. CBS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		...The enemy's order of battle is a matter of endless controversy always under revision, a controversy barely held in check by discipline, professional respect, loyalty, and bureaucratic imperatives...
		...Even before The Uncounted Enemy went on the air, CBS News opened the public engagement with newspaper ads which flatly proclaimed that the network had found a "conspiracy" of "decisions made at the highest level of military intelligence to suppress and alter critical information...
		...The Uncounted Enemy was greeted by the acclaim of some nationally-known pundits and the outraged denials of those involved in the nationalsecurity apparatus at the time of Tet, inside Vietnam and out...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V78I2P33-1.htm (5300 words)

	Mike Moravitz
		I propose to build a Website that is a teaching resource for advanced high school students and undergraduates on the Westmoreland vs. CBS trial and the order of battle dispute at the center of the case.
		The CIA was pressing for a higher estimate of enemy troops to reflect village militias, while the military favored a lower estimate that did not count these militia members.
		General Westmoreland’s lawsuit and the resulting trial replayed the antagonisms between the military and the news media that had been apparent during the war, especially after the Tet offensive, which convinced many journalists that the war was being lost and that the military was deceiving the public.
	mason.gmu.edu /~mmoravit/hist696/assignment3.htm (2466 words)

	Opinion \| San Francisco Bay Guardian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		After careful examination of numerous after-action reports and reports of enemy interrogations, Adams concluded that there were at least 200,000 more Vietcong fighters than were acknowledged in the U.S. assumptions.
		He continued to study the evidence, and by December 1966 he had concluded that there were 600,000 enemy soldiers.
		He returned to Washington in November 1967 and said, "The enemy is running out of men." Two months later, in January 1968, the Vietcong launched the Tet offensive with simultaneous attacks on numerous provincial capitals.
	www.sfbg.com /39/32/x_oped.html (632 words)

	THE UNCOUNTED ENEMY: A VIETNAM DECEPTION (cBS & Gen Wm Westmoreland libel lawsuit) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		THE UNCOUNTED ENEMY: A VIETNAM DECEPTION (cBS and Gen Wm Westmoreland libel lawsuit)
		Enemy gunners fired rockets at both the Da Nang Airbase and this time also included the Marble Mountain helicopter facility on Tiensha Peninsula.
		The enemy rocket troops fired in two bursts, one at 0342, followed by a second barrage three hours later.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1220895/posts (3411 words)

	TITLE OF
		I submit that it is in this perceived conflict between a commander's responsibility to see to the safety of enemy noncombatants and the survival of his own troops in the course of successfully prosecuting his country's war aims that the origin of the most common varieties of wartime atrocity really lies.
		At lower levels of command, the leader of a team clearing a battlefield of enemy wounded, who cannot be trusted to refrain from further combat in return for treatment as noncombatants, may spend the rest of his life bitterly regretting having made the right decision to forbid his men to “double tap” (8).
		In the absence of these, he is forced to make other less clear distinctions on the order of: anyone running away from a chopper, or out late at night, or remaining in a free fire zone, is a probable guerrilla.
	www.spaef.com /JPE_PUB/1_1/v1n1_kellogg.html (4800 words)

	General William Westmoreland, Friend of ASA, Dies
		American support for the war suffered a tremendous blow near the end of Westmoreland's tenure when enemy forces attacked several cities and towns throughout South Vietnam in what is known as the Tet Offensive in 1968.
		After the event, President Lyndon Johnson limited further increases in troops; Westmoreland was recalled to Washington to serve as the U.S. Army Chief of Staff after asking for reinforcements in response to the attacks.
		In 1982, he filed a $120 million lawsuit against CBS over a documentary "The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception," which implied he had deceived President Johnson and the public about enemy troop strength in Vietnam.
	www.americansportscastersonline.com /westmorelandmemoriam.html (896 words)

	georgeWest
		We were limited in our ability to pursue the enemy.
		On anybody's terms, this was a striking military defeat for the enemy.
		As I understand it, you filed a $120 million suit against CBS after they aired a television documentary (The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception) which made the allegation that you deliberately underestimated enemy strength in Vietnam in order to bolster your own claims of military success.
	www.geocities.com /wtsjr/georgeWest.html (1828 words)

	Vietnam commander had 'no apologies, no regrets' \| The San Diego Union-Tribune
		William C. Westmoreland, who commanded the U.S. forces in Vietnam from 1964 to 1968, overseeing the vast troop buildup and the height of the fighting, died last night in a retirement home in Charleston, S.C. He was 91.
		Westy, as he became known while a West Point cadet, was driving and combative – in World War II, leading a fast-moving artillery battalion; in Vietnam, directing "search and destroy" missions meant to decimate the enemy; and in retirement, suing CBS for a television documentary that he said had defamed him.
		Westmoreland also defended his record in his memoirs as well as in the libel suit he filed in 1982 for $120 million, over the CBS documentary, which he said was inaccurate as well as defamatory about his time in Vietnam.
	www.signonsandiego.com /uniontrib/20050719/news_1n19westmore.html (919 words)

	US Commander During Vietnam Dies - Sean Hannity Discussion
		He also sought in vain permission to engage enemy forces in their sanctuaries in Cambodia, Laos and North Vietnam.
		If they had taken his advise to engage the enemy where the enemy was, instead of drawing a line and saying; We don't cross over there, but if the enemy crosses over here they are fair game, the history of Vietnam would be completely different.
		It was a case of the military leader on the ground knowing the best way to win, but the politicos in their ivory towers not having the stomach for a victory.
	www.hannity.com /forum/showthread.php?t=18063 (1352 words)

	CBS News, General Westmoreland, and the Pathology of Information
		Although it has become extremely controversial since it was shown in January 1982, it met the general conditions of what a documentary should be: it had rather detailed and thorough research, highly qualified experts on camera with many statements pro and con, and, on balance, quite a good approach to a very difficult topic.
		The basis for Adams’s analysis, as with the analysis at MACV, was captured enemy documents which suggested that an additional 200,000 guerrilla-militia personnel ought to be counted in the armed strength of the Vietcong.
		It will be helpful, however, when CBS News answers all the charges against it for "Uncounted Enemy." The network reportedly is preparing a special broadcast in response to all the charges against its original documentary.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/aureview/1982/sep-oct/parrott.html (4013 words)

	Moïse's Bibliography: OB Dispute & Westmoreland Suit
		"The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception" was a documentary broadcast by CBS on January 23, 1982.
		This is a full-length attack on the CBS documentary "The Uncounted Enemy." Kowet's lack of knowledge of the issues dealt with in the documentary, when added to his biases, make the book pretty worthless.
		An analyst of enemy logistical units at the OB section of MACV intelligence, who in late August or early September 1967, was ordered to lower his estimates.
	www.clemson.edu /caah/history/FacultyPages/EdMoise/ob.html (5062 words)

	Blogger: Email Post to a Friend
		The general also defended his record in his memoirs as well as in the libel suit, for $120 million, over the CBS documentary, which he said was inaccurate as well as defamatory about his time in Vietnam.
		In 1982, he filed the $120-million suit against CBS over "The Uncounted Enemy" documentary.
		When he dropped the suit early in 1985, he said he had come to believe that the trial, involving complex legal issues, was "a no-win situation" for him.
	www.blogger.com /email-post.g?blogID=4033511&postID=112174631039910422 (320 words)

	Amazon.ca: War of Numbers: An Intelligence Memoir: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In 1980 Adams was hired as a consultant for the CBS documentary The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception, based largely on the evidence he had uncovered; the film caused Westmoreland to file a much-publicized libel suit against the network, with Adams a co-defendant.
		Flawed enemy strength calculations contributed to flawed strategy development which contributed to a gap between policy and means.
		The key to his breakthrough was to have actually gone to Vietnam, worked the Order of Battle issues on the ground, understand the enemy from "the enemy's" perspective and then double check how U.S. reporting of enemy strength matched that of how the enemy was reporting his own strength.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/1883642469 (1198 words)

	AIM Report - August A 1982
		On July 15 CBS released its long awaited response to the criticisms of its documentary on General William C. Westmoreland, "The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception." The response was disappointing.
		Daniel O. Graham, who was on Gen. Westmoreland's staff as an intelligence officer, has said that he agreed to be interviewed for the CBS program only on the condition that he is given a chance to make that same point and that his statement to that effect would be used on the air.
		It is my view that either Benjamin found that the charges made by the documentary were unsustainable or that it was felt that his defense of the broadcast was so weak that it was decided that the report would have to be suppressed.
	www.aim.org /publications/aim_report/1982/08a.html (3937 words)

	William Westmoreland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1982, Mike Wallace interviewed Westmoreland for the CBS special The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception.
		The documentary, prepared largely by CBS producer George Criles, alleged that Westmoreland and others had deliberately underestimated Vietcong troop strength during 1967 in order to maintain morale and popular support for the war.
		Tom Mascaro, The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception (Chicago, IL, The Museum of Broadcast Communications)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/William_Westmoreland (1987 words)

	Gen. William Westmoreland -- led U.S. in Vietnam
		Facing a confounding enemy, a fearful public turning rapidly hostile and an undependable ally in the South Vietnamese government, Westmoreland came to personify the military establishment against which a generation rebelled.
		In 1982, enraged by a CBS news documentary "The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception," he filed a $120 million libel lawsuit.
		The 90-minute program charged that Westmoreland directed a "conspiracy" to "suppress and alter critical intelligence on the enemy" by understating enemy strength in 1967 and 1968 in order to deceive Americans into believing the war was being won.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/07/19/BAGGGDQ48N1.DTL (788 words)

	Westmoreland vs CBS
		The problem for Americans troops was telling the friendly civilians from enemy irregular forces -- the forces the CBS program said Westmoreland intentionally kept out of the enemy troop estimates in order to mislead the public, the media, and the leadership in Washington.
		At this point, it was clear to Judge Leval and many observers that CBS had committed several mistakes in “The Uncounted Enemy.” Whether these mistakes amounted, in legal terms, to “a reckless disregard” of the truth that libeled the general would never be determined before a settlement was reached in the lawsuit.
		CBS trial in the historical context of the antagonism between the military and the media during the Vietnam War, and to examine the historical issues left unresolved by the settlement.
	www.ehistory.freeservers.com /vol2/seminarwesty.htm (9376 words)

	Cease Fire in MR 3 and 4
		For the South Vietnamese, the rice war meant that enemy lines of communication had to be interdicted to prevent shipment of rice to delta base areas as well as to collection points in Cambodia where much of it was transshipped to Communist units in South Vietnam's Military Regions 2 and 3.
		In 1973, nevertheless, MR 4 withdrew forces from 97 outposts while 193 were lost to enemy attacks.
		In late October President Thieu decided to attack this enemy complex with air strikes.
	www.riciok.com /Cease_Fire/cease_fire_in_mr_3_and_4.htm (9350 words)

	Oxford University Press: The Virtuous Journalist: Stephen Klaidman
		Among the specific topics treated in the book are notions of morality and fairness, journalistic competence, standards of objectivity and accuracy, avoiding bias, avoiding harm, notions of public service, and maintaining public trust.
		Specific cases discussed include the controversy surrounding the CBS documentary "The Uncounted Enemy" and recent reporting on the AIDS epidemic.
		This is essential reading for anyone interested in the role the press plays in influencing social, economic, and political choices in modern life.
	www.oup.com /us/catalog/general/subject/Communication/Journalism/~~/c2Y9YWxsJnNzPWF1dGhvciZzZD1hc2MmcGY9NDAmdmlldz11c2EmcHI9MTAmYm9va0NvdmVycz1udWxsJmNpPTAxOTUwNTY4ODQ= (387 words)

	Rutgers University Libraries: Subject Research Guides: Media Collections: Wars, U.S.
		Tells how dividing Vietnam caused Catholics and pro-French northerners to flee to the South; how, in 1960, the National Liberation Front appeared as an effort to overthrow the South Vietnamese government; and hoe Diem was overthrown by the Right, rather than the Left.
		Tells the story of American wars from the viewpoint of the men and women in the front lines and those who waited at home.
		Know your enemy, the Viet Cong uses captured Viet Cong newsreel film illustrate Viet Cong operations, training, and logistics.
	www.libraries.rutgers.edu /rul/rr_gateway/research_guides/media_collections/warsus.shtml (4378 words)

	More Fairy Tales From CBS
		But if the world view that they share is in fact closer in its basic philosophical assumptions to that of totalitarianism than to that of most Americans, the danger is obvious.
		They can misinform and mislead the nation.There is, therefore, good reason to fear that in another time of crisis, the univerisity and the media, unless reformed, may again allow themselves to be manipulated by enemy propaganda, or exploit the situation to further ideological interests hostile to the national interest.
		This was done, CBS claimed, through the reduction of estimates of infiltration in the five months prior to the Tet Offensive, and by deleting from the Order-of-Battle village civilians who supported the Viet Cong; the SS and the SSD.
	www.i-served.com /v-v-a-r.org/111303_MoreFairyTalesFromCBS.html (1932 words)

	Academy of Television Arts & Sciences
		George Crile III, 61, a journalist, author and CBS News producer who presciently chronicled the threat of Al-Qaeda in the period leading up to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks and challenged the U.S. military’s honesty during the Vietnam War, died May 14 at his New York City home.
		Crile was perhaps best known for the 1982 documentary The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception, which he produced with Mike Wallace.
		The controversial production alleged that Gen. William C. Westmoreland, the former U.S. commander of forces in Vietnam, was part of a conspiracy to intentionally downplay the size of enemy troops in an effort to deceive Congress and the White House into believing that the United States was winning the war.
	www.emmys.org /news/2006/may/gc.php (467 words)

	Important People in American History: 4 quiz -- free game
		This person was a General during the Vietnam war.
		In 1982, CBS-TV aired a documentary entitled "The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception" The report asserted that this General and the Pentagon had deceived the U.S. government about the enemy's size and strength during 1967 and 1968 to make it look like the U.S. forces were winning the war.
		This woman became one of the more prominent figures of the women's movement after she and several other women founded "Ms.
	www.funtrivia.com /playquiz.cfm?qid=222621 (389 words)

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