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Topic: The Defeat of the Spanish Armada

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Garett Mattingly

Spanish Armada

Francis Drake

William Cardinal Allen

Sir Francis Drake

Alonso de Guzman El Bueno, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia

1588

Henry VI, Part I

Desmond Dekker

Lord Howard of Effingham

Cartagena, Colombia

Philip II of Spain

Elizabethan era

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Spanish Armada
		Whilst the Spanish fleet was fighting the cause of Christianity against the Turks at Lepanto (1572), Drake thrice sacked the almost defenseless colonies on the Spanish Main, from which he returned with enormous booty (1570, 1571, 1572-73).
		Her decline ensued because the causes of the defeat were not remedied.
		Among the many side-issues which meet the student of the history of the Armada, that of the cooperation or favor of the Pope, and of the Catholic party among the English, is naturally important for Catholics.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01727c.htm (2627 words)

	Armada, Spanish on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Unable to re-form, the Armada was severely battered, but a sudden change in the wind enabled most of the ships to escape northward.
		In attempting to sail home by Scotland and the west coast of Ireland, the Spanish ships were dispersed by storms; their provisions gave out; and many of those who landed in Ireland were killed by English troops.
		Cruising from Dover to Dover in the wake of the Armada.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/A/Armada-S1.asp (743 words)

	::The Spanish Armada::
		The Spanish Armada's task was to overthrow protestant England lead by Queen Elizabeth I.
		The Spanish Armada proved to be an expensive disaster for the Spanish but for the English it was a celebrated victory making Sir Francis Drake even more of a hero than he already was and even having an impact on Tudor Christmas celebrations!
		The victory over the Armada was to make Sir Francis Drake a very famous man. The victory was even remembered at Christmas when Elizabeth ordered that everybody should have goose on Xmas Day as that was the meal she had eaten on the evening that she learned that her navy had beaten the Armada.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /spanish_armada.htm (2332 words)

	The National Archives Learning Curve \| Spanish Armada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Armada was difficult to attack because it sailed in a 'crescent' shape.
		The Armada was supposed to sail up the channel to the Netherlands and collect the Duke of Parma with an army to invade England.
		The Armada anchored at the port of Calais.
	www.learningcurve.gov.uk /snapshots/snapshot39/snapshot39.htm (2233 words)

	The Spanish Armada
		The defeat of the Spanish Armada is one of the most famous events in English history.
		The Spanish made no secret of their hostility to the English Queen, who they believed was illegitimate and had no right to the English throne, and had been involved in plots to dethrone her.
		It was planned that the Spanish fleet, consisting of over 100 ships, would sail up from Spain along the English Channel, and meet with the forces of the Duke of Parma, Philip's nephew, making their way from the Netherlands.
	www.elizabethi.org /us/armada (1167 words)

	Books on the Spanish Armada with UKshelf.com
		The Galleons' Grave: Henry Gresham and the Spanish Armada --- Â£14.99
		The Enterprise of England: The Spanish Armada --- Â£16.35
		Armada: A Celebration of the Four Hundredth Anniversary of the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588-1988 --- Â£14.95
	www.hlebooks.com /UKSHELF/MARINE/armada.htm (573 words)

	HistoryBuff.com -- The Spanish Armada of 1588
		The Spanish Armada is the term conventionally applied to a massive fleet dispatched against England by Spain's Catholic King Philip II in 1588, leading to an early and important confrontation in the nearly 20-year Anglo-Spanish War of 1585-1604 (the "Twenty Years' War").
		The Spanish navy was retooled in the 1590s and effectively solidified Spanish control over the waves, protecting treasure fleets from privateering while vanquishing English opponents on the high seas and on the coasts of Spanish America, and Spain continued as Europe's dominant power into the 1600s.
		This article discusses the background and causes of the Spanish Armada invasion, Philip's objectives with the Armada, the naval encounters between England and Spain in 1588, and the aftermath of the conflict.
	www.historybuff.com /library/refarmada1.html (2035 words)

	The Spanish Armada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Was the Armada the culmination of a conflict of charisma, a conflict of culture, a clash of religions, or a reflection of economic turmoil?
		Here is a letter written by her two years prior to the launch of the Armada which may reflect one of the political actions that set the course of events in motion.
		This is the Mary Rose, and while she was sunk prior to the Armada engagement, she is a good example of the British warship of the period.
	www.pensacola.com /~rbethke/Armada.htm (8397 words)

	The defeat of the Spanish Armada
		The defeat of the Spanish Armada marked the decline of Spain as a world power and the end of the Spanish monopoly in North America.
		The Armada was to transport the army across the Channel to England, and then back them up as they secured their position for a march on London.
		Following the defeat of the Armada, the English and Dutch began in earnest to establish their own empires in the New World.
	ks.essortment.com /defeatofspanis_rklo.htm (1915 words)

	The Defeat of the English Armada: A More Detailed Look at the Spanish Armada and its Aftermath (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Spanish Armada would be dispatched in the “Enterprise of England,” to rendezvous with a fleet transporting the army of
		Spanish Armada, the scattering of the Spanish ships hardly translated into a triumphant moment for the long-suffering English sailors who had manned the coastal defenses.
		Medina Sidonia’s Spanish Armada fleet was supposed to arrive at Lisbon, in Portugal, and at the primary Spanish ports of Coruna and Cadiz.
	www.people.fas.harvard.edu /~ulm/history/eng_armada.htm (11724 words)

	Poke's Fifteen Decisive Battles
		Besides the Spanish crown, Philip succeeded to the kingdom of Naples and Sicily, the duchy of Milan, Franche-Comté, and the Netherlands.
		Alexander Farnese, prince of Parma, captain general of the Spanish armies, and governor of the Spanish possessions in the Netherlands, was beyond all comparison the greatest military genius of his age.
		i In Macaulay's Ballad on the Spanish Armada, the transmission of the tidings of the Armada' s approach, and the arming of the English nation, are magnificently described.
	www.standin.se /fifteen10a.htm (6834 words)

	Armada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Armada would would ferry the Duke's soldiers across the straight of Dover, and these troops would march on to London, seize the Queen, and proceed to conquer the entire country.
		The Spanish Armada, commanded by Duke of Medina Sedonia, headed towards the British Isles in late May of 1588.
		The defeat of the Spanish Armada marked the turning point between the era of Spanish world domination and the rise of Britain to the position of international supremacy.
	www.austin.cc.tx.us /~songhome/Armada.htm (493 words)

	Wes's Spanish Armada Page: History, Highlights, Myths, and Muddles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Myth: The Spanish Armada was dubbed “the Invincible Armada” (La Armada Invencible) by an overconfident, swaggering King Philip II of Spain and his advisors, having been so nicknamed since they all assumed that the Armada was so strong that it could never be defeated by the English.
		English Armada article, this piece cuts through the myths and lays out the facts of the Spanish Armada battle, still significant in numerous respects as discussed below, but in ways far more subtle and intricate than are generally appreciated.
		Hapsburg Spanish Empire since a dynastic marriage between Maximilian I and Mary of Burgundy in 1477, and the Spaniards maintained a long-established political and administrative presence in the Dutch provinces.
	www.people.fas.harvard.edu /~ulm/history/sp_armada.htm (7044 words)

	Defeat of the Spanish Armada by Garrett Mattingly: an illustrated edition
		Defeat of the Spanish Armada by Garrett Mattingly
		Mattingly is a master storyteller, sweeping the reader effortlessly from the diplomatic intrigues of court and council, across the bloody battlefields of France and the Netherlands, to the smoking gun-decks of the galleons.
		Personalities come alive in his hands – Drake and Hawkins, the Duke of Medina Sidonia, who was to bear the brunt of the defeat, and Philip, toiling away in the cold Escorial, 'eyes red-rimmed, bones aching, fingers stiff', in his efforts to galvanise the forces of the Counter-Reformation against one upstart island.
	www.foliosoc.co.uk /folio/spanish_armada.php (611 words)

	The Spanish Armada -- The Experience of War in 1588 (review)
		As he writes in his preface, "I challenge the notion of a Spanish defeat at English hands." He also disputes the long-held notion that this struggle represented a turning point in the technical development of war at sea.
		The Armada was largely composed of ships built for use in the quiescent waters of the Mediterranean.
		But given that over a third of the Armada's ships and equipment and one-half of her men were lost and that virtually all of the senior commanders died or were disgraced, I do not think it is an act of gross exaggeration to conclude that this was no mere imperial setback.
	www.ihr.org /jhr/v09/v09p363_Hawkins.html (749 words)

	BHC0264 : Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 8 August 1588
		The central Spanish ship beyond the Medina Sidonia flies the flag of Leon and Castile at the main and the ragged saltire cross of Burgundy on a striped ground as an ensign.
		In the small dismasted Spanish pinnace which is being overwhelmed in the immediate foreground, a monk stands with his arms spread wide, perhaps in desperate benediction over his comrades.
		Born in Strasbourg, son of a miniaturist, de Loutherbourg was already a well-established member of the French Academy and painter to Louis XIV when he actor David Garrick persuaded him to settle in London as scenic director at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, 1773-83, at the huge salary of £500 a year.
	www.nmm.ac.uk /mag/pages/mnuExplore/PaintingDetail.cfm?letter=D&ID=BHC0264 (617 words)

	Defeat of the Spanish Armada
		The Spanish Armada was a fleet assembled and dispatched by King Phillip II of Spain in attempt to invade England in 1588.
		Queen Elizabeth I of England held the defeat of the armada as one of her greatest achievements, assisting the decline of the Spanish Empire.
		In the ensuing battle of Gravelines, on August 8, the Spanish were defeated by England and the armada sailed home with remaining ships that were heavily damaged to Spain; 67 of the original 130 ships reached Spain, most in poor condition.
	library.thinkquest.org /20176/armada.htm (416 words)

	Defeat of the Spanish Armada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		What the Spanish counted on was that their two fleets, one from the south, the other from the east, would arrive at the agreed-upon point of rendezvous at precisely the same time.
		In the preceding three years she'd raided the Spanish Main, authorized Sir Francis Drake to take Spanish booty, and in 1585 promised to come to the defense of the Dutch provinces in rebellion against Spain.
		A famous story about the Spanish Armada worth mentioning is that Sir Francis Drake played bowls on the lawn at Plymouth on the eve of the invasion.
	www.tamos.net /~rhay/armada.html (545 words)

	BBC - History - The Spanish Armada 1588 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Elizabeth's support for the largely Protestant Dutch rebellion against her former half-brother-in law, Philip of Spain, and her apparent connivance in raids on Spanish colonies and trade, led to war with Spain from 1585.
		The English (under the admiral, Howard of Effingham and his lieutenants, Francis Drake and John Hawkins) mounted a night-time attack with fireships against the fleet at Calais and then inflicted considerable damage in a battle off Gravelines.
		However, weather conditions forced the Armada back to Spain, round the north of Scotland and the west coast of Ireland - suffering heavy looses from storms and shipwrecks on the way.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/timelines/britain/tud_span_armada.shtml (281 words)

	Ahoy - Mac's Web Log-England versus Spain. The Defeat of the Spanish Armada. 1588-
		Broadsides were exchanged, Howard thought he was engaging the Spanish flagship, although the Spanish ship tried to close the range she could not magage it, and the two lines of ships were kept far enough apart that no damage was really inflicted by either side.
		Drake was continuing his attack, slowly forcing the Spanish to the east, and northwards, shoal water was close under the Duke's lee, but he saw the danger in time, another 20 minutes or so would have found the Armada stranded on the rocks, Drake was foiled.
		The Spanish fought well, time and again they sought to board the enemy ships, but the English were not to be caught in that ploy, they stood off just far enough to avoid a boarding party, but close enough to inflict incredible damage with their heavier guns.
	www.ahoy.tk-jk.net /macslog/EnglandversusSpainTheDefe.html (12642 words)

	Spanish Armada Vanquished
		Queen Elizabeth today gave the order for the commander of the English Navy, Lord Howard of Effingham, to give up the chase of the Spanish Armada as it headed north into the North Sea after the major skirmishes of two days ago at Gravelines.
		While the Spanish have preferred the traditional method of firing on the enemy and then attempting to board the ship and finish them off hand-to-hand, men like Francis Drake have used pirating experience in the West Indies to perfect a new strategy.
		This defeat will clearly have a large say in what happens to the two countries' fortunes now.
	www.dailypast.com /uk/spanisharmada.shtml (670 words)

	Queen Elizabeth I Speech - Against the Spanish Armada
		Philip assembled a huge fleet of warships known as the Spanish Armada and in 1588 sailed into the English Channel.
		Below are the words Elizabeth spoke when she visited her troops in the field as they prepared for battle.
		Following the defeat of the Spanish Armada, England became the dominant world power and remained so for centuries.
	www.historyplace.com /speeches/elizabeth.htm (364 words)

	Exploration; Defeat of the Spanish Armada (from England) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		More results on "Exploration; Defeat of the Spanish Armada (from England)" when you join.
		This was the Invincible Armada, sent by Philip II, king of Spain.
		The Armada was made up of 130 ships, not more than 50 of them real men-of-war.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-200262?ct= (845 words)

	Spanish Armada - Wikimedia Commons
		en: The Spanish Armada was a fleet sent by King Philip II of Spain in 1588 in a failed attempt to bring an end to his war with England by forcing the English government to a peace advantageous to Spain.
		The Armada portrait of Elizabeth I, attributed to George Gower
		Defeat of the Spanish Armada, history painting by Philippe-Jacques de Loutherbourg (1796)
	commons.wikimedia.org /wiki/Spanish_Armada (105 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: The Defeat of the Spanish Armada: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Study Spanish in Spain at some of the best universities and language academies in Madrid, Salamanca, Barcelona and Marbella.
		This history of the Spanish Armada is gripping right from the start - the moment of the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots.
		The protagonists are well described, from Philip of Spain to Pope Sixtus V and Queen Elizabeth, through all the military and naval commanders - from the audacious Drake to the brilliant Duke of Parma or the inexperienced Medina-Sidonia.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0224604783 (349 words)

	Defeat of the Spanish Armada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The second half of Philip’s reign was dominated by the revolt of the Netherlands (see also Netherlands, Austrian and Spanish).
		English support of the Dutch rebels and their persistent attacks on Spanish shipping led Philip to plan the invasion of England in 1588.
		The Dutch also received support from the French Protestants, and Philip intervened (1590) in the French Wars of Religion to aid the Catholic League against the Protestant Henry of Navarre (Henry IV).
	www.nnp.org /newvtour/xpages/armada.html (92 words)

	Elizabeth I and the Spanish Armada
		Home > Learning > History and Citizenship > Making of the U.K. Elizabeth I and the Spanish Armada
		The defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 has long been held as one of England's greatest military achievements.
		The successful defence of the kingdom against invasion on such an unprecedented scale boosted the prestige of England's Queen Elizabeth I and encouraged a sense of English pride and nationalism.
	www.bl.uk /learning/histcitizen/uk/armada/intro.html (107 words)

	PU4982 – Defeat of the Spanish Armada \| Armada 1588 between Dover and Calais
		PU4982 – Defeat of the Spanish Armada
		Armada 1588 between Dover and Calais’ in the ‘Brief description of subject’ and Repro ID PU4982 in the ‘negative number’ field on the order form.
		Visit the commercial users pages for a downloadable hire form and more details, including a list of hire, reproduction and usage fees and a link to our terms and conditions.
	www.nmm.ac.uk /collections/prints/viewRepro.cfm?reproID=PU4982 (150 words)

	PU4986 – The Glorious Defeat of the Spanish Armada, between Dover & Calais in 1588
		PU4986 – The Glorious Defeat of the Spanish Armada, between Dover & Calais in 1588
		PAD4986 The Glorious Defeat of the Spanish Armada, between Dover & Calais in 1588
		Please quote object title ‘ The Glorious Defeat of the Spanish Armada, between Dover & Calais in 1588’ in the ‘Brief description of subject’ and Repro ID PU4986 in the ‘negative number’ field on the order form.
	www.nmm.ac.uk /collections/prints/viewRepro.cfm?reproID=PU4986 (172 words)

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