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	Four humours - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		"Humoralism" or the doctrine of the Four Temperaments as a medical theory retained its popularity for centuries largely through the influence of the writings of Galen (131–201 CE) and was decisively displaced only in 1858 by Rudolf Virchow's newly-published theories of cellular pathology.
		For example, we refer to humoral immunity or humoral regulation to mean substances like hormones and antibodies that are circulated throughout the body, or use the term blood dyscrasia to refer to any blood disease or abnormality.
		The Unani school of Indian medicine, still apparently practiced in India, is very similar to Galenic medicine in its emphasis on the four humors, and in treatments based on controlling intake, general environment, and the use of purging as a way of relieving humoral imbalances.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_four_humours (619 words)

	Four humours -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The four humours were four (A continuous amorphous substance that tends to flow and to conform to the outline of its container: a liquid or a gas) fluids that were thought to permeate the body and influence its health.
		The concept was developed by ancient Greek thinkers around 400 BC and was directly linked with another popular theory of the (additional info and facts about four elements) four elements ((Greek philosopher who taught that all matter is composed of particles of fire and water and air and earth (fifth century BC)) Empedocles).
		These last four, named for the humours with which they were associated—that is, (additional info and facts about sanguine) sanguine, (additional info and facts about choleric) choleric, (Someone subject to melancholia) melancholic and (additional info and facts about phlegmatic) phlegmatic, eventually became better known than the others.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/f/fo/four_humours.htm (703 words)

	"UNDERSTANDING THE THEORY BEHIND GRAECO-ARABIC MEDICINE."
		When there are abnormal humors, the body attempts to rid itself of these by increasing their rate of generation in the liver and by passing them out in larger quantities than usual, in exhaled air, through the faeces or in the urine.
		The receptacle for the Phlegm Humor is the lungs.
		Thus there are four basic temperaments or classifications which relate to the four Humors: The Sanguine (from sangui=blood), the Choleric (from choler or bile, yellow bile), the Phlegmatic (from phlegm), and the Melancholic (form melan or fl, fl bile) temperaments.
	www.traditionalmedicine.net.au /chapter2.htm (4868 words)

	History
		The doctrine of temperament can be traced to the theory of humors which is a microcosmic form of the macrocosmic theory of the four elements (earth, water, air, fire) as first proposed by Empedocles (V B.C.) and the four qualities (dry, wet, cold, hot).
		Humoral theory states that there are four body humors, and their proper mixture is the condition of health.
		Temperament theory suggested that though the proportions of the humors may vary considerably, they could be reduced to four types of mixtures or temperaments (crasis) according to the predominance of a given humor.
	www.personality-project.org /perproj/others/heineman/history.htm (2417 words)

	Collect Medical Antiques -- Bloodletting and the Four Humors
		He taught the importance of maintaining balance between the four bodily fluids, or "humors" (2): blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and fl bile.
		It was the job of the physician to restore harmony in those four humors by the use of emetics, cathartics, purgatives, and by bloodletting.
		Bleeding was used to reduce excess circulation, to slow the pulse, and to "reduce irritation", all felt to be the cause of inflammation.
	www.collectmedicalantiques.com /bloodletting.html (809 words)

	humor on Encyclopedia.com
		Hippocrates postulated that an imbalance among the humors (blood, phlegm, fl bile, and yellow bile) resulted in pain and disease, and that good health was achieved through a balance of the four humors; he suggested that the glands had a controlling effect on this balance.
		Galen introduced a new aspect, that of four basic temperaments reflecting the humors: the sanguine, buoyant type; the phlegmatic, sluggish type; the choleric, quick-tempered type; and the melancholic, dejected type.
		In literature, a humor character was one in whom a single passion predominated; this interpretation was especially popular in Elizabethan and other Renaissance literature.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/h1/humor.asp (758 words)

	Humor for your Health - Dan Gascon - Speaker - Comedian Resources - The Ancient History of Humor and Health
		The word humor derives from the Latin word umor, which means fluid or liquid; to be moist.
		It was believed the four humors related to the elements and the seasons, and were qualities of temperament and disposition:
		This was carried over during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, where patients were diagnosed on the basis of being in good humor or poor humor in relation to their state of health.
	www.humorforyourhealth.com /articles/ancient_history_of_humor_and_health.html (286 words)

	Wake Forest University - Department of Art - Print Collection
		According to Panofsky, Melencolia I is a personification of melancholy, as it pertains to the concept of the four humors, combined with a representation of geometry, as one of the liberal arts.
		The concept of the four humors was based on the assumption that the body and the mind of man were conditioned by four basic fluids: yellow gall (choler), blood, phlegm, and fl gall (melancholy).
		Melancholy, the fourth humor, was associated with earth, autumn, the time of evening, and an age of about sixty.2 If this humor dominated a person, it meant he was sluggish, lazy, and unhappy.
	www.wfu.edu /academics/art/pc/pc-durer-melencolia.html (851 words)

	Humours
		The idea of humors originated with Hippocrates, who observed upon examining blood that the red portion of fresh blood is the blood humor, the white material mixed with blood is the phlegm, the yellow-colored froth on top is the yellow bile, and the heavy part that settles down is the fl bile (sauda).
		According to Avicenna, the four primary humors are derived from the digestion of food and are utilized as nutrient components for the growth and repair of the organs and to yield energy for work.
		The humors themselves are assigned temperaments: blood is hot and moist, phlegm cold and moist, yellow bile hot and dry, and fl bile cold and dry.
	www.unani.com /humours.htm (955 words)

	Argonaut Online Arts
		Hippocrates, the father of medicine, was one of the first to document the theory of the four humors.
		The hypothesis is that the balance of four major bodily fluids —; phlegm, blood, gastric acid and bile — determine a person’s personality and decision-making.
		The four humors were also extrapolated to connect to the four ages of man — infancy, youth, prime and old age — as well as the four elements, four seasons, four main Greek gods and the four major kingdoms of the ancient world.
	www.argonaut.uidaho.edu /archives/091203/art6.html (632 words)

	The Four Temperaments --- Astrology / Paganism
		Physicians and philosophers used their understanding of the four humors (bodily fluids), the four temperaments, and signs of the zodiac.
		Medieval charts, diagrams and aphoristic poems prove that astrology was used together with the four humors and temperaments both in medicine and in daily affairs.
		The four temperaments were finally devalued and considered relics of limited, ancient attempts to understand and deal with individual differences.
	www.traviscase.org /Occult/19-4Temperaments.html (931 words)

	The Evolution of Modern Medicine - Chapter XVIII
		HE Greek doctrine of the four humors colored all the conceptions of disease; upon their harmony alone it was thought that health depended.
		The body was composed of certain so-called "naturals," seven in number-- the elements, the temperaments, the humors, the members or parts, the virtues or faculties, the operations or functions and the spirits.
		This humoral doctrine prevailed throughout the Middle Ages, and reached far into modern times--indeed, echoes of it are still to be heard in popular conversations on the nature of disease.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/tech/medicine/TheEvolutionofModernMedicine/chap19.html (339 words)

	Article: Misconceptions about Medieval Medicine: Humors, Leeches, Charms, and Prayers, by Michael Livingston
		Humoral theory is behind much of the physician's understanding of the body during the Middle Ages.
		These humors were then assigned elements based on their perceived characteristics: phlegm is cold and wet so it is made of water, blood is warm and wet so it is made of air, and so forth.
		The complexion of an individual (literally, the make-up of his humors) was thus often said to be in a person's face, a concept from which developed our modern use of the word "complexion" to denote facial make-up.
	www.strangehorizons.com /2003/20030317/medicine.shtml (4108 words)

	Illuminated Body: The Medical Museum: University of Iowa Health Care
		The humors originated in the heart, brain, liver and spleen, respectively, and were thought to be governed by the elements of air, water, fire and earth.
		When the humors were in balance the body was in health; excess or deficiency of one or more caused illness.
		For instance, urine was thought to be divided into four layers, so if a sample was cloudy at the top, this indicated a disease of the head, the bottom layer correlated to the bladder, and so on.
	www.uihealthcare.com /depts/medmuseum/galleryexhibits/illuminatedbody/anatomy/humors.html (502 words)

	Anatomy of Humor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		By further extension, "humor" in the 16th century came to denote usually an unbalanced mental condition, a mood of unreasonable caprice, or a fixed folly or vice.
		The individual who possessed an excess of any bodily humor became a "humorist," and hence an object of laughter.From "humorist" signifying an individual subject to humors, it was but a short step to "humorist" meaning someone who was amusing and facetious, an individual skilled in the literary or artistic expression of humor.
		The Encyclopedia Britannica expands the definition by stating, "Humor is the only form of communication in which a stimulus on a high level of complexity produces a stereotyped, predictable response on the physiological reflex level." This response, laughter, is an indicator of the elusive quality that is called humor.
	www.redlandsfortnightly.org /ridayhum.htm (4561 words)

	Four Element Theory of Temperaments: Fire, Earth, Air, and Water
		The common denominator of the different interpretations of the elements is that the elements are the substance out of which the form world is built.
		The elemental theory was associated with the humors and hence also with psychosomatic theories of illness and astrology.
		It thus became unfashionable during the reign of the germ theory of disease, but its tenets were preserved by traditional cultures such as India, Tibet, China, and Native Americans; but the theory was prevalent in the West since Greek times when Empedocles, c.
	www.cancerchecklist.com /emotions/fourelements.html (741 words)

	The Merchant of Venice - Study Aid
		The four humors are: blood, phlegm, fl bile, and yellow bile.
		The four humors relate to the four elements, because humans were thought of as little worlds unto themselves.
		The correlations of humors to elements are: blood – air (wet and warm); phlegm – water (wet and cold); yellow bile – fire (hot and dry); fl bile – earth (cold and dry).
	www.csulb.edu /~lkermode/engl363/merchantnotes.htm (777 words)

	Quiz Guidelines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Thesis: Aristotle used the theory of the four humors to describe the causes of diseases.
		Aristotle used the theory of the four humors to describe the causes of diseases.
		The four humors included blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and fl bile, and they were fluids contained in the body.
	www.colorado.edu /history/jones/4020A/hist4020Aquiz3.html (781 words)

	Antiqua medicina: hippocratic corpus
		The elaborate general doctrine of the Four Humors endured through many centuries and is central to the tenets of the Hippocratic Corpus.
		The four constituent elements, or humors, in man were identified analogously as phlegm, blood, yellow bile and fl bile, all of which had to be in correct proportion to one another.
		The success of the humoral theory put a heavy brake on physiological research since there were few phenomena for which the humors could not be made to yield some sort of easy explanation.
	www.med.virginia.edu /hs-library/historical/antiqua/textn.htm (578 words)

	Esoteric Order of the Golden Dawn ® - The 4 Elements in the Western Mystery Tradition
		The humors and reasons related to the qualities established in the Corpus Hippocrericum (5th Century BC) with the Elements and planets later attributed to them.
		Alchemy similarly implied that Air was the supreme element, connecting it with the final, most spiritual of the four phases of the opus, the sublimatio, the stage of the hieros gamos the holy marriage or ultimate conjuctio.
		The four Elements, said by Empedocles to form the constitution of human beings, became identified by one of his followers, Philistion, with four qualities.
	esotericgoldendawn.com /mysteries_fourelements.htm (3177 words)

	The Humor of Four Humors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Of all the psychotic theories that have been proposed in the history of science, Hippocrate's theory of four humors is by far one of the most outlandish.
		To sum up the man in a nutshell, Hippocrates said that personality and illness is dependent upon four humors that usually lie in the body.
		The one main unifying theme in all of Hippocrate's beliefs is in the theory of four elements, earth, air, fire, and water, that all matter is created from and influenced by.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/hangar/6739/fourhumors.html (338 words)

	The Four Humours
		In Greek, Medieval, and Renaissance thought, the traditional four elements form the basis for a theory of medicine and later psychological typology known as the four humours.
		The four humors correspond to four bodily fluids: blood, phlegm, fl bile and yellow bile.
		(1621) and Rudolph Steiner on the four temperaments.
	www.kheper.net /topics/typology/four_humours.html (921 words)

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