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Topic: Four humours

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	Herbs in ancient civilizations: Lessons in history and philosophy
		By contrast, the sanguine humour was seen to be weakest at the autumnal equinox, corresponding to the coldness and dryness of the autumn.
		By contrast the choleric humour was seen to be weakest at the winter solstice, corresponding to the coldness and moisture of the winter.
		By contrast the melancholic humour was seen to be weakest at the vernal equinox, corresponding to the heat and moisture of the spring.
	www.kitchenmedicinebook.com /016776.html (1984 words)

	Medieval Women - Scriptorium: Bartholomaeus Anglicus
		There are four elements and four qualities which compose the matter of each body, especially the human body, the noblest of all; the human body is the most nobly composed and organized, in that it is the instrument of the reasonable soul, and devoted to all its works.
		Humour is the first and principal material origin of sensible bodies, which helps their functioning, because of the nourishment that it provides for them.
		These four humours are engendered in the following way: when the body has ingested food, and has "put it in its kitchen", that is the stomach, the subtler part of this food is brought into the liver through the veins; there it is transformed in four humours by the power of natural heat.
	www.mw.mcmaster.ca /scriptorium/barthol.html (4150 words)

	Four humours
		The four humours were four fluids that were thought to permeate the body and influence its health.
		The imbalance of humours, or "dyscrasia", was thought to be the direct cause of all diseases.
		Galen identified four temperaments in which one of the qualities, warm, cold, moist and dry, predominated and four more in which a combination of two, warm and moist, warm and dry, cold and dry and cold and moist, dominated.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/LX/FourHumours.html (610 words)

	Medieval (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Drawing on the works of ancient sources - most notably those brought together by the Roman physician Galen - the concept of the four humours was central to many aspects of Medieval life.
		The four humours, fl bile (responsible for melancholy), yellow bile (choler), blood and phlegm, gave rise to four temperaments: melancholic, choleric, sanguine and phlegmatic.
		From the medical point of view, a loss of balance in the humours was commonly adjusted by surgeons of the period through blood-letting and the use of various emetics, to reduce the overwhelming humour which was responsible for that particular dyscrasia.
	www.thirteenthcentury.com /pages/humours01.html (169 words)

	Four humours (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The imbalance of humours, or " dyscrasia ", was thought to be the direct cause of all diseases.
		Health was associated with a balance of humours, or eucrasia.The qualities of the humours, in turn, influenced the nature of the diseases they caused.
		These last four, named for the humours with which they were associated-- that is, sanguine, choleric, melancholic and phlegmatic, eventually became better known than the others.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Four_humours.html (633 words)

	Bloomsbury.com - Research centre
		The four humours are often equated with the ancient Greeks' idea of the four elements (earth, fire, water and air) and represent an important step away from the previous belief that diseases were the result of devils, divine displeasure, etc. and therefore inexplicable in mechanistic terms.
		The concept of the four humours persisted until the 18th century and was a prime force in the development of Western medicine.
		In drama, Comedy of Humours is a term used to describe a Renaissance European dramatic form, drawing on traditional medical beliefs in the influence of the four 'humours' on individual character.
	www.bloomsbury.com /ARC/detail.asp?entryid=102230&bid=2 (289 words)

	Astrology & Health: The Humours
		Humour as expressed in comedy is also included in the term.
		The four humours are perceived within the blood using each of the four Elements in turn.
		Each humour has its own temperament in terms of hot, cold, wet and dry, and is traditionally ruled by different Planets, according to their sympathetic natures.
	www.astrologycom.com /humours.html (707 words)

	Medieval
		In medicine, a proper balance of the humours (known as eucrasia) was vital for purity and well-being.
		The four humours, fl bile (responsible for melancholy), yellow bile (choler), blood and phlegm, gave rise to four temperaments: melancholic, choleric, sanguine and phlegmatic.
		From the medical point of view, a loss of balance in the humours was commonly adjusted by surgeons of the period through blood-letting and the use of various emetics, to reduce the overwhelming humour which was responsible for that particular dyscrasia.
	www.bumply.com /Medieval/humours01.html (169 words)

	The Four Humours
		In Greek, Medieval, and Renaissance thought, the traditional four elements form the basis for a theory of medicine and later psychological typology known as the four humours.
		Each of the humours were associated with various correspondences and particular physical and mental characteristics, and could, moreover, be combined for more complex personality types: (e.g.
		(1621) and Rudolph Steiner on the four temperaments.
	www.kheper.net /topics/typology/four_humours.html (921 words)

	personality styles, types, theories and psychometrics models, personality tests and quizzes theory
		the four temperaments - aka the four humours/humors
		The Four Temperaments, also known as the Four Humours, is arguably the oldest of all personality profiling systems, and it is fascinating that there are so many echoes of these ancient ideas found in modern psychology.
		The Four Temperaments ideas can be traced back to the traditions of the Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilisations over 5,000 years ago, in which the health of the body was connected with the elements, fire, water, earth and air, which in turn were related to body organs, fluids, and treatments.
	www.businessballs.com /personalitystylesmodels.htm (12944 words)

	humours - Funnysigns.ws
		Essentially, it holds that the human body is filled with four basic substances, called Four humours, which are held in balance when a person is healthy.
		The Four Humours: A traditional theory of physiology in which the state of health--and by extension the state of mind, or character--depended upon a balance among the four*...
		The Humours are a text-based new music ensemble comprised of String Quartet, electric cello, banjo, guitar, flute, keyboards, electronics, percussion, and vocalist, Nathan Baer.
	www.funnysigns.ws /fun/humours (288 words)

	4 humours \| The Joke Arena
		Of course now the four humours are largely disregarded as legitimate factors in physiology but the terminology The Four Humours: Showing items 1-4 of 4
		The Father of modern medicine, invented the theory of the Four Humours.
		RE 004705 GMaj 4/4 Humors Of Tulla RE 004707 DMaj 4/4 Humours Of Allegheny, The RE 004709 ADor 4/4 Humours Of Ballyconnell, The 2 RE 004711 DMaj 4/4
	www.jokearena.co.uk /4_humours.html (332 words)

	Humours (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Furthermore, the four elements and their basic properties combine within the body as four humours: blood, choler, phlegm, and melancholy.
		All four humours are present in every body; an ideally healthy and well-balanced body is one in which no one humour predominates.
		Four basic personality types emerge, however, from the fact that nobody's humours are perfectly balanced: one is always slightly more predominant than the rest.
	individual.utoronto.ca /scoville/chaucer/humours.html (438 words)

	Basic Glossary of Literary Terms
		humours : The term humour (it derives from Latin humor 'moisture'; hence humid) was used in the Middle Ages and during the Renaissance period - in the tradition of Hippocratic pathology and physiology - to denote the four humours of the body.
		The four humours were originally thought of as four liquids existing in the human body, and the balance of the humours dictated a person's personality and his health.
		Humour here is coming to have its wider meaning of personality, rather than the specific four humours meant in medieval times.
	members.fortunecity.es /fabianvillegas/drama/glossary-h.htm (1576 words)

	What are the Four Humours?
		Essentially, according to the four humours model, general health is held to be reliant on the balance of four major body fluids: blood, phlegm, fl bile, and yellow bile.
		Though the idea of the four humours and their effect on general health and temperament has been discarded in the field of medicine, many modern theories of psychology are based upon the four personality types associated with the four humours.
		However, the four temperaments associated with the humours are still considered useful in psychology, where they are considered the four basic categories of human personality, and personality disorders are grouped according to them.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-are-the-four-humours.htm (420 words)

	The Four Humours
		The Theory of the Four Humours was an important development in medical knowledge which originated in the works of Aristotle.
		These could be connected to the four seasons of the year: Yellow Bile with summer, fl bile with autumn, phlegm with winter and blood with spring.
		Use of the Four Humours as a diagnostic tool would result in doctors looking for symptoms: the first time that clinical observation of a patient was recorded.
	www.educationforum.co.uk /greekscross.htm (330 words)

	Humours
		Avicenna agreed that these four components are the primary humors, but he added that the intracellular and extracellular fluids in the tissues are secondary humors.
		According to Avicenna, the four primary humors are derived from the digestion of food and are utilized as nutrient components for the growth and repair of the organs and to yield energy for work.
		All four of these humors arise at the site of the liver, in quantity or predominance according to the nature of the foods eaten and the degree of completeness of their digestion.
	www.unani.com /humours.htm (955 words)

	Collect Medical Antiques -- Bloodletting and the Four Humors
		He taught the importance of maintaining balance between the four bodily fluids, or "humors" (2): blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and fl bile.
		It was the job of the physician to restore harmony in those four humors by the use of emetics, cathartics, purgatives, and by bloodletting.
		Bleeding was used to reduce excess circulation, to slow the pulse, and to "reduce irritation", all felt to be the cause of inflammation.
	www.collectmedicalantiques.com /bloodletting.html (809 words)

	The Hippocratic Humoural Theory
		For Empedocles, the four opposing powers of hot, cold, moist and dry were qualities associated with four fundamental elements of existence: fire, air, water and earth.
		While it is true that the humoural theory was centuries later proven to be false, this critique suffers from historical context dropping and obfuscates the essential characteristic of the humoural theory--the differentiation of a medicine which seeks natural causes for illness vs. one that is essentially mystical.
		In formulating a proper context in which to understand the significance of the humoural theory, it is important to understand what preceded it and what it successfully separated Western medicine from--a primarily mystical approach to disease which was characterized by the worship of gods, the fending off of evil demons and subjective dreams.
	www.objectivemedicine.org /hippocratic_humoural_theory.htm (702 words)

	Division of the Body, Humours, Spirits.
		] A humour is a liquid or fluent part of the body, comprehended in it, for the preservation of it; and is either innate or born with us, or adventitious and acquisite.
		The radical or innate, is daily supplied by nourishment, which some call cambium, and make those secondary humours of ros and gluten to maintain it: or acquisite, to maintain these four first primary humours, coming and proceeding from the first concoction in the liver, by which means chylus is excluded.
		These four humours have some analogy with the four elements, and to the four ages in man.
	www.exclassics.com /anatomy/anat19.htm (474 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In Hippocratic medicine, and for hundreds of years until about the 19th century, phlegm was counted as one of the four bodily humours, possessing the properties of coldness and wetness, and was responsible for apathetic and sluggish behavior.
		Humorism holds that the human body is filled with four basic substances, called the four humours, which are held in balance when a person is healthy.
		The four humours (corresponding to the four elements of earth, fire, water, and air) were fl bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood respectively.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=phlegm (428 words)

	Hamlet: The Humorous Man
		A preponderance of one humour results in an identifiable character type, with characteristic appearance and behavior: the melancholic is pale, reflective, and fretting (Hamlet); the phlegmatic is apathetic, indifferent, and pale (Sir Andrew); the sanguine is ruddy, good-natured, and devil-may-care (Petruchio); and the choleric is lean, easily angered, and vindictive (Kate).
		Perfect physical and mental health result from a temperate mixture of the four humours, each of which is tempered (modified by mixing) by the presence of the others.
		Someone who, like Horatio, has his humours and his reason well mixed (comeddled) is even-tempered, temper meaning "the appropriate mixture of qualities." If Horatio shows anger, he loses his temper; he could also lose his temper by falling into melancholy.
	www.bard.org /education/resources/shakespeare/hamlethumor.html (627 words)

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