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Topic: The jaguar in Mesoamerican culture

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Aztec mythology

	Olmec Civilization, Crystalinks
		The Olmec were perhaps the originators of the Mesoamerican ballgame, prevalent among later cultures of the region and used for recreational and religious purposes.
		The most well-known aspect of shamanism in Mesoamerican religion, and in the whole of Native American shamanism, is the ability to assume the powers of animals associated with the shaman.
		Archaeologists believe that the Olmec and their culture were ancestral to later Mesoamerican peoples, including the Maya civilization, the inhabitants of the city of Teotihuacan, and the modern Mayan speaking groups.
	www.crystalinks.com /olmec.html (7695 words)

	Permanent Exhibitions \| American Museum of Natural History
		he diverse art, architecture, and traditions of the Maya, Toltec, Olmec, Aztec, and other Mesoamerican pre-Columbian cultures are the subjects of this hall.
		Especially striking works on view include Costa Rican gold ornaments and a 3,000-year-old Olmec jade sculpture called the Kunz Axe, which may represent a chief or a shaman who transformed himself into a jaguar to partake of the animal's power.
		Existing as early as 1500 B.C., the Mayan culture did not consist of a single empire, but rather was a collection of independent city-states that alternately warred and traded with one another.
	www.amnh.org /exhibitions/permanent/culture/mexico.html (156 words)

	A Mesoamerican Astrology Annotated Bibliography and Book Review
		The entire Mesoamerican astrological system itself was neglected by academics, and to anyone interested in the subject it was, more or less, incomprehensible.
		This is the "dungeons and dragons" of Mesoamerican calendars, astrology, and divination.
		The second is to understand the subtle, revisionist agenda of modern ethno-astronomy, namely that it's OK to study ancient astrology in its religious, cultural context, but (as the author says), "contemporary astrology has little to do with the worldview of its ancestor." Readers will have to pay close attention to notice the author's bias.
	www.onereed.com /articles/mesolist.html (5110 words)

	Jaguars in Mesoamerican culture at AllExperts
		The jaguar is said to possess the transient ability of moving between worlds because of its comfort in the trees and the water, their ability to hunt as well in the nighttime as in the daytime, and their habit of sleeping in caves, places often associated with the deceased ancestors.
		Jaguar Paw I was ousted by central Mexicans from TeotihuacÃ¡n, and it was not until late in the fifth century that the Jaguar Paw family returned to power (Coe 1999: 90).
		The jaguar's formidable size, reputation as a predator, and its evolved capacities to survive in the jungle made it an animal to be revered.
	en.allexperts.com /e/j/ja/jaguars_in_mesoamerican_culture.htm (2445 words)

	Jaguar Summary
		Jaguar metaphors signify bravery in battle and success in hunting, both in the physical world and the supernatural realm, where it is the spirit helper of shamans and chiefs.
		Jaguars are powerful animals for their size."They are powerful enough to drag an 800-pound [363 kg] bull 25 feet [8 m] in its jaws and pulverize the heaviest bones." [6] Throughout the evolution history of mammals, the size and power of predators are proportional to those of their preys.
		Jaguars hunt wild animals in the range of 300 kg and below in dense jungle, and therefore, their short and sturdy physique is an adaptation to hunt those preys in that environment.
	www.bookrags.com /Jaguar (3011 words)

	Mexica Uprising - In Support of World Wide Indigenous Revolution
		The degree to which this aggressive aspect of jaguar symbolism was embedded in Aztec thought is shown by terms with ocelotl as their root, which were applied adjectivally to individuals who displayed the appropriate qualities.
		The latter, with its freight of cultural meanings, served as a source of appropriate metaphor to express a relational analogy consistent with the ascribed attributes of the animal in classification.
		To 'be jaguar', therefore, was to act in accordance with the distinctive, culture-specific configuration of human qualities which the jaguar signified.
	www.mexicauprising.net /Jaguar_Symbolism.html (4601 words)

	Maya civilization
		The Maya civilization is a historical Mesoamerican civilization, which extended throughout the northern Central American region which includes the present-day nations of Guatemala, Belize, western Honduras and El Salvador, as well as the southern Mexican states of Chiapas, Tabasco, and the Yucatán peninsula states of Quintana Roo, Campeche and Yucatán.
		There is some disagreement about the boundaries which differentiate the physical and cultural extent of the early Maya and their neighboring Pre-Classic Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Olmec culture of the Tabasco lowlands and the Mixe-Zoque– and Zapotec–speaking peoples of Chiapas and southern Oaxaca.
		It was formerly believed that slash and burn (swidden) agriculture provided most of their food but it is now thought that permanent raised fields, terracing, forest gardens, managed fallows, and wild harvesting were also crucial to supporting the large populations of the Classic period in some areas.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/m/ma/maya_civilization.html (5428 words)

	Southwestern College - SWC Mascot (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Maya were the largest culture in all Central America and their civilization excelled in the sciences, developed advanced calendar systems and used the mathematical concept of pi to calculate the movement of the stars and to design their cities.
		Considered to be a Mesoamerican deity, the Jaguar formerly roamed lands from the south of the current states of California, New Mexico and Texas in the United States, all the way to Uruguay and northern Argentina.
		Jaguars are in the group of the roaring cats and their roar has been likened to a series of hoarse coughs, which function as a means of proclaiming territorial boundaries and announcing their presence.
	www.swc.cc.ca.us /4thLevel/index.asp?L3=123 (653 words)

	Mesoamerican Culture (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Culture of Mexico - The culture of Mexico reflects the complexity of Mexico's history through the blending of pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican civilizations and the culture of Spain, imparted during Spain's 300-year colonization of Mexico.
		Culture of Costa Rica - Costa Rica was the point where the Mesoamerican and South American native cultures met.
		Wielbark Culture - Wielbark Culture or Willenberg Culture was an archaeological culture which appeared during the first half of the 1st century AD, and replaced the local Oksywie Culture, a culture which was part of the Przeworsk culture.
	home.iggint.com /Mesoamerican-Culture.html (1705 words)

	Mexico Desconocido: celebrations Guerrero, the land of the jaguar
		Nearby there is another painting of a man whose hands, forearms, legs are covered with jaguar skins, and also wears a cape and loincloth made with the animal’s skin; the man is standing in a commanding position over a man kneeling in front of him.
		The main figure in Oxtotitlan is a man sitting on a throne shaped like a jaguar’s mouth or monster of the earth, which suggests a possible connection of the ruling or religious castes with sacred mythical entities.
		Jaguar figures are also central themes in the codices (pictographic documents that recorded the history and culture of many people in Guerrero) of the early colonial period.
	www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx /english/cultura_y_sociedad/fiestas_y_tradiciones/detalle.cfm?idsec=15&idsub=60&idpag=2020 (1503 words)

	MesoAmerican Art
		Olmec culture is the foundation of all subsequent civilizations of Mesoamerica.
		It is possible that the ancient culture believed that their ancestors emerged from this cave.
		The Mayans represent the highest achievements of Precolumbian culture, and is the best-known of the classical civilizations of Mesoamerica.
	www.eyeconart.net /history/ancient/mesoamerican.htm (1057 words)

	Learn more about Mesoamerica in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mesoamerica is the region extending from central Mexico through Central America which produced a set of culturally related civilizations before the discovery of the New World by Columbus.
		Mesoamerican is a general adjective to refer to that group of Pre-Columbian cultures.
		Mesoamerican civilizations included the Olmec, Maya, Mixtec, Zapotec, Huastec, Tarascan, Teotihuacan, Totonac, Toltec, and the Aztec.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /m/me/mesoamerica.html (175 words)

	Southwestern College - SWC Mascot
		The Maya were the largest culture in all Central America and their civilization excelled in the sciences, developed advanced calendar systems and used the mathematical concept of pi to calculate the movement of the stars and to design their cities.
		Considered to be a Mesoamerican deity, the Jaguar formerly roamed lands from the south of the current states of California, New Mexico and Texas in the United States, all the way to Uruguay and northern Argentina.
		Jaguars are in the group of the roaring cats and their roar has been likened to a series of hoarse coughs, which function as a means of proclaiming territorial boundaries and announcing their presence.
	www.swccd.edu /4thLevel/index.asp?L3=123 (663 words)

	Mesoamerican Astrology
		Not unlike other near and far east cultures, the development of this astrological and numerical system of divination was meant to allow messages from the divine to speak to the people and guide them in their lives.
		The Mesoamerican perspective of, and preoccupation with, the Cardinal points (6) is because, the equinoctial points of the sun's passage, mark the movement of the celestial world and therefore, the Middleworld.
		The fact that these cultures did not use the wheel for working or practical purposes (16), nor used metal implements, instead shaping obsidian glass knives, may simply be an indication that the rituals remained focused on the other-world spirit and divining a more metaphysical intent to existence rather than any indication of intellectual achievements.
	www.astroconsulting.com /FAQs/mesoamerican_astrology.htm (2609 words)

	Mountain biking Tikal to Belize \| MEA - Mesoamerican Ecotourism Alliance
		In addition to the magnificent ruins of the Maya culture - rivers, lakes, swamps and flooding savannas provide important refuge for wildlife and for migratory birds.
		It is, however, a wonderful, vibrant culture and people are extremely friendly and will go out of their way to make you feel welcome.
		If the Mesoamerican Ecotourism Alliance (MEA) cancels the tour or the tour must be postponed during a time period starting seven days before tour departure and /or through the duration of the tour, MEA will refund all money recoverable through our agents, not yet spent and/or all refundable deposits.
	www.travelwithmea.com /itin_guat_belize.htm (1888 words)

	Mayan History Home Page
		The dominant Mesoamerican civilization of the Preclassic period was the Olmecs (1,500 - 400 B.C.) in the Gulf Coast Region, to the northwest of the Maya region.
		The Patio of the Jaguars is part of the Pyramid of the Moon complex on the Street of the Dead.
		Evidence of Zapotec culture in Oaxaco, Mexico dates to 1,500 B.C. Their capital city, Monte Albán, reached its zenith between 300 to 700 A.D. During the Late Classic period, the jaguar was believed to be the symbol of this city of 24,000 people.
	www.oneworldjourneys.com /jaguar/mayan_timeline.html (386 words)

	Classic Cultures of Mesoamerica
		Many of the qualities of subsequent Mesoamerican culture and belief appear to have originated with the Olmec, including, for example, the Mesoamerican calendar.
		Unlike other major Mesoamerican cultures, they appear to have no migration myth and are probably an extremely old culture indigenous to the region.
		Although aspects of Zapotec culture have continued to the present, as a dominating political force it entered a period of decline around 1000.
	www.rightreading.com /mayan/mesoamerica.htm (931 words)

	Mexico History - The Preclassic Period, The Olmeca Culture
		Considered by some to be the mother culture of pre-Hispanic Mexico, the "rubber people" venerated the jaguar as supernatural.
		Olmec artifacts bearing images of the were-jaguar, distinguished by the combined physical characteristics of humans and felines, have been found scattered throughout Mexico.
		The Olmecs were apparently the first Mesoamerican people to fathom the concept of zero, develop a calendar, and create a hieroglyphic writing system.
	www.mexconnect.com /mex_/hpreclassic.html (443 words)

	The Culture of the Jaguar - The Book of THoTH Article System
		It is the parent culture of the Mayans and the Aztecs.
		Anthropologists believe that the Olmec had a strong belief in supernatural power and shamanism that is reflected in their art images of dragons, birds, dwarfs and even ‘were-jaguars’ that were supposed to represent a being that was part human and part jaguar.
		The Jaguar was revered in Olmec society and was later adapted to later Mesoamerica cultures.
	www.book-of-thoth.com /article_submit/history/civilisations/the-culture-of-the-jaguar.html (648 words)

	OLMECA CULTURE (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The region which the Olmeca culture ocupied, between the mountain ranges and the Gulf of Mexico, has a high index of humidity and because of this there is water in abundance, lakes, rivers as well as marshes.
		It is probable that they achieved the domestication of the dog and turkey and the begining of apiculture; it is known that they practiced cannibalism, and that they probably extracted, from a marine frog abundant in the gulf, a hallucinogenic substance.
		The main animal which are represented are the jaguar, the monkey, the serpent, and the falcon or eagle.
	mexico.udg.mx /historia/precolombinas/ingles/olmecas (1215 words)

	The Book of THoTH (Leaves of Wisdom) - Maya Civilization
		The Maya civilization is a historical Mesoamerican civilization, noted for the only fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas, spectacular art and architecture, and sophisticated mathematical and astronomical systems.
		There is some disagreement about the boundaries which differentiate the physical and cultural extent of the early Maya and their neighboring Preclassic Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Olmec culture of the Tabasco lowlands and the Mixe-Zoque– and Zapotec–speaking peoples of Chiapas and southern Oaxaca.
		They produced extremely accurate astronomical observations; their charts of the movements of the moon and planets are equal or superior to those of any other civilization working from naked eye observation.
	www.book-of-thoth.com /thebook/index.php/Maya_Civilization (5321 words)

	The Unofficial Mesoamerican Gods Biography
		The Mesoamerican peoples often adopted the cultures and the religions of their neighbours, making any division into distinctive tribes, cultures and pantheons difficult and unclear.
		The Olmecs was the first culturally advanced Indian tribe on the Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico), and had their golden age from 1,200 BC to 400 BC.
		The land was divided between the few remaining city states, but the Maya culture would remain a power to be reckoned with until the advent of Cortez in 1519, when the Mayan lack of unified defences ultimately led to the downfall of all ancient Indian cultures.
	www.dcuguide.com /profile.php?name=mesoamericangods (896 words)

	Native Americans - Voices from the South - DesertUSA
		The definition of the complex and differing cultural debts which the various Indian cultures of the desert owe to the peoples of Mesoamerica remains one of the overarching – and most contentious – problems in the archaeology of southwestern North America.
		At least one researcher – Kay Sutherland, a cultural anthropologist with St. Edwards University in Austin, Texas – suspects that Hueco Tanks may have been the birthplace of the western Pueblos’ katchina dance cults, with masks having evolved from depictions of the Tlaloc deity.
		They owed a cultural debt to Mesoamerica, but they bent it through the prism of their hunting and gathering past, which the Indians of the desert still recall in their modern lives and ceremony.
	www.desertusa.com /ind1/ind_new/ind5.html (2670 words)

	Mayan Culture: Astronomy - www.livingcancun.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Of all the world's ancient calendar systems, the Maya and other Mesoamerican systems are the most complex, intricate and accurate.
		Calculations of the congruence of the 260-day and the 365-day Maya cycles is almost exactly equal to the actual solar year in the tropics, with only a 19-minute margin of error.
		Rulers also liked to associate themselves with auspicious gods of the sky such as the Sun God, and Maya rulers and priests in real life often "clothed themselves with the heavens" by dressing in the pelt of the jaguar, whose spots were taken to represent the stars.
	www.livingcancun.com /Mayan_Culture/Astronomy (1116 words)

	MESOAMERICAN RELIGIONS
		The Hero Twins, Hunapu (associated with the celestial, the sun, and life) and Xbalanque (associated with the underworld, the jaguar, Venus, and death) travel to Xibalba, the underworld, and return - outsmarting the lords of death by tricking them.
		Military wars of conquest, and captive sacrifice were justified by the religion which was interwoven with the control of the society by elites and promoted social unification with the construction of large public temples and building projects.
		As in the other Mesoamerican societies, religion served to give authority to the rulers and elites, justify war, and provided social unity.
	www.angelfire.com /ca/humanorigins/religion.html (2120 words)

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