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Topic: Justification for the state

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	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Justification
		Justification denotes that change or transformation in the soul by which man is transferred from the state of original sin, in which as a child of Adam he was born, to that of grace and Divine sonship through Jesus Christ, the second Adam, our Redeemer (l.c., cap.iv: "Justificatio impii.
		In the New Law this justification cannot, according to Christ's precept, be effected except at the fountain of regeneration, that is, by the baptism of water.
		The process of justification is then brought to a close by the baptism of water, inasmuch as by the grace of this sacrament the catechumen is freed from sin (original and personal) and its punishments, and is made a child of God.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08573a.htm (4792 words)

	Chapter 6. Is the state legitimate?
		The moral justification of the state is one of the fundamental issues in political philosophy.
		Virtually all states extract wealth from some of their subjects and give it to others, but this can be thought of as a means to pay for government services rather than as an end in itself.
		Despite all the evidence of the state originating by conquest for the purpose of plunder, it would not be fair to serious political philosophers to include this in the definition of the state.
	royhalliday.home.mindspring.com /c6.htm (3367 words)

	Available Technologies - Office of Technology Management (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		State justification during the testing phase of sequential circuits has long been a problem in the semiconductor industry—the more complex the circuits, the more difficult the state justification.
		State justification—a key step in simulation-based test generation and used in deterministic test generation—is a problem in the semiconductor industry and becomes more difficult with increasing circuit complexity.
		The visited states are the unique states of the state diagram that are traversed when the vectors in the test set are applied.
	www.otm.uiuc.edu /techs/techdetail.asp?id=42 (857 words)

	State - Gurupedia
		Looked at from the point of view of an individual nation, the state is a centralized organization of the whole country.
		In this tradition, the state differs from the "government": the latter refers to the group of people who make decisions for the state.
		In broadly-defined liberal thinking, the role of the state is to express the public interest and to reconcile the interests of the whole society with those of individuals.
	www.gurupedia.com /s/st/state.htm (1271 words)

	Contrary to Authority: Proposal: Version 356
		Justification of the State and Anarchist Alternatives will examine the question, 'Why, if at all, should the State exist?' The answer would seem to be that the State is a just form of social organisation, that the State’s existence is morally justified.
		Justification of the State and Anarchist Alternatives is not that interested in the prudential justification of the State mostly because of a presupposed primacy of morals and partly because human beings have existed comfortably outside of the State, which is a fairly modern invention given the 150,000 years of human existence.
		An introduction explaining the central aim of the project; to determine the moral justification of the State in terms of eudemonia and whether an anarchic alternative is better suited to achieve human flourishing.
	contrarytoauthority.blogspot.com /2005/03/proposal-version-356.html (2269 words)

	Humane Studies Review Spring 1992
		In debates, we must be aware of the difference between these justifications to avoid needless confusion; one person may be offering a teleological justification of a particular institution and another may be offering an emergent criticism.
		Since the contract states that the supplier must have 100% participation to do the project, he is contractually forbidden from doing the project anyway.
		The agents of the state are rewarded by coercing honest holdouts (making the agents more popular with the genuine demanders) and extending the role of the state into other more questionable areas.
	mason.gmu.edu /~ihs/s92review.html (5116 words)

	JURCRM024A
		Although the defendant raised the defense of justification, the state has the burden to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was not justified in using deadly physical force.
		In deciding whether the state has proven beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was not justified in using deadly physical force, you will first focus on the defendant.
		If you find that the state has proven beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did not in fact believe that the [victim] [other person] was using or about to use deadly physical force against him, or was inflicting or about to inflict great bodily harm to him, the defendant's self defense claim must fail.
	www.jud.state.ct.us /CriminalJury/2-40a.html (1692 words)

	Gifts and the State Ethics Code
		The State Ethics Commission would interpret the term "for the performance of one's official duties or responsibilities" to include gifts that are given to a state official or employee because the state official or employee is performing his or her official duties or responsibilities.
		Thus, the State Ethics Commission believes that this section of the State Ethics Code also prohibits state officials and employees from accepting gifts given to them because of their official position under circumstances in which there is no legitimate reason or justification for the state official or employee to accept the gift.
		This law requires state officials and employees to report gifts from a donor valued singly or in the aggregate in excess of $200 if the source of the gift or gifts has interests that may be affected by discretionary action or lack of discretionary action by a state official or employee.
	www.state.hi.us /ethics/noindex/giftsfly.htm (2357 words)

	Explaining the State, by Pierre Lemieux
		The state is then defined as an organization that can inflict sanctions with relatively little risk of disavowal, which amounts to thinking in terms of a "near monopoly" of force.
		The main justification for the state is that some exclusivity in the use of force is needed in order to minimize violence in society.
		It is true that no state can rule without the implicit consent of a certain proportion of the population, but this proportion is certainly much less than 100% and quite certainly less than 50%, so that the state necessarily exploits some individuals.
	www.pierrelemieux.org /artstate.html (3006 words)

	The Inherent Instability of the State by Llewellyn H. Rockwell, Jr.
		The usual modern justification for the state is the social-contract model.
		Nowadays, the US state must pursue massive surveillance, use immense coercion, engineer consent through kept intellectuals and media, convince us that the right to vote means that we have somehow chosen our rulers, and distract us with crazy foreign wars while invoking patriotic themes, in order to bring itself legitimacy.
		In a state of war, when people believe that a foreign power is a greater threat than their own government, they are more willing to go along with being ruled by leviathan, which is why leviathan likes war so much.
	www.lewrockwell.com /rockwell/instability.html (1436 words)

	JURCRM0242 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		If the state has proven any one or more of these elements beyond a reasonable doubt, then the defendant was not justified; otherwise the defendant was justified.
		The only time a person may use deadly force to protect personal property is if in the course of doing so he reasonably believes that the assailant is about to use deadly force, or inflict great bodily harm.
		The only justification for force is to prevent the loss of property, and not for retaliation or vengeance.
	www.jud.state.ct.us /CriminalJury/2-42.html (793 words)

	[No title]
		Anscombe's question regarding the justification of the state might be considered the fundamental question of political theory, and is definitely not silly.
		The justification of rights and duties, institutions and practices, is to be found by regarding them as if they were contractual, and showing the rationality of this hypothetical contractual base.
		Moral realists simply remind us that the general process granting authority to the state is not an idiosyncratic action on the part of particular culture, but is something that is rationally justified and normatively required, and therefore, expected to be a fairly universal feature of social reality.
	www.eou.edu /~jjohnson/moralreal.htm (6623 words)

	WebDraft
		Therefore, the basic argument for the state consists in an attempt to provide a moral justification for an organization that is empowered both to compel its customers to pay for its police, rule-making, and adjudication services and to use its coercive power to suppress all competitors.
		Because the remedial state does considerably less than one which legislates, maintains a judicial system, and runs a police force, it would appear to be a better candidate for designation as the minimal state.
		However, he addressed this by arguing that the state would naturally evolve out of the state of nature and could do so without violating any rights, thereby simultaneously refuting the anarchist's claim and advancing his own argument for the justification of the state.
	faculty.msb.edu /hasnasj/GTWebSite/WebDraft.htm (4779 words)

	The State as an Unavoidable Evil \| Freedom Democrats (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The state, reduced to its smallest role, could be seen as a 'night-watchman state.' This is the state of the minarchist and some libertarians.
		The state as a territorial monopolist is often displayed with the 'Love it or leave it' attitude that many red state conservatives have.
		In a world in which all land is claimed by a state it is hard to imagine how one could exactly 'leave it.' While each state may have their own mechanisms for enforcing control, states as a whole have the powerful enforcement mechanism of having claimed all (or almost all) of the available land.
	freedomdemocrats.org /node/542 (1210 words)

	Ephilosopher :: Political Philosophy Forum :: Concerning Liberty and the Justification of State (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		However, the state is not justified to interfere in the social affairs of the people unless their equal liberty is at state.
		Yes, the state of nature that we all implicitly foresake for the social contract of state authority is an accurate philosphical analysis of the arrangement.
		Secondly, was the fear even if the State remained faithful to the contract, that the majority of society would use their power through the state to terrorize and disenfranchise certain minority groups from the benerfits of society.
	www.ephilosopher.com /phpBB_14-action-viewtopic-topic-3200.html (12132 words)

	Violence and The State
		But the fundamental arm of the state apparatus is force against its citizens; that is the guarantee of the state, that is the seal on every decree.
		To illustrate the spirit of the state, let us consider a particular historical origin of ancient states, which may very well describe the earliest foundation of a state millennia before the modern nation-state, and the beginning of the state concept.
		This proceeds to justification of continued oppression by the ruler, because he protects the passive agricultural citizen to some degree against the personal harm he fears — namely, invasion by other barbarians, or internal violence.
	www.promethea.org /Misc_Compositions/ViolenceandTheState.html (821 words)

	On Voltaire and the Enlightenment
		She states that, “fear is …not immediately apparent to those fortunate enough to live in states governed by the rule of law… Just laws do not merely prevent corruption… They also help to create a society in which people can fulfill the basic requirements necessary for the preservation of human dignity.”
		Clearly, a state of natural freedom would still not be freedom as could exist under a minimal state—physical inequalities amongst people would still eventually surface, as well as the idea that fear would prevent any feeling of freedom in the population.
		This idea of freedom and the state is the best for society—providing a stable environment not allowed by a state of anarchy, and preventing the overly restrictive society of a rigid social contract.
	people.vanderbilt.edu /~p.rappmund/essay18.htm (1557 words)

	The State As Penalizer
		The organization would have to be a state, or an arm of the state, because it would have to use the political means to maintain its monopoly.
		The strongest argument for the state turns out to be an argument against all actually existing states, whose penal codes are unequal, and a justification for the establishment of one superstate that would rule the universe.
		Given the history of all known states in the past and the present, there is little reason to believe that any state or superstate will ever administer any penal code objectively and uniformly, without corruption, without prejudice, and without favoritism.
	www.libertariannation.org /a/f34h8.html (1222 words)

	German Idea of THE STATE
		We today are so accustomed to references to "the State" in the literature of political science, it is difficult to remember the concept had not always been part of the American political vocabulary.
		Only with difficulty can "the State" be regarded as a political concept at all, for it tends inevitably to dissolve all political relationships and institutions into one grand notion of an imposing and all-inclusive authority.
		Whenever "the State" is invoked there is no longer a clear sense of citizens and government or of individuals and society, but only the intimation of a mysterious and powerful presence superior to any of the elements within it.
	webdata.soc.hawaii.edu /fredr/bloch.htm (6091 words)

	Aggie Libertarian Alliance » Blog Archive » The State
		This is not a justification of security provision by the state, but a denial of the possibility of private property, since it claims that private property needs to be defended by institutions which disregard private property.
		Furthermore, the argument that the state ought to be strictly limited to the provision of security is only intelligible if it is possible to have a state which limits itself thus.
		It is fundamentally in conflict with the stated aims of libertarianism to continue to maintain that the government ought to be a monopoly provider of protection in the face of these objections.
	libertarians.tamu.edu /?p=9 (1566 words)

	State: Limbaugh's lawyer criticizes release of letters
		The radio host's lawyer questions the state attorney's justification for releasing the letters, which detail plea discussions.
		Defense attorney Roy Black questioned State Attorney Barry Krischer's justification for releasing letters detailing plea discussions and charged that the prosecutor's spokesman leaked a false story to discredit Limbaugh.
		Mike Edmondson, spokesman for Krischer, responded Monday that the office stood by its release of the letters Friday after calls to the state Attorney General's Office and the Florida Bar.
	www.sptimes.com /2004/01/27/news_pf/State/Limbaugh_s_lawyer_cri.shtml (545 words)

	For a New Liberty by Murray N. Rothbard part 3
		For another critical distinction of the State is that it compels the monopolization of the service of protection; the State arrogates to itself a virtual monopoly of violence and of ultimate decision-making in society.
		Instead of a mighty State apparatus exerting a monopoly of violence, disputes were solved by contending tribesmen consulting the elders of the tribe on the nature and application of the tribe's customary and common law.
		For the libertarian, the most interesting and certainly the most poignant example of the creation of a State through conquest was the destruction of the libertarian society of ancient Ireland by England in the seventeenth century, a conquest which established an imperial State and ejected numerous Irish from their cherished land.
	www.mises.org /rothbard/newliberty3.asp (8529 words)

	TA Way Sec. 3
		This justification along with the biography and justification from the chapter director is forwarded to the regional director (must be in the regional director’s office no later than September 20).
		The selection is based on information contained in the biographies and justifications from the chapter director and the justification from the state/provincial director.
		This justification along with the justification from the state/provincial director and the biography and justification from the chapter director are forwarded to the executive director (must be in the executive director’s office no later than December 10).
	www.gwta.org /taway/tawaysec3.htm (1470 words)

	1989.08.08 DAB1082 Tennessee Department of Health and Environment
		justification is a procedural violation which should not effect the
		to the State that it was not in compliance with the regulation.
		State has not made out a case for equitable estoppel.
	www.hhs.gov /dab/decisions/dab1082.htm (2244 words)

	State Issues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Such circumstances require the intervention of an unbiased court, and the State carries a burden of proof.
		Nor is there justification for the State to abrogate citizens' rights in order to impose mass immunization.
		Vaccine mandates are not necessarily based on the best scientific information, and the process for establishing the mandates is often tainted by apparent financial conflicts of interest.
	www.aapsonline.org /stateis/txvac.htm (393 words)

	Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau
		To clarify further, Hobbes was trying to say that there was no injustice in the State of Nature, even if you murdered someone and took their food; it was not an injustice, for it was simply a way of survival.
		Rule four states that, “no matter what the Sovereign does, he cannot injure the subjects.” Rule five, in direct opposition to four, says that the Sovereign cannot be punished or executed.
		Hobbes goes on to state that the Sovereign is the legislator and the judge.
	members.fortunecity.com /pinkfloyd5/h_l_r/index.htm (2699 words)

	Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations
		FY 2008 Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations (Office of US Foreign Assistance)
		FY 2007 Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations
		External links to other Internet sites should not be construed as an endorsement of the views or privacy policies contained therein.
	www.state.gov /s/d/rm/rls/cbj (587 words)

	Pl 250 Final in
		The sections are: 1) The justification of the state—MLK, jr., Locke, Mill, Marx and Engels, ch.
		At the beginning of the period a student will be selected to draw from a hat containing the names of the three themes listed above: 1) justification of the state, 2) problem of God, 3) meaning of life.
		Bottom line: for this exercise, you will be writing on only two of the three themes and two thinkers from each of those themes—for a total of four thinkers.
	academic.regis.edu /tduggan/pl_250__final_in.htm (608 words)

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