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Topic: The Misfortunes of Virtue

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Justine, or the Misfortunes of Virtue

De Sade

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	Virtue Theory [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Virtue theory is the view that the foundation of morality is the development of good character traits, or virtues.
		Virtue theory places special emphasis on moral education since virtuous character traits are developed in one's youth; adults, therefore, are responsible for instilling virtues in the young.
		However, in "The Misfortunes of Virtue" (1990) J.B. Schneewind argues that the fate of virtue ethics was not one of neglect, but instead, one of critique, revision, and eventually abandonment in view of newer accounts of moral obligation.
	www.worldnewsstand.net /gov/virtue.htm (1571 words)

	The misfortunes of virtue
		At every turn she is presented with vice and abuse, hidden under a virtuous mask that lures her.
		For example, she seeks refuge and confession in a monastery, but is forced to become a sex-slave to the monks, who subject her to countless orgies, rapes and other abuses.
		May you...be persuaded that true happiness lies in virtue alone and that, though God allows goodness to be persecuted on earth, it is with no other end than to prepare us for a better reward in heaven.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/t/th/the_misfortunes_of_virtue.html (242 words)

	Genetic Virtue
		He depicts the person who exhibits the virtue of truthfulness as occupying the “mean” between boastfulness on the one hand, and self-deprecation on the other: “He is truthful in life and his speech; he admits to the qualities he possess and neither exaggerates nor understates them” (1127a).
		This is one reason, for example, why we might be disinclined to attribute the virtue of caring to a mother mouse providing nurturance and protection to her pups: her behavior is genetically programmed; it is not a choice on her part.
		We tend to think of the virtues being implemented on the knees of parents, but this focus, as many have argued, ignores many other possible influences on the possibility of individuals learning to be virtuous.
	www.permanentend.org /gvp.htm (13088 words)

	Moral Character (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		If someone lacks virtue, she may have any of several moral vices, or she may be characterized by a condition somewhere in between virtue or vice, such as continence or incontinence.
		That the virtuous person's emotional responses are appropriate to the situation indicates that her emotional responses are in harmony with her correct reasoning about what to do.
		That the virtuous person's soul is unified and not torn by conflict distinguishes the state of being virtuous from various non-virtuous conditions such as continence (enkrateia), incontinence (akrasia), and vice (kakia) in general.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/moral-character (10474 words)

	Genetic Virtue (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		One of contributions of geneticists to the GVP is to identify the gene or genes associated with the relevant virtues or subtraits of virtues.
		Recently, virtue ethics has joined (or perhaps rejoined) consequentialism and deontology as one of the major theoretical options in normative ethics.[18] The debate, and even the appropriate way to cast the debate, is a much contested issue.
		Rorty, A. “From Exasperating Virtues to Civic Virtues”.
	ieet.org /index.php/IEET/more/walkergeneticvirtue (12983 words)

	Plutarch: Life of Phocion (1) - translation
		All the advantage that fortune can truly be affirmed to gain in its combats with the good and virtuous is the bringing upon them unjust reproach and censure, instead of the honour and esteem which are their due, and by that means lessening the confidence the world would have in their virtue.
		Misfortunes always sour their temper; the least thing will then disturb them; they take fire at trifles; and they are impatient of the least severity of expression.
		Thus the old-fashioned virtue of Cato, making its appearance amidst the luxury and corruption which time had introduced, had all the splendour of reputation which such a phenomenon could claim, but it did not answer the exigencies of the state; it was unsuited to the times, and too ponderous and unwieldy for use.
	www.attalus.org /old/phocion1.html (5508 words)

	20th WCP: Virtue Ethics (Not Too) Simplified
		Again, the term "virtue ethics" can mislead if it is taken to mean an exclusive focus on "the virtues": those enduring character traits such as courage and moderation which foster successful achievement and help make a person a good person.
		The important point to remember is that a "virtue ethics" which defines virtues as stable dispositions to act according to duty is essentially deontological in content, if not in form.
		(5) J.B. Schneewind, "The Misfortunes of Virtue," Ethics 101 (1991): 43-44.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/TEth/TEthCafa.htm (3876 words)

	MORAL PHILOSOPHY THROUGH THE AGES
		Virtues are means between extremes; they are states of character; by their own nature they tend to the doing of acts by which they are produced; they are in our power and voluntary; they act as prescribed by right governance [i.e., practical wisdom].
		With the arrival of Christianity, the Apostle Paul endorsed the virtues of faith, hope, and charity, which were later dubbed the "theological virtues" in contrast to Plato’s four "cardinal virtues." Medieval theologians sometimes referred to the "seven virtues," combining the three theological virtues with the four cardinal virtues.
		Virtues, then, are only the starting point; the next step is to create governing bodies, social classes, and the obligations of both rulers and citizens, all of which is rule-oriented.
	www.utm.edu /~jfieser/vita/research/moralphil.htm (19321 words)

	[No title]
		Thus, virtues are (1) features of an agent, as opposed to those of a spectator, (2) durable motives, as opposed to actions, and (3) character traits, as opposed to passions.
		Mackie is suggesting that, in addition to a distinction between natural and artificial virtues at the level of the agent's obligation, there is another difference at the level of the spectator where natural virtues are approved of naturally and artificial virtues are not.
		Natural virtues are related to this group of instinctive mental passions insofar as they are the cause of at least some of these passions (such as attachment to offspring).
	www.utm.edu /staff/jfieser/vita/research/virtshor.htm (5769 words)

	Rough Sketch for Chapter One -- “
		Yet, others approach the issue of liberal virtue from the comprehensive camp. Galston, for one, argues that attempts to provide a neutral framework for liberal justice (such as Rawls' theory) prove to be fruitless, since all such attempts ultimately rely upon substantive, comprehensive moral commitments which embody distinctive visions of human worth and human purposes.
		And notably, liberal theorists of virtue have adopted this commonsense opinion. For example, Macedo claims that, fundamentally, liberalism is about toleration and the protection of individual liberty. What justice requires, therefore, is first and foremost the establishment of the rule of law and a constitutionally limited government.
		Thus, the values that conflict with the political conception of justice and its sustaining virtues may be normally outweighed because they come into conflict with the very conditions that make fair social cooperation possible on a footing of mutual respect.
	www.american-philosophy.org /archives/past_conference_programs/pc2005/MacLean.htm (1188 words)

	Pamela Virtue Rewarded Essays - Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded - Sexuality and the Morally Didactic Novel
		The radical stance of even using phrases such as virtue and 'fortune' to denote Pamela's virginity are themselves loaded with a questioning of the social stratification in which she resides.
		His first version of Justine, or the Misfortunes of Virtue is far tamer than his later emphatic pornographic extensions.
		Rather than placing the prevention of exploitation in the virtue of the weak and the immorality of the strong (an equation equally absurd to class and economic structure in any century, and the central criticism of Pamela), Sade invokes social controls, lest we release the sadistic demons he presents in his later dungeons.
	www.123helpme.com /view.asp?id=6484 (2281 words)

	Tristram Shandy Presentation
		O how poor and mean must those actions be, and how little must they make the best of gentlemen look, when they offer such things as are unworthy of themselves, and put it into the power of their inferiours to be greater than they!
		Though written quickly, it was carefully planned around ten incidents which demonstrate that chastity, piety, charity, compassion, prudence, the refusal to do evil, and the love of goodness and truth -- in a word, virtue -- are punished while a succession of brutal and ruthless villains are seen to prosper in vice.
		As a philosopher, he know that it was a matter of total indifference to nature whether an individual were alive or dead.
	www.ualberta.ca /~gifford/textspamelasade.htm (1983 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Peter Abelard: Historia Calamitatum [The Story of My Misfortunes]
		Out of this sprang the beginning of my misfortunes, which have followed me even to the present day; the more widely my fame was spread abroad, the more bitter was the envy that was kindled against me.
		Now this virtue is rare among women, and for that very reason it doubly graced the maiden, and made her the most worthy of renown in the entire kingdom.
		It was this young girl whom I, after carefully considering all those qualities which are wont to attract lovers, determined to unite with myself in the bonds of love, and indeed the thing seemed to me very easy to be done.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/abelard-sel.html (4597 words)

	Virtue, Apparent and Real
		Sometimes there is a fine line between apparent virtue and real virtue; between what we like to do and what we must do; between religion as hobby and religion as the serious business of obedience to Allah.
		This is a delicate issue because the conflict between duty and desire may be camouflaged by the apparent virtuosity of the deeds.
		Among his many virtues is that he was fond of performing Hajj regularly and even paid the expenses of all the members of his Hajj group.
	www.yespakistan.com /islam/virtue.asp (1162 words)

	OUP: UK General Catalogue (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The ethics of virtue predominated in the ancient world, and recent moral philosophy has seen a revival of interest in virtue ethics as a rival to Kantian and utilitarian approaches to morality.
		Divided into four sections, it includes articles critical of other traditions; early attempts to offer a positive vision of virtue ethics; some later criticisms of the revival of virtue ethics; and, finally, some recent, more theoretically ambitious essays in virtue ethics.
		Scholars undertaking research in the field of virtue ethics and general readers with an interest in modern ethics.
	www.oup.com /uk/catalogue/?ci=9780198751885 (441 words)

	FileRoom.org - Sade, "Justine or the Misfortunes of Virtue", "Juliette" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		FileRoom.org - Sade, "Justine or the Misfortunes of Virtue", "Juliette"
		Description of Artwork: "Justine or the Misfortunes of Virtue," (1791) and "Juliette," (1798): Play and novel with sexually graphic images and ideas.
		Grandmothers, misled by the title, are said to have given "Justine or the Misfortunes of Virtue" to their frivolous granddaughters to read as an object lesson.
	www.thefileroom.org /html/90.html (203 words)

	eBooks.com - Los Infortunios de la Virtud (The Misfortunes of Virtue) eBook
		The Misfortune of Virtue (1787) follows the sufferings of Justine, a young girl who suffers for her virtue, while her sister Juliette profits through debauchery.
		Justine was punished for her virtues - chastity, piety, charity, compassion, prudence, the refusal to do evil, and the love of goodness and truth.
		The Misfortune of Virtue went through several revisions, Justine (1791) and The New Justine (1797).
	www.ebooks.com /cj.asp?IID=121583 (315 words)

	The Man in the Velvet Mask
		Dodo is reluctant to take on the role, particularly when she reads the play they are to perform.
		It is The Misfortunes of Virtue by the infamous Marquis de Sade, in which the virtuous lead, Sophie -- who spends much of the play in the nude -- is abused and vilified by evil men, who prosper for their sins while Sophie is struck by lightning and killed.
		Privately, however, Dodo admits to Dalville that she has been acting all her life, and that much of her shock stems from the fact that Fantômas saw through her mask to the real her.
	www.drwhoguide.com /who_ma19.htm (2735 words)

	virtue (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Copp and Sobel, ‘Morality and Virtue: An Assessment of Some Recent Work in Virtue Ethics’, Ethics 114 (April 2004): pp.
		Harman,G, "Moral Philosophy Meets Social Psychology: Virtue Ethics and the fundamental Attribution Error," Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society New Series Vol CXIX, (1999): pp.
		There will be a revision class at some point in the spring semester, and I will provide you with sample exam questions at that point.
	homepages.ed.ac.uk /emason/virtue.html (298 words)

	Amazon.ca: Candide and Zadig: Books: Voltaire,Fredrick Davidson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Candide's tutor, Dr. Pangloss, is steadfast in his philosophical good cheer, in the face of more and more fantastic misfortune; Candide's other companions always supply good sense in the nick of time.
		The style of exposition used in this book is reminiscent of The Misfortunes of Virtue by the Marquis de Sade.
		While there is no doubt that Candide is persuasive in its comical misadventures, the style gets old just as it did in The Misfortunes of Virtue.
	www.amazon.ca /Candide-Zadig-Voltaire/dp/0786116927 (1626 words)

	Justine or the Misfortunes of Virtue - Marquis de Sade - Printed Books Shopping at dooyoo.co.uk
		Justine or the Misfortunes of Virtue - Marquis de Sade
		Clearly, De Sade is having a bit of a daydream now that the sins of the flesh are beyond him (the sins of Onan being all that was left), but it...
		Justine or the Misfortunes of Virtue - Marquis de Sade : Sexual stigma?
	www.dooyoo.co.uk /printed-books/justine-or-the-misfortunes-of-virtue-marquis-de-sade (308 words)

	Caius Gracchus by Plutarch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Those who were conversant with her, were much interested, when she pleased to entertain them with her recollections of her father Scipio Africanus, and of his habits and way of living.
		But it was most admirable to hear her make mention of her sons, without any tears or sign of grief, and give the full account of all their deeds and misfortunes, as if she had been relating the history of some ancient heroes.
		But they who so thought were themselves more truly insensible not to see how much a noble nature and education avail to conquer any affliction; and though fortune may often be more successful, and may defeat the efforts of virtue to avert misfortunes, it cannot, when we incur them, prevent our hearing them reasonably.
	www.4literature.net /Plutarch/Caius_Gracchus/6.html (208 words)

	Review - Quills
		Permitted to continue writing as part of his "therapy," the Marquis continues to publish his explicit and shockingly cynical pornographic novels and stories, which are smuggled out of the asylum by the lovely young laundress Madeleine (exquisitely played by Kate Winslett).
		Unfortunately, the Marquis’ works, especially his novel Justine, or the Misfortunes of Virtue, have come to the attention of the Emperor Napoleon, who sends a certain Dr. Royer-Collard (Michael Caine) to "cure" the Marquis by any means necessary.
		As the Doctor’s methods are sadistic, even by 19th century standards, some viewers will find the film unpleasantly graphic but such methods were certainly used in period.
	www.peers.org /revquil.html (685 words)

	The Official BAD GUY Website - Press page
		If she doesn't come up with the payment in seven days, she'll have to leave her old life behind and go to work for Han-Gi.
		A week later, virtuous Sun-Hwa is a virtual prisoner in one of the storefront bordellos that line the city's tawdry red-light district.
		She at first refuses to solicit johns and even convinces Han-Gi's other sidekick, Myung-Soo (Choi Duk-Moon), to help her escape.
	www.badguythemovie.net /press/badguy_press.html (1013 words)

	PHILOSOPHY 3352: ETHICAL THEORY
		In the first part, we will discuss normative ethics: we will consider what considerations determine whether actions are morally required, morally permissible, or morally impermissible.
		We will read and discuss contemporary essays which represent three broad traditions in ethical theory: consequentialism, historically defended by Jeremy Benthan and John Stuart Mill; deontology, whose most influential historical development is in the writings of Immanuel Kant; and virtue ethics, most influentially developed by Aristotle.
		Some knowledge and understanding of the writings of Aristotle, Kant, and Mill will be presupposed.
	www.trinity.edu /cbrown/ethicaltheory/syllabus.html (623 words)

	Bernard Henri-Levy: France's Prophet Provocateur: Politics & Power: vanityfair.com
		The libertine is a freethinker, unconstrained by conventional morality, an atheist without superstition or faith, and a voluptuary—a Don Juan, a Casanova.
		La Barbarie à Visage Humain ends, "I believe in the virtue of an atheist spirituality against today's cowardly resignation—a kind of austere libertinage for catastrophic times." The book is dedicated to his daughter, Justine-Juliette.
		I read The Misfortunes of Virtue, with the help of the dictionary, as soon as I could reach the shelf it was on.
	www.vanityfair.com /politics/features/2003/01/levy200301?currentPage=7 (923 words)

	Science Fair Projects - The misfortunes of virtue
		Science Fair Projects - The misfortunes of virtue
		Or else, you can start by choosing any of the categories below.
		An alternate title for The Misfortunes of Virtue, a novel
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Justine (184 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: The Misfortunes of Virtue and Other Early Tales (Oxford World's Classics): Books: D.A.F., Marquis De Sade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Misfortunes of Virtue is a blistering tale of woe that is unyielding and profane.
		Sade's incarcerated psyche penetrates the text and the stench of his pre-Darwinian philosophy lingers painfully from page to page.
		David Coward's new translation of The Misfortunes of Virtue and other early tales provides an engaging introduction to the literary world of the Marquis De Sade.
	www.amazon.co.uk /Misfortunes-Virtue-Oxford-Worlds-Classics/dp/0192836951 (662 words)

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