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	Thebaine
		Thebaine, a minor constituent of opium, is controlled in Schedule II of the CSA as well as under international law.
		Although chemically similar to both morphine and codeine, thebaine produces stimulatory rather than depressant effects.
		Thebaine is not used therapeutically, but is converted into a variety of substances including oxycodone, oxymorphone, nalbuphine, naloxone, naltrexone, and buprenorphine.
	www.streetdrugs.org /thebaine.htm (67 words)

	Thebaine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Thebaine is not used therapeutically, but is converted into a variety of compounds including codeine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, oxymorphone, nalbuphine, naloxone, naltrexone, buprenorphine and etorphine.
		It is controlled in Schedule II of the Controlled Substances Act as well as under international law.
		Thebaine is listed as a Class A drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 in the United Kingdom.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thebaine (144 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Thebaine (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) was enacted into law by the Congress of the United States as Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 (21 USC 13).
		Thebaine, a minor constituent of opium, is controlled in Schedule II of the CSA as well as under international law.
		Thebaine is not used therapeutically, but is converted into a variety of substances including oxycodone, oxymorphone, nalbuphine, naloxone, naltrexone, and buprenorphine.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Thebaine (1247 words)

	Lycaeum > Leda > Infra-red spectral analysis of Soviet opium: simultaneous determination of narcotine, thebaine ...
		[4] gave a detailed description of a quantitative method employing infra-red spectra which had been developed for the simultaneous determination of the content of narcotine (at 1,767 cm-1), thebaine (at 1,602 cm-1) and papaverine (at 1,160 cm-1) in opium; the view was to use the method to establish the geographical origin of the opium.
		The thebaine peak was noted at 1,609-1,610 cm-1 instead of 1,602 cm-1, and the papaverine peak at 1,163 cm-1 instead of 1,160 cm-1.
		The stipulated 10 ml of filtrate are placed in the first funnel with 10 ml of chloroform; the remaining funnels are filled with the solutions specified in [4] for purification of the chloroform extract which, after shaking and standing, is passed successively from one funnel to another.
	leda.lycaeum.org /?ID=16683 (1908 words)

	UNODC - Bulletin on Narcotics - 1953 Issue 3 - 004
		Consequently, the four economically significant alkaloids of opium are morphine, codeine, thebaine and papaverine.
		However, the highest thebaine percentages found (nearly 5 per cent) were in some samples from Indochina, which at the same time had virtually no papaverine.
		Thebaine is the most poisonous opium alkaloid and is scarcely used medically.
	www.undcp.org /bulletin/bulletin_1953-01-01_3_page005.html (1037 words)

	[No title]
		The thebaine content in this crude thebaine was estimated by the method indicated above [ 25] ; the results obtained for the first six lots are reported in table 2.
		Thebaine, being an enol ether, would have undergone partial decomposition by the mineral acid during this long storage, as well as by the heating of the solution to 80°C during the separation of natural codeine.
		To avoid the decomposition of thebaine and the formation of other organic compounds during storage, crude thebaine should be recovered from the mother liquor as soon as it is formed.
	www.unodc.org /unodc/en/bulletin/bulletin_1980-01-01_2_page008.html?print=yes (4815 words)

	SDRL - San Diego Reference Laboratory (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Urine samples spiked with thebaine and urine from subjects given 11 g of poppy seeds were tested for the presence of thebaine, codeine, and morphine.
		Thebaine was detectable in the urine of poppy seed eaters in concentrations ranging from 2 to 81 ng/mL.
		Because thebaine was absent in powdered drugs and the urine of true opiate drug users, thebaine is proposed as a direct marker for poppy seed use.
	www.sdrl.com (1799 words)

	The Tasmanian Poppy Industry: A Case Study of the Application of Science and Technology
		Whilst thebaine is a minor constituent of opium poppies, it is the main alkaloid present in a new variety of P.
		Thebaine is not itself used in therapy, but is an important raw material in the manufacture of several opioids such as oxycodone and buprenorphine and nal-compounds such as naloxone and naltrexone.
		Thebaine can be converted into codeine, which is currently the largest volume API produced from opium alkaloids, so perhaps virtually all the world’s opium alkaloids will eventually come from poppies having the Norman mutation.
	www.regional.org.au /au/asa/2001/plenary/1/fist.htm (4459 words)

	High Thebaine Somniferum Strain -- Poppies.org
		There is disclosed an improved poppy straw of a stably reproducing Papaver somniferum for the extraction of thebaine and/or oripavine, the threshed straw having thebaine and oripavine constituting about 50% by weight or greater of the alkaloid combination consisting of morphine, codeine, thebaine and oripavine.
		In accordance with one conventional process, thebaine is oxidized to 14-hydroxycodeinone by use of m-chloroperbenzoic acid in an acetic acid/trifluoroacetic acid mixture or by a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and formic acid.
		Thebaine is extracted from aqueous concentrate using a liquid/liquid extraction with toluene, adjusting pH for the best separation of thebaine.
	www.poppies.org /2001/07/13/high-thebaine-somniferum-strain (5362 words)

	Thebaine (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It is in Schedule II of the Controlled Substances Act as well as under international law.
		more mysterious analogue of thebaine called thebacon also scheduled or illegal in many countries there is no record of it having otherwise.
		Thebaine is listed as a Class A under the 1971 Misuse of Drugs Act in the United Kingdom.
	www.freeglossary.com /Thebaine (113 words)

	Somni-Forum [Powered by Invision Power Board]
		Unless you specifically had access to the thebaine strain, the amount of thebaine (.4-.8 percent average of total alkaloids) would be far to small to have any negative effect, such as it's convulsant properties in high doses.
		When smoking opium, thebaine is the first to vaporise, thus it being first which the body absorbs, upon which stimulation is first felt.
		So the thebaine very well serves a purpose, it is not what makes one sick when ingesting it (to small an amount as I said..), if anything it can counteract the feeling of ingesting too much morphine.
	opium.poppies.org /index.php?act=Print&client=printer&f=14&t=2625 (867 words)

	Thebaine (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Thebaine is not usedtherapeutically, but is converted into a variety of compounds including codeine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, oxymorphone, nalbuphine, naloxone, naltrexone, buprenorphine and etorphine.
		Another, more mysteriousanalogue of thebaine, called thebacon, is also scheduled or illegal in many countries, although there is no record of it havingexisted otherwise.
		Thebaine is listed as a Class A drug under the 1971Misuse of Drugs Act in the United Kingdom.
	www.therfcc.org /thebaine-155038.html (124 words)

	Lycaeum > Leda > Application of paper chromatography to the investigation of opium and opium alkaloids
		Macheboeuf and Munier [7] described the separation of morphine, codeine and thebaine by means of a mixture of n-butanol + glacial acetic acid + water (100 + 100 + 50).
		Genest and Farmilo [39] described the paper chromatographic isolation, identification and determination of opium alkaloids (morphine, codeine, thebaine and papaverine) in pharmaceutical preparations.
		By paper chromatography [4] we were able to detect in it, in addition to morphine, considerable quantities of codeine, and traces of narcotine, thebaine and narceine.
	leda.lycaeum.org /?ID=16659 (8892 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Opiate (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The main opiates from opium are morphine, codeine and thebaine.
		A minor constituent of opium, thebaine or paramorphine (C19H21NO3) is chemically similar to both morphine and codeine, but produces stimulatory rather than depressant effects.
		The term is often incorrectly used to refer to all drugs with opium-/morphine-like pharmacological action, which are more properly classified under the broader term opioid.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Opiate (462 words)

	DOMESTICATION OF PAPAVER BRACTEATUM AS A SOURCE OF THEBAINE
		However, the thebaine yield was slightly reduced due to the low number of capsules in the autotetraploid plants.
		The concentration of thebaine was not affected by GA However, the thebaine yield per plant was increased due to the increase in number and mass of the capsules.
		Studies of the accumulation of thebaine in the roots showed that the maximum concentrations were obtained at the start of the flowering stage.
	www.actahort.org /books/306/306_2.htm (321 words)

	UNODC - Bulletin on Narcotics - 1960 Issue 2 - 004
		Macheboeuf and Munier [ 7] described the separation of morphine, codeine and thebaine by means of a mixture of n-butanol + glacial acetic acid + water (100 + 100 + 50).
		It was, however, possible to detect considerable quantities of side alkaloids, particularly codeine, and traces of thebaine, papaverine and narcotine.
		By paper chromatography [ 4] we were able to detect in it, in addition to morphine, considerable quantities of codeine, and traces of narcotine, thebaine and narceine.
	www.odccp.org /bulletin/bulletin_1960-01-01_2_page005.html (10934 words)

	Causes and Effects of Opiates
		Thebaine is a minor constituent of opium, an alkaloid present in another species of poppy Papover bracteatum.
		Although thebaine is alike morphine and codeine it produces stimulant effects rather than a depressant effect.
		At this time thebaine is not used in this country for medical purposes, but instead is converted into a variety of medically important compounds.
	www.faadrug.com /opiates.asp (261 words)

	Advance Reported in Nonaddictive Painkiller - Augusta, Georgia
		The legal growers of poppies use thebaine and oripavine in the synthesis of valuable and powerful painkillers and treatments for drug overdose and alcoholism, such as oxycodone (OxyContin), buprenorphine (Subutex), naloxone (Narcan) and naltrexone (ReVia), Larkin said.
		The development of this new poppy was a joint effort between the Tasmanian Alkaloid Co., supplier of thebaine and oripavine, and the Australian government.
		By manufacturing thebaine more efficiently, oxycodone, and buprenorphine can be made more efficiently and in larger quantities, Larkin said.
	www.universityhealth.org /19953.cfm (556 words)

	UNODC - Bulletin on Narcotics - 1960 Issue 1 - 003
		Table II illustrates the limits of detection of the opium alkaloids, morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine, narcotine and narceine, using the physical and chemical methods of detection directly on the paper chromatogram.
		The object of the study of chromatography of natural opium is to achieve a rapid separation of the major opium alkaloids, morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine and narcotine for qualitative and quantitative comparison in the process of determining the orig n of opium samples.
		It should be observed that the molar extinction coefficient value for thebaine at the maximum is about 5 times that of morphine and codeine, and that the increase in detectability on ammonium sulphate paper is of the same order.
	www.undcp.org /bulletin/bulletin_1960-01-01_1_page004.html (3616 words)

	AllergyNet - Allergy Advisor Find (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Opium and the isoquinoline alkaloids morphine, codeine, noscapine, papaverine, and thebaine are isolated from the dried material.
		In addition to codeine and morphine, narcotine (noscapine), papaverine, and thebaine were found in Indian and Netherlands poppy seeds (Papaver somniferum L).
		The concentrations of codeine, morphine, thebaine, papaverine, and narcotine were 44, 167, 41, 67, and 230 micrograms/g in Indian poppy seeds, and were 1.8, 39, 1.0, 0.17, 0.84 micrograms/g in Netherlands poppy seeds, respectively.
	www.allallergy.net /fapaidfind.cfm?cdeoc=1218 (1048 words)

	DPIW - Industry Profile - Poppies
		Seed from the high thebaine varieties is destroyed and not used for culinary purposes.
		The thebaine and oripavine Concentrate of Poppy Straw (CPS) is not currently considered within the 80/20 rule and allows for some product expansion in the USA market.
		Seed from the high thebaine varieties is combined with crushed coal and used as boiler fuel by Australian Paper, Burnie.
	www.dpiwe.tas.gov.au /inter.nsf/WebPages/EGIL-5HU8V4?open (2230 words)

	[No title]
		It is well known that thebaine, a morphine congener, is a powerful central nervous system stimulatn, almost a convulsant and possessing very little analgetic activity; see Morphine & Allied Drugs, Reynolds and Randall, U. of Toronto Press, 1957, p.
		Thebaine is generally conceded to be a clinically useless drug because of this stimulated effect.
		I have surprisingly discovered that certain thebaine and oripavine derivatives are not central nervous system stimulants, but on the contrary are potent central nervous system depressants.
	hive.dopers.org /etorphine_related.txt (586 words)

	Medical Mystery: Can Poppy Seeds Influence Drug Tests?
		Thebaine is a natural constituent of poppy seeds that does not show up in the final drug products from opium poppy plants.
		So, if a urine sample that tests positive for opiates also tests positive for thebaine, the urine opiates were from eating poppy seeds, not drug use.
		Thebaine or not, the safest way to avoid a false positive reading is to resist those tempting poppy-seed treats in the days leading up to a drug test.
	www.soundmedicine.iu.edu /segment.php4?seg=193 (313 words)

	Chemicals,Australia,industry,economics,health,safety,ACTED,
		However thebaine is not covered by the 80:20 rule.
		(Thebaine during the plant growth transforms from codeine and then to morphine).
		Tasmanian Alkaloids is owned by the US company Johnson and Johnson has developed a new variety of papaver somniverum in which the thebaine is the main alkaloid and so bypasses the 80:20 rule.
	www.chemlink.com.au /taschem.htm (626 words)

	Potential Taz Problem - Somni-Forum (Site not responding. Last check: )
		thebaine is enormous compared to a regular opium poppy.
		Thebaine is one of the non-psychotropic alkaloids found in opium.
		Since in nature poppy plants convert a percentage of thebaine into morphine, chemists are able to use thebaine as a building block for morphine-analogous substances such as oxycodone, hydromorphone, etc.
	opium.poppies.org /index.php?act=ST&f=6&t=5873& (1155 words)

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