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Topic: Theodora (10th century)

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Marozia

	Medieval Sourcebook: Byzantium
		Lips: Typikon of Theodora Palaiologina for the Convent of Lips in Constantinople (trans.
		Anargyroi: Typikon of Theodora Palaiologina for the Convent of Sts.
		Bebeia Elpis: Typikon of Theodora Synadene for the Convent of the Mother of God Bebaia Elpis in Constantinople (trans.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/sbook1c.html (3395 words)

	Bogomils
		The Bogomils are identified with the Massaliani in Slavonic documents of the 13th century.
		In the 12th and 13th centuries the Bogomils were already known in the West as "Bulgari." In 1207 the Bulgarorum heresis is mentioned.
		Carp Strigolnik[?], who in the 14th century preached the doctrine in Novgorod, explained that St Paul had taught that simpleminded men should instruct one another; therefore they elected their "teachers" from among themselves to be their spiritual guides, and had no special priests.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/bo/Bogomil.html (1679 words)

	Procopius
		He was the author of a history in eight books of the wars fought by the emperor Justinian I, a panegyric on Justinian's public works[?] throughout the empire, and a book known as the Secret History that claims to report the scandals Procopius could not include in his published history.
		The Secret History was discovered centuries later in the Vatican Library and published in 1623, but its existence was already known from the Suda, which referred to it as the Anekdota ("the unpublished composition").
		Theodora, who was dead when this panegyric was written, is mentioned only briefly but Procopius' praise of her beauty is fulsome.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/pr/Procopius.html (919 words)

	Bogomils - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The old Slavonic lists of forbidden books of the i 5th and 16th centuries also give us a clue to the discovery of this heretical literature and of the means the Bogomils employed to carry on their propaganda.
		In the middle of the 8th century the emperor Constantine Copronymus settled a number of Armenian Paulicians in Thracia.
		In the 10th century the emperor John Zimisces, himself of Armenian origin, transplanted no less than 200,000 Armenian Paulicians to Europe and settled them in the neighbourhood of Philippopolis, which henceforth became the centre of a far-reaching propaganda.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Bogomils (1768 words)

	Mosaic - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		Early examples of the 5th and 6th centuries are found in cities somewhat removed from the capital city of Constantinople.
		In the gallery are imperial portraits of emperor Alexander (912-913), Empress Zöe with her third husband, Constantine Monomachus (11th century), and Emperor John II with Empress Irene (12th century).
		The Dome of the Rock was built in the late 7th century and is decorated with floral mosaics depicting acanthus leaves, palm trees, cornucopiae, vases, and tree-of-life motifs.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /text_761575462___4/Mosaic.html (1096 words)

	Byzantines.net - Icons in the Byzantine Catholic Church
		It was not until the reign of Empress Theodora in 843 that the iconoclast ban was lifted.
		Theodora and her daughters prayed before icons in the palace before she took over the throne and had them reinstated when she gained power.
		By the 10th century, this art form had surpassed the point at which they were before the ban.
	www.byzantines.net /moreinfo/iconsInTheBCC.htm (2519 words)

	The Byzantine Empire, Early Russia, and Muslim Expansion
		century Justinian ruled the eastern empire from 527 to 565 and his ambition was to restore the Roman empire to its previous size and power.
		century the Varangian ruler of Kiev had succeeded in establishing his supremacy over a large area, which eventually became known as Russia, which was a word derived from Rus which meant seafarers.
		century the Norse minority had merged with the Slavic populations and the Russian ethnicity was formed.
	www.emayzine.com /lectures/byzmuslm.html (3998 words)

	theodora komnene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Theodora (6th century), Byzantine empress and wife of Justinian I and considered a saint by many scholars.
		Theodora (10th century), Roman senatrix and mother of Marozia, concubine to Pope Sergius III.
		Alexios and Irene's youngest daughter Theodora made the future success of the Angelos family by marrying into it: Theodora's grandsons were the emperors Isaac II Angelos and Alexios III Angelos.
	34749-komnene.174.yoursensationcom.com (530 words)

	Byzantine Empire - MSN Encarta
		The empire had survived Germanic and Hunnic tribal migrations and raids in the 5th and 6th centuries and had stabilized a reasonably secure eastern frontier against the Sassanian Empire of Persia, but it could not recover, hold, and govern the entire Mediterranean world.
		During the second half of the 6th century the Lombards invaded and gradually occupied much of former Byzantine Italy—except for Rome, Ravenna, Naples, and the far south—while Turkic Avar cavalry raided and depopulated much of the Byzantine Balkans.
		Byzantium began to regain territory in southeastern Asia Minor in the early 10th century.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761561530/Byzantine_Empire.html (1117 words)

	Byzantine Empire 3 - Crystalinks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Moreover, it was during the 12th century that the influence of Byzantium on western European art, already an important factor in the preceding period, reached its zenith and played a truly generative role in the development within Romanesque Art of a greater naturalism in style and humanism in content.
		In the next century the fear of idolatry that haunted the Byzantines broke out in Iconoclasm (726-843), the imperially sponsored wholesale destruction or obliteration of all art that depicted sacred figures, and the violent persecution of its opponents.
		During the 11th and 12th centuries the mosaic system was carried by Byzantine mosaicists to Russia (Hagia Sophia at Kiev, 1043-46) and in Italy to Venice (Saint Mark's, after 1063) and to Norman Sicily.
	www.crystalinks.com /byzantine3.html (2114 words)

	A pilgrimage to the monasteries of Mount Athos, Halkidiki, Greece, religion, Greek Orthodox, Byzantium, hermit, ...
		What is certain is that Kolovou lasted for a whole century, and in the last quarter of the tenth century it was taken over by the Great Lavra, which was founded by Athanasios in 963.
		During the thirteenth century the Latins occupied Mount Athos and the monks were subjected not only to frequent raids but also to great pressure to accept the unification of the two churches.
		At Karyes, the capital and seat of the administrative assembly stands the church of Protato, the oldest on the Mountain (10th century).
	www.ouranoupoli.com /athos/athos.html (4278 words)

	[No title]
		It consists of 10th century ladies’ jewelry made in Constantinople and Preslav, but it also includes artifacts dating to between the 3rd and 7th centuries.
		It is left to conjecture as to whether the treasure was hidden by a faithful servant of the ruler or was plundered during the attack on the Palace.
		Several centuries later, the owner of the treasure put the stamp in a special frame, decorated with pseudo-beads and an eye for stringing the frame on a chain.
	www.museum-preslav.com /engl/colects.html (832 words)

	Church of Saint John - Ephesus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		During the 7th and 8th centuries, Ephesus was under constant siege by the Arabs, when the church was surrounded by a wall, which varied in structure over the years, but possessed 20 towers and three gates.
		The Church is entered via the main portal dating to the 6th century, which consists of an arched entrance flanked by two towers, leading to a small atrium where one may see inscriptions related to the Church, which were uncovered there during excavations.
		A chapel, originally part of the treasury in the court, was converted for devotional use in the 10th century.
	www.ephesusguide.org /church_of_saint_john.php (668 words)

	St. Catherine's Monastery (Sinai) - OrthodoxWiki
		Theodora died in 548 and Justinian in 565, so that the church was completed between those years.
		There are the remnants of a 10th or 11th century Fatimid mosque within the walls of the monastery, probably built to appease Muslim authorities of the time.
		A mosaic cross of the 10th century decorates the apse of the chapel.
	orthodoxwiki.org /St._Catherine's_Monastery_(Sinai) (1094 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The first book of Procopius' De Aedificiis ("On Buildings") a panegyric of Justinian's building activity in the empire, may date to before the collapse of the first dome of Hagia Sophia in 557, but it is possible that the work postdates the building of the bridge over the Sangarius in the late 550s.
		Justinian is raked over the coals as cruel, venal, prodigal and incompetent; as for Theodora, the reader is treated to the most detailed and titillating portrayals of vulgarity and insatiable lust combined with shrewish and calculating mean-spiritedness.
		He is presented as an idealised Christian emperor who built churches for the glory of God and defenses for the safety of his subjects and who showed particular concern for the water supply.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Procopius_of_Caesarea (1096 words)

	Travel Guide To Turkey, Guide de la Turquie, GUIDE MARTINE, Guide to Turkey, Guide de Turquie, Travel, Turkey, Voyage, ...
		In the 7th, 8th and 9th centuries, Constantinople was besieged by the Avars (in 626), the Bulgarians (in 813 and 913), the Arabs (or Saracens in 673-677 and again in 718) and each time repelled the besiegers.
		At the end of the 11th century, the religious schism that definitively separated the Roman Catholic Church from the Orthodox Church, and the arrival of the Seljuk Turks in Anatolia, weakened the Byzantine greatness.
		Substructures dating from the 10th century have been brought to light, however, the upper parts of the palace date at least from the end of the 12th century.
	www.guide-martine.com /istanbul_2.asp (3215 words)

	Byzantine Empire
		The empire saw a period of cultural, territorial and economic advances in the 10th and 11th centuries.
		Towards the end of the 11th century, the empire started to isolate itself culturally, while Europe states and the Muslim world made new advances in fields of science, military and economics.
		Middle 6th century: North Africa, Italy, Sicily, Sardinia and parts of Spain are conquered by Emperor Justinian 1 and his wife, Theodora.
	i-cias.com /e.o/byz_empire.htm (647 words)

	Genesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Rus were an important component of late 10th century Byzantine field armies, and their prominence increased under Emperor Basil.
		There do not appear to be any further descriptions of its composition in the 10th century, and it may not have survived into the 11th, but in that later century, the bodyguard was enlarged by the addition of a distinct racial unit, though one which had been associated with Michael Kalaphates before he became emperor.
		During the 10th and first half of the 11th centuries Varangian mercenaries, by whatever ethnic tag, were a welcome addition to the empire's forces.
	web.missouri.edu /~tm104/other/genesis.htm (3940 words)

	Mosaics - MSN Encarta
		Early examples of the 5th and 6th centuries are found in cities somewhat removed from the capital city of Constantinople (present-day İstanbul).
		They include the Good Shepherd (5th century) in the Tomb of Galla Placidia, the Baptism of Christ in the Jordan (circa 450) in the Baptistery of the Orthodox, and, most important, the mosaics in the presbytery of the Church of San Vitale, dating from about 547.
		Also in İstanbul are a number of extraordinary mosaics in the double narthex (outer and inner porches) of Kariye Mosque—also known as the Church of Christ the Savior in Chora—of the early 14th century.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761575462_2/Mosaics.html (886 words)

	Dress and Decor :: Theatre 301, UBC :: Medieval World :: Introduction
		The disintegration of Roman civil authority from the 4th century onward created a void in the social structure of the Empire that was rapidly filled by Germanic and Barbarian local leaders and by the newly established Christian Church.
		By the 11th century, the agricultural estate or manor was the basic economic unit, a self-sufficient community that over time became a hereditary property passed through the family.
		Innovations in construction methods, the growth of trade and a market economy, and the urbanization of the heretofore agrarian population - all were all factors in the shift in mood and cultural outlook that produced the Gothic style.
	www.theatre.ubc.ca /dress_decor/medieval_world_intro.htm (999 words)

	PHOENICIAN ARTS - Mosaics, wall murals, decorative tiles, marble mosaic
		Before the end of the 3rd century BC, pebbles were in large part replaced with tesserae cut from stone and sometimes from glass.
		Polychrome scenes of the late 2nd and early 1st centuries BC are among the earliest mosaics at Pompeii.
		The famous Alexander mosaic from the House of the Faun depicts the Battle of Issus and is thought to be a copy of a lost Hellenistic painting of the 4th century BC; the mosaic, however, was most probably executed in the 1st century BC.
	www.phoenicianarts.com /history.asp (1512 words)

	Basilica of St John, St john church
		Constructed in the 5th century AD, the baptistery is north of the nave, with its key hole shape.
		The impressive 10th century AD frescoes representing St John, Jesus and a Saint, ornament the chapel.
		With the invasion of Turks, the chapel was used as a mosque in the 14th century; unfortunately Basilica of Saint John became unusable due to the serious earthquake in the same century.
	www.ephesus.us /ephesus/stjohn.htm (269 words)

	MEDIEVAL NUBIA
		During the ninth century, there had been considerable Arab penetration into the area to the east of the river, the main purpose of which was to obtain the gold of the Red Sea Hills.
		This period of the late tenth and eleventh centuries marks the height of Nubian power, but from then on the history is one of increasing Arab pressure and lessening Nubian strength, and control of Upper Egypt was lost.
		This may mean that by the end of the tenth century, Nubian had displaced Greek as the language of the church, but Greek still continued to be used for grave inscriptions till late in the twelfth century, and no grave stones inscribed in Nubian are known.
	rumkatkilise.org /nubia.htm (4577 words)

	Hagia Sophia - Isidoros and Anthemios - Istanbul, Turkey
		From the Vth century onwards it became known as the church of Divine Wisdom - Hagia Sophia.
		In the 9th century, during the reigns of the emperors Theophilos and Mikhael III, the bronze doors were installed.
		In the gallery to the southeast of the Church is to be found the Comnenos mosaic, in which the enthroned Madonna and child enthroned are flanked on the left by the Emperor Ioannes Comnenos II holding a pouch of money and on the right by the Empress Irene, a Hungarian princess.
	www.transbalkan.net /g14.htm (1545 words)

	Sights of Andros island
		In the nearby area there are copper extraction installations, in function till mid 20th century, with indications of ancient similar activities.
		It was renovated in 16th and 20th century and the original Byzantine form was changed.
		Inside the settlement there is a sanctuary, established in 8th century B.C. and functioning till classical age, regardless the settlement was abandoned three centuries earlier.
	www.andros.gr /island/ax_en.htm (1321 words)

	Saint Helen
		In 293, when Constantius was made Caesar, or junior emperor, he was persuaded to divorce Helen to marry Theodora the stepdaughter of Emperor Maximian.
		He lived for fourteen years after the divorce of St. Helen, and when he died at York in 306 his troops at York proclaimed their son Constantine caesar.
		She was revered as a saint, and the veneration spread, early in the ninth century, even to Western countries.
	www.martyrsandsaints.org /main/era_of_martyrdom/04th_century/Saint_Helen.htm (2620 words)

	Holy Spirit Interactive: Patrick Madrid - The Myth of Pope Joan
		Other invalidly elected claimants to the papal office have come and gone over the centuries, and the fact that a woman made that list would simply mean that a woman made that list, She would not have been pope - no one invalidly elected would be.
		No evidence of any kind exists from the ninth century (when Pope Joan was alleged to have reigned), nor do we see any in the 10th through 12th centuries.
		None of the annals or acts of the popes that were written between the ninth and 13th centuries (and none after that, either) mention her.
	www.holyspiritinteractive.net /columns/guests/patrickmadrid/popejoan.asp (1397 words)

	Rachman J Siregar D - The Rule of the Harlots
		are names given to a period of the papacy in the early tenth century, beginning with the installation of Pope Sergius III in 904.
		It is widely believed that Marozia was the concubine of Pope Sergius III and the mother of Pope John XI.
		She was also accused of having had Pope John X (who had originally been nominated for office by Theodora) murdered in order to secure the election of her current favourite, Pope Leo VI.
	rajasidi.multiply.com /journal/item/402 (353 words)

	In Italy Online - Byzantine Italy
		There may have been some sort of representation of the king of the Goths himself, but it was later removed by Justianian, along with the bodies of the Goth courtiers whose hands are still visible on the column of the palace.
		Theodora apparently wielded a powerful influence over Justinian for the rest of her life.
		The panel showing Empress Theodora and her court is considered to be the most perfect 6th-century mosaic in existence.
	www.initaly.com /regions/byzant/byzant3.htm (1724 words)

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