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Topic: Theodosian Walls

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	Theodosian Walls - Phantis
		In 412 the Byzantine emperor Theodosius II surrounded Constantinople with a wall that stretched 6,5 kilometers between the Sea of Marmara and the Golden Horn.
		The thickness of the external wall was 2 meters, and its height was 8.5 meters.
		The first attackers to break through the walls were the knights of the Fourth Crusade, who managed to scale the lower sea walls and also break the Wall of Leo in the northwestern Blachernae section of the city.
	wiki.phantis.com /index.php?title=Walls_of_Theodosius&printable=yes (631 words)

	Gallery: Byzantine Images
		The plaster on the walls is from a later period, when this space was used as a water cistern.
		Illustrated is the interior of a reconstruction of a typical Byzantine house in Jerusalem.
		Sometimes the walls were dotted with pieces of broken ceramic for the same purpose.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/byzantium/images.html (2139 words)

	Walls
		Five different sets of walls have been built around the city of Constantinople, the most important of which was the last, built under the reign of Theodosius II, who came to power in 408 AD.
		Also known as the wall of Anthemius, it was erected in 413 AD, and stretched across the peninsula, protecting the city from a land invasion.
		Dimensions of the walls were taken partly from first hand measurements of the walls in present day Istanbul and partly from various resources on the Princeton Campus.
	www.princeton.edu /~asce/const_95/walls.html (337 words)

	Guides of Istanbul - Theodosian (City) Walls
		In the northwestern corner of the city the Theodosian Walls were relatively weaker, but were expanded by Leo I. The northern coast of the city, along the Golden Horn, also had a separate set of walls.
		The southern end of the walls, at the Sea of Marmara, was the location of the Marble Tower.
		Many parts of the walls are still standing today and are a testament to the extraordinary longevity of the empire.
	www.guidesofistanbul.com /eng/theodosian_walls.htm (537 words)

	THEODOSIAN WALLS
		The Land Walls, of which great parts survive, were built between 408 and 413 by the emperor Theodosios II.
		The Land Walls consisted of a main wall, a lower front wall that was perhaps added only in 447, and a trench that was divided in sections and could be filled with water.
		The Land Walls were frequently restored, and they were never taken by a foreign power before 1453 when the Ottomans destroyed parts of it by their artillery.
	www.byzantium1200.com /landwall.html (124 words)

	Guides of Istanbul - Theodosian (City) Walls
		In the northwestern corner of the city the Theodosian Walls were relatively weaker, but were expanded by Leo I. The northern coast of the city, along the Golden Horn, also had a separate set of walls.
		The southern end of the walls, at the Sea of Marmara, was the location of the Marble Tower.
		Many parts of the walls are still standing today and are a testament to the extraordinary longevity of the empire.
	guidesofistanbul.com /eng/theodosian_walls.htm (548 words)

	The walls of Istanbul -- 1,600 years old - Turkish Daily News Sep 04, 2005
		The walls are known as the Theodosian Walls from Emperor Theodosius, who had ordered their construction in the first half of the fifth century.
		The irony about the Theodosian Walls is that a few decades after they were put up, a huge earthquake occurred and many of the towers collapsed.
		The Theodosian Walls served very well until the Crusaders came in 1204, having decided that Constantinople was a more worthy target for plundering than a long and bloody fight to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims.
	www.turkishdailynews.com.tr /article.php?enewsid=22480&mailtofriend=1 (1352 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News
		It was incorporated in the Theodosian Walls, serving as the state entrance into the capital, especially for the occasions of a triumphal return of victorious emperors from battle.
		The stretch of walls between the Gate of St. Romanus and the Gate of Charisius, with a length of 1,250 metres, was known as the Mesoteichion ("Middle Wall").
		The wall of the Propontis was built almost at the shoreline, with the exception of harbours and quays, and had a height of 12-15 metres, with 10 gates, 3 small gates, 188 towers and a total length of almost 9 km.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Theodosian_Walls (3820 words)

	Walls of Constantinople (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In 412 the Roman emperor Theodosius II surrounded Constantinople with a wall that stretched 6,5 kilometers between the Sea of Marmara and the Golden Horn.
		The walls were built of stone and brick in two lines of defense which adjoined a ditch 20 meters wide and 10 meters deep.
		The first attackers to break through the walls were the knights of the Fourth Crusade, who managed to scale the lower sea walls and also break the Wall of Leo in the northwestern Blachernae section of the city.
	www.punweb.com /article/Walls_of_Constantinople (801 words)

	Expert About th:Theodosian
		The Theodosian Code, a collection of Roman imperial legislation of the period from Constantine the Great to Theodosius II, is a fundamental source for understanding the legal, social, economic, cultural, and religious history of the later Roman Empire.
		The period of the Theodosian dynasty was a watershed epoch in the history of the Roman Empire.
		A section of the Theodosian Land walls, crops are being raised in sections of the moat.
	www.expertsite.biz /dir/th/Theodosian.htm (1416 words)

	CONSTANTINOPLE - Online Information article about CONSTANTINOPLE
		In 447 the wall of Anthemius was seriously injured by one of those earthquakes to which the city is liable.
		Not only was the wall of Anthemius restored, but, at the distance of 20 yds., another wall was built in front of it, and at the same distance from this second wall a broad moat was constructed with a breastwork along its inner edge.
		Maximus in 388, and subsequently incorporated in the walls of Theodosius II., as the state entrance of the capital.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /COM_COR/CONSTANTINOPLE.html (6155 words)

	turkey/ist2
		The orgy of looting and killing by the despicable French and Venetians combined with their incompetent administration economically broke financial back of the Byzantine empire and it was never the same.
		The second breach of the walls was fatal.
		In the end, the relentless pounding of the walls by the world's largest cannon at the time, the intelligence and sheer relentlessness of an increasingly desparate Sultan and the cowardice of a Genoan contingent who fled the city leaving a door unguarded led to the fall of the city.
	www.drewsullivan.com /photoalbum/turkey/slides/ist2.html (241 words)

	Omnipelagos.com ~ article "Walls of Constantinople" (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The impression made by the mighty Theodosian Walls on the Western Crusaders can be seen in the 13th century Caernarfon Castle in Wales, built by Edward I of England as a royal residence, which is said to have been modelled on them.
		The walls stretched for about 5.5 km from south to north, from the Marble Tower (or "Tower of Basil and Constantine") on the Propontis coast to the Blachernae, ending at about the area of the Palace of Porphyrogenitus (known in Turkish as Tekfur Saray), where they adjoined the later walls of Blachernae.
		The wall of the Propontis was built almost at the shoreline, with the exception of harbours and quays, and had a height of 12-15 metres, with 10 gates, 3 small gates, 188 towers and a total length of almost 9 km, from the Marble Tower to the cape of St.
	www.omnipelagos.com /entry?n=walls_of_%43onstantinople (3527 words)

	V.
		The overall form of the city: the Golden Horn was on the north, the Sea of Marmora on the South, and the Bosphoros to the east.
		Walls protected the city from attack along the west; sea walls were incorporated only later.
		The construction of the Theodosian Walls in 413 was an important milestone in the development of the city; the enlarged the area of the city and enclosed it in triple, almost-impregnable fortifications.
	www.angelfire.com /ny2/jpolayes/Byzantine1.htm (506 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: 1453
		Mehmed planned to attack the Theodosian Walls, the intricate series of walls and ditches protecting Constantinople from an attack from the west, the only part of the city not surrounded by water.
		One of the major explanations for the fall of Constantinople in the fatal 1453 is viewing it from the angle of the political consequences of the Latin Conquest and fall of the city in 1204.
		Another significant factor that contributed to the downfall of Constantinople was the incapabilty of the church to acceptt a union with the West.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/1453 (2494 words)

	DVD Recorders and Players: The Walls of Constantinople AD 324-1453 (Fortress) - $12.71
		The walls of Constantinople are the grеаtеst surviving example of Еurореаn medieval military architecture in the world.
		However, the walls thаt surrounded the Byzantine capital of Constantinople were probably unique in that they were virtually imрrеgnаblе for over a millennia, with оnlу one failure in 1204.
		In the chapter entitled "The walls of Constantinople under siege" we mееt many of the forces that triеd at one time or another to conquer the city and bring it under their control.
	www.dvdplayers-store.info /good31383431373637353958.html (1221 words)

	TheHistoryNet \| Military History \| Ancient History: Walls of Constantinople
		The despair of its enemies, the walls of Constantinople were the most famous of the medieval world, singular not only in scale, but in their construction and design, which integrated man-made defenses with natural obstacles.
		While the Land Walls glorify the name of Theodosius I (408-450), the reigning Roman emperor at the time their construction began, it is to one of history's dim figures, Anthemius, to whom they owe their genesis.
		The Theodosian system was completed in 447 with the addition of an outer wall and moat-a response to a near calamity, when a devastating earthquake seriously damaged the walls and toppled 57 towers at the very moment that Attila and his Hunnic armies were bearing down on Constantinople.
	www.historynet.com /magazines/military_history/3025281.html?CFTOKEN=25899365&CFID=129167 (2623 words)

	Walls of Constantinople - Art History Online Reference and Guide
		The final set of walls were built during Theodosius II, stretching almost seven kilometres from the Golden Horn to the Sea of Marmara.
		The first attackers to break through the walls were the knights of the Fourth Crusade, who managed to scale the sea walls and also break the Wall of Leo in the northwestern Blachernae section of the city.
		The second and final time the walls were breached was during the Siege of Constantinople in 1453, by the Ottomans; however, they did not break through by force, but entered through the Adrianople Gate, which happened to be open, apparently accidentally but possibly through treachery.
	www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/Theodosian_Walls (573 words)

	Byzantine City Walls of Constantinople, Istanbul, Turkey
		The 5th-century city walls built by Emperor Theodosius II stretch for 6.5 km (4 miles) from Istanbul's Golden Horn to the Sea of Marmara.
		The first breach of the walls was by the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the second by the cannons and troops of Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror in 1453.
		Several of the main gates were restored during the 1990s, but other parts of the walls have been left in their unrestored state.
	www.turkeytravelplanner.com /go/Istanbul/Sights/WesternDistricts/CityWalls.html (147 words)

	Walls of Constantinople
		It was incorporated in the Theodosian Walls, serving as the state entrance into the capital, especially for the occasions of a triumphal return of victorious emperors from battle.
		The impression made by the mighty Theodosian Walls on the Western Crusaders who encountered them can be seen in the 13th century Caernarfon Castle in Wales, built by Edward I of England as a royal residence, which is said to have been modelled on them.
		The wall of the Propontis was built almost at the shoreline, with the exception of harbours and quays, and had a height of 12-15 metres, with 10 gates, 3 small gates, 188 towers and a total length of almost 9 km.
	www.wordinfo.co.za /wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople (4407 words)

	constantinople pictures and videos on Webshots
		The Theodosian Walls in Constantinople, Bridge and the...
		The Theodosian Walls in Constantinople, Gate of Eagle(Y...
		The Theodosian Walls in Constantinople, Gate of Springs...
	www.webshots.com /search?query=constantinople (236 words)

	THE PALM TREE DIG INFORMATION
		The city’s second series of defensive walls, the first were destroyed by the Roman general Scipio in 146 BC, are contemporary with the city walls of Constantinople which were built on the orders of the emperor Theodosius.
		All that is left of Carthage’s once famous city walls is a small morsel of rough stone and cement wall at the bottom of an 11-ft (3.60m) wide “robbing trench”.
		The walls of the aqueduct are 2 -ft (60cm) thick and were made of rough-hewn stones set in cement.
	meltingpot.fortunecity.com /tonga/1476/information.htm (1038 words)

	Istanbul: Starting on the walls - Turkish Daily News Jun 03, 2003
		If city walls could talk, the Theodosian Walls would be able to tell some of the most fascinating stroies from one of the world's oldest cities.
		If city walls could talk as well, the Theodosian Walls also would be able to tell some of the most fascinating stroies from one of the world's oldest cities.
		We intended to walk the 6.67 kilometers of walls from the Marble Tower on the coast of the Sea of Marmara to the Golden Horn.
	www.turkishdailynews.com.tr /archives.php?id=32490 (2233 words)

	[No title]
		The next section, on design and development, discusses the material structure of the walls, the inner/outer wall configuration and the moat.
		Turnbull then provides a 14-page walking tour of the wall, which is supplemented by numerous color and B/W photographs of the wall in its current state.
		The volume includes seven color plates: a cross section of the Theodosian walls in 447 AD; the Golden Gate in 850 AD; the sea walls of Constantinople in 1000 AD; the peribolos between the outer and inner walls; the walls of the Blachernae quarter in 1204 AD; the bombardment of the Theodosian walls in 1453.
	www.lycos.com /info/constantinople--byzantine-empire.html (283 words)

	Fall of Constantinople - OrthodoxWiki
		Mehmet planned to attack the Theodosian Walls, the intricate series of walls and ditches protecting Constantinople from an attack from the west, the only part of the city not surrounded by water.
		For weeks Mehmet's massive cannon fired on the walls, but it was unable to sufficiently penetrate them, and due to its extremely slow rate of reloading the Byzantines were able to repair most of the damage after each shot.
		This section of the walls had been built much more recently, in the eleventh century, and was much weaker; the crusaders in 1204 had broken through the walls there.
	orthodoxwiki.org /Fall_of_Constantinople (1412 words)

	theodosian (city) wall - Istanbul Travel Guide - VirtualTourist.com
		The walls served the city well protecting it from invading forces for nearly 1000 years until, in 1453, Mehmet the Conqueror breached the walls and entered the city.
		Walking ‘along’ the walls is a bit of a misnomer as though some guide books say it is possible to climb onto the walls access is not easy and the walls themselves, often in a state of collapse, don’t always look safe enough to climb on.
		However, next to the walls in, I assume, the old moat are a string of allotments and the exhaust fumes were mitigated by the smell of growing vegetables and plants drifting across from them.
	www.virtualtourist.com /travel/Middle_East/Turkey/Istanbul_Ili/Istanbul-1837624/Off_the_Beaten_Path-Istanbul-theodosian_city_wall-BR-1.html (1167 words)

	Constantinople 2012 \|
		The towers and walls that are part of the wall were built independently from one another.
		The walls that face west against an approach by land are called the Theodosian Walls.
		The walls on land were built mainly during the 5th century while the emperor Theodosian II reigned.
	www.freewebs.com /patel_nimstewart/physicallayout.htm (958 words)

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