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Topic: Theory X and theory Y

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	xyz
		McGregor, with his "Theory X" and "Theory Y", and Ouchi, with the notion of a "Theory Z", both look at the attitudes of managers and workers with very similar, as well as contrasting views of how workers are perceived by management, and how workers perceive their role in the company.
		Theory X basically holds the belief that people do not like work and that some kind of direct pressure and control must be exerted to get them to work effectively.
		Theory X workers, on the other hand, seem to have just enough self motivation to show up at work, punch the time clock, as it were, and do only that which is necessary to get the job done to minimum standards.
	members.tripod.com /PeterVenn/brochure/complete/xyz.htm (2428 words)

	Theory X and Theory Y - CONCEPTUALIZATION, EFFECT ON MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS, CRITICISM OF THEORY Y
		Theory X represents a negative view of human nature that assumes individuals generally dislike work, are irresponsible, and require close supervision to do their jobs.
		Theory Y denotes a positive view of human nature and assumes individuals are generally industrious, creative, and able to assume responsibility and exercise self-control in their jobs.
		Theory Y also assumes that the ability to be innovative and creative exists among a large, rather than a small segment of the population.
	referenceforbusiness.com /management/Str-Ti/Theory-X-and-Theory-Y.html (1992 words)

	MENAFN - Middle East North Africa . Financial Network News: Theory X, Y and Z (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Theory X and theory Y describe two opposite approaches managers use with their subordinates based on different convictions and attitudes towards workers.
		Theory X managers believe that subordinates prefer to work as little as possible and must be coerced, preferring to be directed rather than to take responsibility.
		Theory Y managers believe in employees and feel that they are capable of finding creative solutions to organisational problems if given the chance to do so.
	www.menafn.com /qn_news_story_s.asp?StoryId=131192 (598 words)

	douglas mcgregor's motivational theory x theory y
		Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, Mcgregor's X-Y Theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management style and techniques.
		Theory X managers generally don't understand or have an interest in the human issues, so don't try to appeal to their sense of humanity or morality.
		Theory Z is often referred to as the 'Japanese' management style, which is essentially what it is. It's interesting that Ouchi chose to name his model 'Theory Z', which apart from anything else tends to give the impression that it's a Mcgregor idea.
	www.businessballs.com /mcgregor.htm (1199 words)

	Theory X and Theory Y (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Theory Y implies a more self directed workforce that takes an interest in the goals of their organisation and integrates some of their own goals into these.
		Theory X assumes that people are relatively unambitious and their prime driving force is the desire for security.
		Theory X is perhaps visible in low paid or menial work but employees in those situations will move on in search of positions with Theory Y conditions if they are motivated.
	www.teambuilding.co.uk /theory_x_theory_y.html (502 words)

	Business - Motivation Theory X
		Theory Y approach (basic assumption is that staff will contribute more to the organization if they are treated as responsible and valued employees) was utilize with great success through out our department.
		Theory Y basic assumption is that staff will contribute more to the organization if they are treated as responsible and valued employees.
		Theory Y Assumptions The expenditure of physical and mental effort in work is as natural as play or rest.
	essay.studyarea.com /Old_Essay/Business/motivation_theory_x.htm (3808 words)

	Theory X and Theory Y Religion
		Theory X holds that no one chooses to do good on their own but must be properly managed to do what is right.
		Theory X belief systems promote a culture of purity that prides itself on being superior over the impure, which is often anyone not a part of the organized belief system.
		Theory Y is so optimistic as to believe that in accordance with the freedom God gave us, each individual is free to choose how they conceptualize and believe in a Supreme Being.
	www.opednews.com /articles/opedne_richard__060517_theory_x_and_theory_.htm (1038 words)

	Employee motivation. Motivation in the workplace- theory and practice
		Theory X assumes that people are lazy; they hate work to the extent that they avoid it; they have no ambition, take no initiative and avoid taking any responsibility; all they want is security, and to get them to do any work, they must be rewarded, coerced, intimidated and punished.
		This is in sharp contrast to theory 'X'.
		This is a refreshing change from the theory X of Freud, by a fellow psychologist, Abraham Maslow.
	www.accel-team.com /motivation/theory_01.html (935 words)

	People and Organisations - Motivation in Theory - McGregor - Theory X and Theory Y
		McGregor developed two theories of human behaviour at work: Theory and X and Theory Y. He did not imply that workers would be one type or the other.
		The management implications for Theory X workers were that, to achieve organisational objectives, a business would need to impose a management system of coercion, control and punishment.
		The challenge for management with Theory Y workers is to create a working environment (or culture) where workers can show and develop their creativity.
	www.tutor2u.net /business/people/motivation_theory_mcgregor.asp (364 words)

	Theory X and Theory Y (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Theory X assumes most people are basically immature, need direction and control, and are incapable of taking responsibility.
		Theory Y is the opposite of Theory X - people want to fulfill themselves: seek self-respect, self-development and self-fulfillment at work as in life in general.
		Six `basic assumptions' for Theory Y: Work is as natural as play or rest: the average human being does not inherently dislike work: whether work is a source of pleasure or a punishment (to be avoided) depends on nature of the work and its management.
	www.andrews.edu /~jimjeff/EDAD570/TheoryX.htm (1271 words)

	Theory X and Theory Y
		However, McGregor asserts that neither approach is appropriate because the assumptions of Theory X are not correct.
		Under Theory X the firm relies on money and benefits to satisfy employees' lower needs, and once those needs are satisfied the source of motivation is lost.
		McGregor recognized that some people may not have reached the level of maturity assumed by Theory Y and therefore may need tighter controls that can be relaxed as the employee develops.
	www.netmba.com /mgmt/ob/motivation/mcgregor (760 words)

	A Kind Word for Theory X (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Theory X style of management assumes that people are interested in safety and physiological needs rather than higher needs, but McGregor believed that modern (for the 1950s) workers had moved beyond lower needs and were seeking to meet social or esteem needs (McGregor, 1960; 40).
		Theory Y managers assume that the people they supervise are as committed to work and as capable of finding solutions to work-related problems as they are themselves (McGregor, 1960; 11-12).
		A Theory X manager is more concerned with performance and “getting product out the door” than about meeting the emotional or developmental needs of his or her subordinates.
	home.eclions.net /mbobic/Version17.htm (8805 words)

	Theory X and theory Y - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Theory X and Theory Y are theories of human motivation developed by Douglas McGregor at the MIT Sloan School of Management in the 1960s that have been used in human resource management, organizational behavior, and organizational development.
		A Theory X manager believes that his or her employees do not really want to work, that they would rather avoid responsibility and that it is the manager's job to structure the work and energize the employee.
		A Theory Y manager believes that, given the right conditions, most people will want to do well at work and that there is a pool of unused creativity in the workforce.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Theory_X_and_theory_Y (647 words)

	Cutting Through - helping you to cut through the information and technology clutter » Theory X and Theory Y of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Theory X and Theory Y of wiki adoption
		They’re the Theory X employers - the default assumption is that employees are up to no good and have to be policed, with sanctions to enforce performance.
		The Theory Y assumptions are the opposite - explicit control and punishment measures aren’t needed because in general staff want to do a high-quality job.
	www.infosential.com /archives/2004/10/theory_x_and_theory_y_of_.php (480 words)

	Theory X and Theory Y (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Theory X - With Theory X assumptions, management's role is to coerce and control employees.
		Theory Y - With Theory Y assumptions, management's role is to develop the potential in employees and help them to release that potential towards common goals.
		His book The Human Side of Enterprise (1960) had a profound influence on the management field, largely due to his Theory X and Theory Y. McGregor's work is based upon Maslow's hierarchy of needs, in that he grouped the hierarchy into "lower order" (Theory X) needs and "higher order" (Theory Y) needs.
	www.nwlink.com /~donclark/hrd/history/xy.html (431 words)

	Employee motivation. Motivation in the workplace- theory and practice
		Theory X managers do not give their staff this opportunity so that the employees behave in the expected fashion.
		Theory Y is difficult to put into practice on the shop floor in large mass production operations, but it can be used initially in the managing of managers and professionals.
		The situation in which employees can be consulted is one where the individuals are emotionally mature, and positively motivated towards their work; where the work is sufficiently responsible to allow for flexibility and where the employee can see her or his own position in the management hierarchy.
	www.accel-team.com /human_relations/hrels_03_mcgregor.html (652 words)

	Directing the patient accounting department - patient accounts management; includes related article - column Healthcare ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		As author Edward Deci explains, the behavioristic theory of management (Theory X) emphasizes a cause and effect relationship in which employees are motivated to perform certain tasks by receiving conditional rewards, such as salaries.
		Because Theory X is based on the Law of Effect, it is referred to as the scientific method of management.
		Theory X managers believe a "carrot and stick" approach to rewarding employee performance or non-performance helps improve an employee's response to goals.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3257/is_n9_v43/ai_7895605 (796 words)

	Free Essay McGregor’s Theory Y (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Theory Y assumes fundamentally that people want to be treated as mature adults, and not as juvenile individuals.
		Theory Y points to the possibility of lessening the emphasis on external forms of control to the degree that commitment to organizational objectives can be achieved.
		The assumptions of Theory Y do not deny the appropriateness of authority, but they do deny that it is appropriate for all purposes and under all circumstances.
	www.echeat.com /essay.php?t=25595 (706 words)

	Theory "X' and Theory "Y" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Theory "X" and Theory "Y" Douglas McGregor was interested in improving organizational effectiveness by applying knowledge from the behavioral sciences to management practices.
		Theory "Y" suggests that people are motivated to obtain mastery over their world and to experience feelings of self-respect, self-fulfillment, and self-actualization in addition to their search for external gratification.
		Theory "X" and "Y" beliefs are the foundation of management values.
	www.lmi-usa.com /info/theoryxy.html (394 words)

	The School as Organization
		Theory Y says that if people are committed to the organization, they show all sorts of leadership qualities.
		Theories X, Y and Z rest on different conceptions of human nature and the relationship of commitment in organizations.
		Theory X? Give an example each of domination behavior that is part of the formal, the technical and the informal culture of some group.
	www.newfoundations.com /OrgTheory/SchoolasOrg.html (12233 words)

	Innovation Creators: Micromanagement
		Theory Y is the antithesis of X. It “assumes that people will exercise self-direction and self control in the achievement of organizational objectives to the degree that they are committed to those objectives”.
		Theory X is bent on devising the right sticks with which to prod work-shy labour; Theory Y looks for the carrots that will induce them to stay.
		This is an echo of Theory Y. I hope that the Economist is right in claiming that more companies are moving to Theory Y. However, the massive number of searches for “micromanagement” indicate that there are plenty of bright knowledge workers still suffering under old-school Theory X managers.
	www.innovationcreators.com /2006/02/micromanagement.html (1020 words)

	Douglas McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Theory X is the traditional approach to control in organisations.
		People actually prefer to be directed by management according to Theory X because of the avoidance of responsibility, lack of ambition and a basic need for security.
		Theory X has been based on certain human behaviour in organisations.
	www.change.freeuk.com /learning/business/theoriesxy.html (352 words)

	Management Styles - PARTICIPATIVE MANAGEMENT, THEORY X AND THEORY Y, THEORY Z
		Douglas McGregor's Theory X assumes that people are lazy, they don't want to work, and it is the job of the manager to force or coerce them to work.
		According to this theory, responsibility for demonstrating initiative and motivation lies with the employee and failure to perform is his or her fault.
		Theory Y suggests employees would behave differently if treated differently by managers.
	www.referenceforbusiness.com /management/Log-Mar/Management-Styles.html (2180 words)

	Category Theory (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Thus given a set X, ℘(X) is the usual set of subsets of X, and given a function f : X → Y, ℘(f) : ℘(X) → ℘(Y) takes a subset A of X and maps it to B = f(A), the image of f restricted to A in X.
		Still, it remains to be seen whether category theory should be "on the same plane," so to speak, as set theory, whether it should be taken as a serious alternative to set theory as a foundation for mathematics, or whether it is foundational in a different sense altogether.
		From the foregoing disussion, it should be obvious that category theory and categorical logic ought to have an impact on almost all issues arising in philosophy of logic: from the nature of identity criteria to the question of alternative logics, category theory always sheds a new light on these topics.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/category-theory (11769 words)

	Theory X or Theory Y - iSciFiStory.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In the 1960s, Douglas McGreagor developed a view of humankind that he described as "Theory X and Theory Y." Temporarily popular for a number of years, he postulated two opposing points of views about how people view human behavior.
		Based on Theory Y, people want to develop their potential and realize their potential towards common goals.
		Sometimes I get very discouragaed and feel that people are mostly Theory X. Working in a professional envionment, I see a lot of Theory X people every day.
	www.iscifistory.com /forums/forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=601 (536 words)

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