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Topic: Theory of spontaneous generation

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Spontaneous generation

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Louis Pasteur

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	Abiogenesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Today the term is primarily used to refer to theories about the chemical origin of life, such as from a primordial sea, and most probably through a number of intermediate steps, such as non-living but self-replicating molecules (biopoiesis).
		From the seventeenth century onwards it was gradually shown that, at least in the case of all the higher and readily visible organisms, spontaneous generation did not occur, but that omne vivum ex ovo - every living thing came from a pre-existing living thing.
		The ur-organism implication of Darwin's theories would have occurred in the deep geological past, the dawn of time on this planet, 3.87 billion years ago, and it had a billion years from the beginning of the planet to be formed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Theory_of_spontaneous_generation (1862 words)

	Theory of Spontaneous Generation
		Spontaneous generation implies that life can arise from non-living substances.
		Probably the best argument against spontaneous generation is the fact that no experiment ever performed has produced any living material from dead atoms.
		I don't know whether or not spontaneous generation is actually possible, and I can live without having an answer.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /askasci/gen01/gen01517.htm (1021 words)

	The Slow Death of Spontaneous Generation (1668-1859)
		For example, a seventeenth century recipe for the spontaneous production of mice required placing sweaty underwear and husks of wheat in an open-mouthed jar, then waiting for about 21 days, during which time it was alleged that the sweat from the underwear would penetrate the husks of wheat, changing them into mice.
		The theory of spontaneous generation was finally laid to rest in 1859 by the young French chemist, Louis Pasteur.
		Pasteur had both refuted the theory of spontaneous generation and convincingly demonstrated that microorganisms are everywhere - even in the air.
	www.accessexcellence.org /RC/AB/BC/Spontaneous_Generation.html (611 words)

	Spontaneous Generation :: Microbiology and Bacteriology :: The world of microbes
		Spontaneous generation was a widely held belief throughout the middle ages and into the latter half of the 19
		Detractors of the theory of spontaneous generation were just as guilty of bias, but in the opposite direction.
		Spontaneous generation was a severe test of the scientific experimentation, because it was such a seductive and widely held belief.
	www.bact.wisc.edu /Microtextbook/modules.php?op=modload&name=Sections&file=index&req=viewarticle&artid=282&page=1 (1130 words)

	Creationist claims about Pasteur and Spontaneous Generation
		Lazzaro Spallanzani and Louis Pasteur proved in the middle of the eighteenth century that the concept of "spontaneous generation" was indeed false.
		To believe that life spontaneously resulted from dead matter because of an electrical charge from some unknown source is to return to this false concept of spontaneous generation.
		Spontaneous generation is the notion that biological life, in and of itself, may be "jump started" from inorganic materials.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/abioprob/creationist.html (2273 words)

	Page 9
		The term theory often appears in scientific literature; the cell theory, the theory of spontaneous generation, the theory of evolution, and the atomic theory are just some examples.
		The theory of spontaneous generation is one example of a disproven theory.
		Whether or not a spontaneous generation should be spoken of as a theory is a matter of debate.
	is.asu.edu /plb108/course/scimeth/page9.html (265 words)

	Microbiology and Bacteriology :: The world of microbes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Spontaneous generation for small organisms again gained favor when John Needham showed that if a broth was boiled (presumed to kill all life) and then allowed to sit in the open air, it became cloudy.
		Spontaneous generation is the hypothesis that some vital force contained in or given to organic matter can create living organisms from inanimate objects.
		However, spontaneous generation was so seductive a concept that even Redi believed it was possible in other circumstances.
	www.bact.wisc.edu /Microtextbook/index.php?module=Book&func=displayarticle&art_id=27 (1276 words)

	Essays Page
		He was a firm believer in the experimental method, and he approached the issue of spontaneous generation by putting it to a series of experimental tests.
		Conversely, when some of their experiments seemed to indicate the presence of spontaneous generation, opponents argued that there was no way to conclusively ascertain if the air and the nutritive substance had been completely sterilized; either might harbor microorganisms that gave rise to more of their kind.
		As it turned out, Pasteur was right about spontaneous generation, but in retrospect it is evident that the experimental evidence could not provide a definitive basis for the support or the rejection of the theory.
	www.fofweb.com /Subscription/Science/Helicon.asp?SID=2&iPin=ffests0776 (573 words)

	THE CONTEXT FOR ABIOGENESIS
		This belief originally existed in the theoretical form of spontaneous generation, whereby life forms were spontaneously generated from nonliving matter as long as the proper ingredients were present.
		The theory of spontaneous generation has a history of persistence where its activity is said to be found in smaller and smaller entities.
		Miller found that while most of the material generated by this procedure was a brown tar that is irrelevant to the origin of life, it did generate many of the amino acids used by life (Miller 1953).
	www.idthink.net /back/ool/index.htm (3496 words)

	Spontaneous Generation - Hashkafah.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Spontaneous generation was a belief of the middle ages - that if you left garbage in a bin, in the morning it would be swarming with creatures that were created from within the garbage.
		It's not good enough to say the torah meant one thing, but the human rabbis and meforshim misinterpreted the word of hashem and mistakenly believed the torah is referring to spontaneous generation in the passuk that doesn't actually mention spontaneous generation.
		Spontaneous generation was a known theory as far back as classical times -it was first proposed by Aristotle in 384BCE = the time of the early zugot.
	www.hashkafah.com /index.php?showtopic=3429 (3897 words)

	LecOut_Intro (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Theory of Spontaneous Generation or Abiogenesis: Pasteur and his "swan-necked" experiment.
		Work on theory of spontaneous generation layed the foundation for effective sterilization procedures, showed that certain life forms could exist in the absence of oxygen, and that different microorganism reside in different environments.
		Proof of theory required Koch to developed (1) a way to Pure Culture a bacterium, i.e., establish a way to isolate a particular bacterial species from a mixture of microorganisms, (2) ways of handling the pure culture so as not to contaminate the pure culture, the medium used to grow the bacterium, or the worker.
	faculty.washington.edu /jclara/410/Outlines/Intro.html (334 words)

	Why Is Abiogenesis Impossible? - ChristianAnswers.Net
		The variety of cells generated by this process eventually developed the machinery required to do all that was necessary to survive, reproduce, and create the next generation of cells in their likeness.
		The spontaneous generation of life theory eventually was proved false by hundreds of research studies such as the 1668 experiment by Italian physician Francesco Redi (1626-1697).
		Nearly all biologists were convinced by the latter half of the nineteenth century that spontaneous generation of all types of living organisms was impossible (Bergman, 1993a).
	www.christiananswers.net /q-crs/abiogenesis.html (9558 words)

	Louis Pasteur
		The theory of spontaneous generation of life was universally accepted up until the seventeenth century.
		Using proper scientific method, he was able to disprove spontaneous generation and change the study of medicine to one, which we can still appreciate today.
		With that Pasteur was able to disprove spontaneous generation and at the same time invented ‘the germ theory’.
	www.quasar.ualberta.ca /edse456/apt/vignettes/pasteur2.htm (725 words)

	BASIC CONCEPTS IN EVOLUTION
		The origin, purpose, and development of scientific theories will be examined through explanation and examples of their usefulness and limitations.
		Develop own notes on the Origin of Life theories, and explain the theory with reference to persons involved, explain why it is a theory, and state any strong or weak points of that theory.
		Theories are useful to predict the outcomes of future experiments.
	educ.queensu.ca /~science/main/concept/biol/b04/B04CDCG1.htm (324 words)

	03 Pun (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The theory of spontaneous generation states that life arises continually from the nonliving, and this idea was accepted by most medieval scholars as a mechanistic explanation of the origin of life.
		This theory was the predominant view among scientists at that time because of its apparent consistency with the interpretation of observations that many organisms sprang from apparently nonliving material of various kinds.
		Louis Joblot paved the way for the eventually successful refutation of the theory of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that a heated hay infusion in a closed vessel did not give rise to microorganisms, but an unheated infusion in an open vessel was teeming with them.
	www.ibri.org /Books/Pun_Evolution/Chapter3/3.3.htm (7937 words)

	Lecture – History of Microbiology and Virology
		It had been observed that flies could be generated from a piece of meat left out and that mice would eventually appear in a pile of old rags.
		This was known as the theory of “spontaneous generation” (life from non-living material).
		His experiments to finally disprove the theory of spontaneous generation was to boil broth in a special swan necked flask that would allow air to gain access but not any particulate matter (like bacteria or yeast).
	www.facstaff.bucknell.edu /pizzorno/UNIV245/CN_history.htm (1668 words)

	Quote Mine Project: "Miscellaneous"
		Spontaneous generation, that life arose from non-living matter was scientifically disproved 120 years ago by Louis Pasteur and others.
		The principle opponent of the theory of the spontaneous generation was then the Abbe Lazzaro Spallanzani, an Italian priest; and its principal champion was John Turberville Needham, an English Jesuit.
		Conceding that spontaneous generation doe not occur on earth under present circumstances, it asks how, under circumstances that prevailed earlier upon this planet, spontaneous generation did occur and was the source of the earliest living organisms.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/quotes/mine/part1-4.html (12631 words)

	Medicine - Science of Bacteriology
		From the brilliant overthrow by Pasteur, in 1861, and by Koch and Cohn, in 1876, of the theory of spontaneous generation, we may date its modern growth.
		Wrapped up in this theory of spontaneous generation, upon which speculation raged centuries before the invention of the microscope, lies the history of bacteriology.
		The stimulus to research as to the causes of disease along the line of bacterial origin did not entirely cease to be felt, and the names of Pollender and Davaine are linked together in the first undoubted discovery of micro-organisms in disease, when the cause of anthrax, a disease of cattle, was solved in 1863.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles18/medicine-26.shtml (1887 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		‘Spontaneous generation’ is the theory that life can appear out of thin air in organic foods and materials.
		But Pasteur “with a magnificent series of studies, Pasteur so cut away the foundations of the doctrine of ‘spontaneous generation’ that it crumbled into ruin.” One of the methods that Pasteur used to disprove spontaneous generation was to make air filters to catch the organisms in the air.
		It was this successful experiment that forever disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and would put into place the theory that all life comes from life and does not magically appear out of the air.
	www.humboldt.edu /~histbio/Lewis/LoiusPasteur.htm (1068 words)

	Pasteur proved life only comes from life (law of biogenesis) - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Pasteur and other scientists disproved the concept of spontaneous generation and established that life comes only from previous life.
		The idea of spontaneous generation was based on ancient superstition rather than any scientific research.
		Spontaneous generation was much more narrowly defined than abiogenesis and at the time of Pasteur most of the other ideas involved in abiogenesis were still undiscovered.
	wiki.cotch.net /wiki.phtml?title=Pasteur_proved_life_only_comes_from_life_(law_of_biogenesis) (207 words)

	Biology 1913
		Redi -began the disproving of the spontaneous generation
		Spontaneous generation - the doctrine that held that lifeless objects give rise to living organisms.
		He proposed the germ theory of disease that said the microorganisms were the cause of human infectious diseases.
	www.gpc.edu /~cmcallis/1913/Ch1MicrobialWorldandYou1-7-02revisions.htm (545 words)

	Curriculum Unit - The Theory of Evolution
		This unit does not present the Theory of Evolution as scientific fact, but rather examines the development and meaning of this theory, the supporting evidence, and the limitations, and current 'thoughts' on evolution.
		The purpose of this lesson is to examine and contrast the development of the theories of Darwin, Lamarck, Wallace, and S.J. Gould.
		The Theory of Evolution as Darwin developed it during the voyage of the HMS Beagle, will be examined, and the Theory of Natural Selection will be presented through Darwin's facts and conclusions.
	educ.queensu.ca /projects/science_teaching/other/cur_unit/oacbio/evoln.html (3618 words)

	Logical Fallacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Most modern biologists, having reviewed with satisfaction the downfall of the spontaneous generation hypothesis, yet unwilling to accept the alternative belief in special creation, are left with nothing.
		Wald states that he "has no choice but to approach the origin of life through a hypothesis of spontaneous generation." That is, due to "philosophical necessity," he rejects the alternative possibility, and makes his choice to believe in evolution.
		Proponents of Evolution and Big Bang theories know that their unproven hypotheses are founded upon a 'billions of years' time scale, and they will defend their belief to the death: ours physical, and theirs spiritual.
	www.xprt.net /~servitum/main/illogical.html (3345 words)

	The Scientific Method
		When Jean Baptiste Lamarck proposed his theory of evolution, to reconcile his ideas with Aristotle’s Scala naturae, he proposed that as creatures strive for greater perfection, thus move up the “ladder,” new organisms arise by spontaneous generation to fill the vacated places on the lower rungs.
		Some people claimed that there was a “life force” present in the molecules of all inorganic matter, including air and the oxygen in it, that could cause spontaneous generation to occur, thus accounting for the presence of bacteria in spoiled soups.
		A theory is a generalization based on many observations and experiments; a well-tested, verified hypothesis that fits existing data and explains how processes or events are thought to occur.
	biology.clc.uc.edu /courses/bio104/sci_meth.htm (3745 words)

	Untitled Document
		Louis Pasteur invalidated the theory of spontaneous generation with his discovery that microorganisms cause the rotting of a substance, the rotting of a substance does not cause microorganisms.
		First was that of spontaneous generation, the theory that numerous living organisms within putrefied material arose spontaneously from nonliving substances, second was that these organisms originated from airborne seeds or germs that had infected the material.
		Louis Pasteur, a late 19'th century French chemist, provided the most solid evidence against the theory of spontaneous generation with a series of experiments involving fly larvae, raw meat, and variously covered, or uncovered, containers.
	www.csuchico.edu /art/contrapposto/contrapposto01/197/baird.html (2134 words)

	Glencoe Online Science Quiz Chapter
		Spontaneous generation proposes that nonliving materials can produce life, while biogenesis follows the idea that living things come only from other living things.
		Spontaneous generation and biogenesis both support the theory that nonliving materials are the source of living organisms.
		Biogenesis supposes that nonliving materials can produce life, while spontaneous generation follows the idea that living things come only from other living things.
	www.glencoe.com /qe/qe136states.php?qi=4377&st=2 (163 words)

	PlanetPapers - Spontaneous Generation
		For example, a seventeenth century idea for the spontaneous generation of mice required placing sweaty underwear and husks of wheat in an open-mouthed jar.
		To test his theory, he modified Needham's experiment - he placed the chicken broth in a flask, sealed the flask, drew off the air to create a vacuum, then boiled the broth.
		Pasteur had both refuted the theory of spontaneous generation and convincingly demonstrated that microorganisms are everywhere, even in the air!!!
	www.planetpapers.com /Assets/2786.php (662 words)

	Citebase - The spontaneous generation of magnetic fields at high temperature in a supersymmetric theory
		The spontaneous generation of magnetic fields at high temperature in a supersymmetric theory
		Authors: Demchik, V. Skalozub, V. The spontaneous generation of magnetic and chromomagnetic fields at high temperature in the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) is investigated.
		The mixing of the generated fields due to the quark and s-quark loop diagrams and the role of superpartners are studied in detail.
	citebase.eprints.org /cgi-bin/citations?id=oai:arXiv.org:hep-ph/0208274 (213 words)

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