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Topic: Therapeutic cloning

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	Human cloning - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term is generally used to refer to artificial human cloning; human clones in the form of identical twins are commonplace, with their cloning occurring during the natural process of reproduction.
		In reproductive cloning, the cloned embryo is implanted in a woman's uterus.
		Second, difficulties with cloning organisms from their somatic (non germline) cells tend to lead to (what seems to be) premature aging in higher animals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Human_cloning (2001 words)

	Therapeutic cloning
		The obvious use of therapeutic cloning would be treating deadly diseases like diabetes and Parkinson's, where a specific type of cell has died.
		Even if therapeutic cloning did not lead to reproductive cloning (which he also opposes), he says therapeutic cloning research should be opposed "on the grounds of the risk of misuse." Fertility clinics, which use IVF to create babies, have been charged with such abuses as selling embryos without the approval of their biological parents.
		But therapeutic cloning has another potential drawback: if you get your own cells back in an attempt to repair a disease with genetic roots, you would only be restoring the same disease.
	whyfiles.org /148clone_clash/4.html (838 words)

	Therapeutic cloning - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Therapeutic cloning (also known as somatic cell nuclear transfer, cell nuclear replacement, research cloning, and embryo cloning) involves taking an egg (or oocyte) from which the nucleus has been removed, and replacing that nucleus with DNA from the cell of another organism.
		Therapeutic cloning is currently legal for research purposes in the United Kingdom, having been incorporated into the 1990 Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act in 2001.
		Others feel that it instrumentalizes human life, or that it would be problematic to allow therapeutic cloning and still prevent reproductive cloning from occurring.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Therapeutic_cloning (375 words)

	Therapeutic cloning
		Restrictions on research on therapeutic cloning are questionable as they inhibit the development of a technique which holds promise for succesful application of pluripotent stem cells in clinical treatment of severe diseases.
		Second, the technique of therapeutic cloning is the same technique as that used in the initial stage of reproductive cloning where an enucleated egg cell is transplanted with a somatic cell nucleus and implanted in a susceptible uterus in order to produce an infant.
		Development of therapeutic cloning may therefore be feared to pave the way ('slippery slope') for an otherwise unacceptable use, and this risk may be considered sufficiently great to prohibit therapeutic cloning despite the potential benefits to patients.
	www.jesh.suite.dk /genes/therapeutic.htm (2662 words)

	therapeutic cloning
		Therapeutic cloning, which is what scientists want to pursue, would entail cloning a patient's cells so they could eventually be used to replace damaged cells.
		Therapeutic cloning, an experimental technique that could one day allow patients to be treated with their own rejuvenated cells, moved one step closer to...
		Therapeutic cloning involves the harvesting of the embryo's stem cells, the body's versatile "parent cells" which are capable of growing into any type of...
	www.mongabay.com /igapo/biotech/therapeutic_cloning.html (3481 words)

	Therapeutic Cloning of Stem Cells
		In therapeutic cloning, stem cells are created from a donor for the main purpose of providing tissue (such as for organ repair), in the event that the donor might need such treatment at a future date.
		From this cloned embryo, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) may be grown in the laboratory, and then implanted into a surrogate woman who ultimately gives birth to a clone of the man from whom the skin cells were derived.
		One of the risks for the surrogate mother presented by cloning is what is known as "large offspring syndrome", in which the cloned embryo develops into an abnormally, and dangerously, large fetus by the time of birth.
	www.cellmedicine.com /cloning.asp (2212 words)

	Frequently Asked Questions About SCNT (Therapeutic Cloning) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Cloning allows scientists to develop powerful new drugs and produce insulin and useful bacteria in the lab.
		Better described as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), therapeutic cloning is the transplantation of a patient's DNA into an unfertilized egg in order to grow stem cells that could cure devastating diseases.
		With therapeutic cloning there is no fertilization of the egg by sperm, no implantation in the uterus, and no pregnancy.
	www.camradvocacy.org /resources/SCNT_FAQs.htm (1205 words)

	Reason (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Human cloning is not where the money is. Once individuals understand that cloning cannot bring back the dead, serve as a vehicle for immortality, be used as a way to create surplus body parts for the living, or provide a means to create armies of nasty mercenaries, cloning loses its allure.
		The main reason to support a move towards "therapeutic cloning" is that the cell lines that would result from stem cells grown from these embryos would be genetically identical to the person whose somatic cells were being used for this purpose.
		Therapeutic cloning is one of the keys to fulfilling the promise of stem cell research.
	www.reason.com /bioresearch/bioresearch.html (15579 words)

	CBHD: Therapeutic Cloning - Amy Coxon
		In the process of "therapeutic" cloning, the transfer of diploid DNA from a somatic cell into an enucleated egg results in the egg cell being made diploid (becoming an embryo) and the initiation of the development of a human being.
		Indeed, it is well-known and well-documented in the scientific literature that cloned embryos of other species that are transferred at the embryo stage into the womb of a female and survive to birth are born as animals of the species to which they belong.
		At this point, "therapeutic" cloning of humans has failed to produce the coveted embryonic stem cells for use in research because, although scientists have claimed to clone the first human being, that human being died at the six-cell stage.
	www.cbhd.org /resources/cloning/coxon_2001-03-13.htm (2287 words)

	Turns of Phrase: Therapeutic cloning
		therapeutic cloning, in order to make a careful distinction between this and reproductive cloning, the creation of a complete new copy of a human being from an adult cell.
		The focus of ethics and public policy has shifted from an alarmist and rather fanciful preoccupation with human reproductive cloning to an emphasis on “therapeutic cloning” for cell and tissue replacement and repair.
		The council acknowledges the advantages of using cloning, which enables doctors to grow a patient’s own tissue, and supports the use of so-called “therapeutic cloning” with sufficient safeguards, notably to ensure that donors consent to such research.
	www.worldwidewords.org /turnsofphrase/tp-the1.htm (263 words)

	The ethics of reproductive and therapeutic cloning (research) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Ergo: reproductive cloning is a bad thing.’ This argument is obviously using the prejudices of those prejudiced against human cloning to establish the case that there is anything inherently wrong with human cloning.
		Say, the child of a fanatic soccer player might well be forced by its parents to join the local youth soccer team at the tender age of 7 or so, in order to assure that he or she becomes a professional soccer player later in his or her life.
		Stem cell therapies are less obviously related to reproductive cloning, in that they do not aim at the creation of a child who is to be born, but at using reproductive techniques directly or indirectly to produce stem cells for therapeutic purposes.
	www.wits.ac.za /bioethics/genethics.htm (4938 words)

	Embryo cloning, adult DNA cloning and therapeutic cloning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		For cloning's advocates, this is an opportunity to remake mankind in an image of health, prosperity, and nobility; it is the ultimate expression of man's unlimited potential.
		Therapeutic cloning represents the ideal in organ transplantation, as it would provide an unlimited source of organs to anyone who needs them.
		The goal of therapeutic cloning is to produce a healthy copy of a sick person's tissue or organ for transplant.
	www.religioustolerance.org /cloning.htm (834 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Health \| Q&A: Therapeutic cloning
		The team are investigating a cloning technique called cell nuclear replacement (CNR), in which the nucleus of a human egg cell is removed and replaced with the nucleus from a human body cell, such as a skin cell.
		By cloning cells from MND patients, the researchers will be able to see how the illness develops in an embryo.
		Cloning opponents have said scientists should look for alternative ways to investigate MND, such as studying embryos that have been rejected from IVF use because they carry an inherited disease.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/health/3645195.stm (625 words)

	AAMC : Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (Therapeutic Cloning)
		Cloning has allowed scientists to develop powerful new drugs and to produce insulin and useful bacteria in the lab.
		Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) or therapeutic cloning involves removing the nucleus of an unfertilized egg cell, replacing it with the material from the nucleus of a "somatic cell" (a skin, heart, or nerve cell, for example), and stimulating this cell to begin dividing.
		However, it is important to recognize, as your bill does, the difference between reproductive cloning and the scientific potential of therapeutic cloning and regenerative medicine.
	www.aamc.org /advocacy/library/research/res0003.htm (750 words)

	Therapeutic Cloning Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		therapeutic cloning, that is, the production of human pluripotent cell lines with nuclear genetic compatibility to a patient who needs developed tissue stem or progenitor cells to regenerate lost or damaged tissues or organs.
		It is also important to note that by researching therapeutic cloning, scientists hope to understand the biological properties of an egg cell that can cause somatic cell transfers to generate stem cells.
		Therapeutic cloning, Charo points out, is already subject to federal regulation, does not involve significant health risks to cell donors, and does not alter existing genomes.
	www.sabr.us /body-general.htm (3221 words)

	e-Human-Cloning.com: No Imperative to Clone Human Beings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		It should be noted that "reproductive cloning" and so-called "therapeutic cloning" both utilize the same unnatural manipulations of early stage human embryos.
		The difference between "reproductive" and "therapeutic" cloning is merely semantic and differs only in the intentions for their ultimate use.
		Without compelling restraint scientists and physicians are moving forward rapidly to develop human cloning methodologies that could be used for either "reproductive" cloning to replicate another copy of a human or "therapeutic" cloning which would intentionally destroy the newly-created embryonic cells of the cloned human for other research projects.
	www.e-human-cloning.com (1833 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Human Cloning Will Work"
		Cloning is seen as a possible way to aid some people who have severe medical problems.
		While it may take time for cloning to be fully accepted, therapeutic cloning will likely be the first step in that direction.
		Therapeutic cloning is the process by which a person's DNA is used to grow an embryonic clone.
	science.howstuffworks.com /human-cloning2.htm (402 words)

	Human cloning and genes brochure basic science stem cells embryo genetics reproductive clone
		Reproductive cloning uses the cloning procedure to produce a clonal embryo which is implanted in a woman's womb with intent to create a fully formed living child--a clone-as shown in diagram 3 above..
		Therapeutic cloning uses the cloning procedure to produce a clonal embryo, but instead of being implanted in a womb and brought to term it is used to generate stem cells, as shown in diagram 4 above.
		Others oppose therapeutic cloning as well as reproductive cloning, either because they are opposed to the destruction of embryos as a matter of principle, or because they feel the acceptance of therapeutic cloning will set us on a slippery slope to the acceptance of reproductive cloning and human genetic manipulation.
	www.arhp.org /patienteducation/onlinebrochures/cloning/index.cfm?ID=282 (1059 words)

	CellNEWS_Sweden Allow Therapeutic Cloning
		The method used in somatic nuclear transfer is partially the same as that used in reproductive cloning, that is to say cloning to produce children.
		But cloning with the aim of creating new life is to be explicitly and unambiguously forbidden both in research and in other contexts.
		The most important extension is to allow somatic cell nuclear transfer (or therapeutic cloning), but at the same time explicitly prohibit reproductive cloning in all circumstances, they write.
	www.geocities.com /giantfideli/art/CellNEWS_Sw_thera_cloning.html (688 words)

	Therapeutic Cloning
		Therapeutic cloning is the process by which an embryo is created through nuclear transfer in order to obtain stem cells from it for therapeutic purposes.
		Therapeutic cloning uses cloning technology to develop stem cells for research, and ultimately for therapy.
		The goal of therapeutic cloning is to produce human stem cells, and subsequent tissues and organs, which can be used to replace damaged tissue.
	www.medindia.net /patients/PatientInfo/stemcells_therapeutic.htm (126 words)

	Therapeutic use of human cloning techologies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Once this is understood, the occasional use of such terms as 'therapeutic cloning' shouldn't cause too much harm, and is hard to avoid at times because the starting point for many of the possible new therapies is the nuclear transfer technology pioneered by the team that made Dolly the cloned sheep.
		The case against using cloned embryos in research made from this quarter today is essentially the same as the argument made against the use of all embryos in research and IVF procedures back then.
		Research on therapeutic cloning is ruled out because it does not fall within the permitted reasons for the creation and maintenance of embryos outside of the human body as laid down in the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act.
	www.prochoiceforum.org.uk /ri5.asp (2617 words)

	Home, The World Health Network - Anti-Aging and Longevity, The World Health Network - Anti-Aging and Longevity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		But they don’t agree about what that means for stem cells derived from cloned embryos, the basis for therapeutic cloning.
		Belgian scientists said on Monday they have cloned the first human embryos from unripe eggs matured in the laboratory, an achievement that could help to overcome a stumbling block in stem cell research.
		The development is expected to increase the possibility of expanding regenerative medicine to anatomically complicated organs such as the kidney and lung as a potential means to treat patients with disorders of those organs.
	www.worldhealth.net /p/therapeutic-cloning.html (885 words)

	the evangelical outpost: The Bioethics of Therapeutic Cloning: A Brief Primer on the Issues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Cloning is a form of reproduction in which offspring result not from the chance union of egg and sperm (sexual reproduction) but from the deliberate replication of the genetic makeup of another single individual (asexual reproduction).
		The primary moral objection to cloning for research is that it creates human life solely for the purpose of destroying it; using a human embryo merely as a means to an end.
		Currently, the primary justification for therapeutic cloning is as a means of harvesting embryonic stem cells.
	www.evangelicaloutpost.com /archives/001330.html (9568 words)

	New Scientist Breaking News - UK gives go-ahead for human cloning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In that report, published on Wednesday, the committee approved both research on embryonic stem cells, with a view to developing new treatments for disease, and therapeutic cloning, involving the cloning of embryos up to 14 days old.
		Therapeutic cloning could provide treatment cells that would not be rejected by the patient.
		But the committee thinks cloning of early embryos is more likely to be used as a research tool, to better understand the behaviour of adult stem cells and how they might be manipulated.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn1975 (603 words)

	ABCNEWS.com : Poll: Majority Opposes Cloning
		Opponents of animal cloning say it's morally wrong and may produce offspring with genetic abnormalities; opponents of therapeutic cloning say it could lead to the creation of a cloned person.
		Religious beliefs fuel much of the opposition: Those who oppose animal, human, and therapeutic cloning are most apt to cite their religious beliefs as the main factor in their opinion.
		In contrast, those who support cloning are most likely to cite their education as having the most influence on their view.
	abcnews.go.com /sections/scitech/DailyNews/poll010816_cloning.html (500 words)

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