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Topic: Thermal emission spectrometer

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	Spectrometer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A spectrometer is used in spectroscopy for producing spectral lines and measuring their wavelengths and intensities.
		Spectrometer is a term that is applied to instruments that operate over a very wide range of wavelengths, from gamma rays and X-rays into the far infrared.
		An image from Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES), an instrument on the Mars Exploration Rovers that is used for identifying rocks.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spectrograph (872 words)

	Thermal emission spectrometer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Thermal Emission Spectrometer is a type of passive spectrometer that can identify the composition of surfaces by analyzing its infrared spectrum.
		The microbolometers are arranged in a 2x3 array and each detector has a field of view of ~3 x 3 km at the surface of Mars.
		Thermal emission spectrometers have been used in the Mars Observer, Mars Global Surveyor, and Mars Exploration Rover missions, all of which were developed by Phil Christensen at Arizona State University.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thermal_emission_spectrometer (176 words)

	Spirit rover timeline for 2004 March - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The miniature thermal emission spectrometer was used for ground and sky observations both before and after the drive.
		Spirit spent the afternoon using the mini thermal emission spectrometer to look at targets that will be analyzed more fully on sol 67, and then driving 900 mm (3 ft) forward to be able to access that area with the arm tomorrow.
		The miniature thermal emission spectrometer and panoramic camera made successful observations of the crater informally named "Bonneville," but planned operations of the rover arm were not executed due to a switch on the Mössbauer spectrometer getting momentarily stuck.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spirit_rover_timeline_for_2004_March (5957 words)

	Mission to Mars
		The Mini-Thermal Emission Spectrometer, or Mini-TES, is an instrument that sees infrared radiation emitted by objects.
		The thermal IR has the ability to penetrate through the dust coatings common to the martian surface that can present problems for remote sensing observations.
		Thermal IR data will also help scientists assess the capacity of rocks and soils to hold heat over the wide temperature range of a martian day.
	athena.cornell.edu /the_mission/ins_minites.html (374 words)

	Catalog Page for PIA05030 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Spectra of martian dust taken by the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit's mini-thermal emission spectrometer are compared to that of the orbital Mars Global Surveyor's thermal emission spectrometer.
		This graph, consisting of data acquired on Mars by the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit's mini-thermal emission spectrometer, shows the light, or spectral, signature of silicates - a group of minerals that form the majority of Earth's crust.
		The detection of trace amounts of carbonates on Mars may be due to an interaction between the water vapor in the atmosphere and minerals on the surface.
	photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov /catalog/PIA05030 (247 words)

	JPL.NASA.GOV: Mars Exploration Rovers
		During the morning hours, Opportunity collected data with the alpha particle X-ray spectrometer for five hours and took measurements with its miniature thermal emission spectrometer from inside its newly formed hole that was created on sol 30 by the rock abrasion tool.
		Spirit's panoramic camera and miniature thermal emission spectrometer were also used during the sol for studies of sky and rocks.
		The analysis ran in parallel with a miniature thermal emission spectrometer observation of the martian sky.
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /missions/mer/daily.cfm?date=2&year=2004 (7887 words)

	Thermal Emission Spectrometer results: Mars atmospheric thermal structure and aerosol distribution
		Infrared spectra returned by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) are well suited for retrieval of the thermal structure and the distribution of aerosols in the Martian atmosphere.
		We report here on the atmospheric thermal structure and the distribution of aerosols as observed thus far during the mapping phase of the Mars Global Surveyor mission.
		Maps of water-ice clouds as viewed in the thermal infrared are presented along with seasonal trends of infrared water-ice opacity.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2001/2000JE001321.shtml (301 words)

	JPL.NASA.GOV: Mars Exploration Rovers
		The miniature thermal emission spectrometer and panoramic camera made successful observations of the crater informally named "Bonneville," but planned operations of the rover arm were not executed due to a switch on the Moessbauer spectrometer getting momentarily stuck.
		Remote sensing with the miniature thermal emission spectrometer and the panoramic camera remote sensing was performed before, during, and after the drive and trenching activities.
		Spirit spent the afternoon using the mini thermal emission spectrometer to look at targets that will be analyzed more fully on sol 67, and then driving 0.9 meters (3 feet) forward to be able to access that area with the arm tomorrow.
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /missions/mer/daily.cfm?date=3&year=2004 (10124 words)

	The Mars Global Surveyor Mission (GS) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Thermal Emission Spectrometer investigation was designed to study the surface and atmosphere of Mars using thermal infrared spectroscopy, together with broadband thermal and solar reflectance radiometry.
		Thermal Emission Spectrometer data from the Mars Global Surveyor are used to determine compositions and distributions of Martian low-albedo regions.
		Thermal tides and stationary waves on Mars as revealed by Mars Global Surveyor thermal emission spectrometer
	fsi.ucf.edu /special/SolarSystem/mars/GS (1062 words)

	NASA's Solar System Exploration: News & Events: 12.23.04: Spirit Update
		Atmospheric observations using the miniature thermal emission spectrometer, navigation camera, and panoramic camera continue on a daily basis.
		Sols 341, 342 and 343 were planned as a combined three-sol plan that included observations with the miniature thermal emission spectrometer each sol.
		On sol 341, Spirit used its microscopic imager and its Mossbauer spectrometer to examine disturbed soil in front of the rover.
	solarsystem.nasa.gov /news/display.cfm?News_ID=10275 (710 words)

	Mars Exploration Rover Mission: All Opportunity Updates
		Sol 698: Observations with the miniature thermal emission spectrometer and navigation camera, calibration activity the team calls "Martian Tai Chi." During this activity, the arm is commanded to a few different positions and the front hazard-avoidance camera acquires images at each position.
		Since the miniature thermal emission spectrometer was the instrument in use during the reset, use of that instrument has been precluded, pending further analysis.
		The miniature thermal emission spectrometer systematically observed the foreground.
	marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov /mission/status_opportunityAll.html#sol285 (16450 words)

	PSRD: Using TES to interpret the composition of the Martian surface
		Using mathematical mixing calculations based on the thermal emission spectra of numerous materials, the TES team reported in papers led by Josh Bandfield and Victoria Hamilton that the two regions had mineral abundances similar to basalt (Surface Type 1) and andesite (Surface Type 2), two common volcanic rock types on Earth.
		Thermal spectra also allow us to infer what minerals are present on the surface and in what proportions.
		Quantitative assessments of the quality of the match between measured and calculated spectra indicate that all matches are very good--another example of how tricky it is to determine mineralogy from thermal emission data.
	www.psrd.hawaii.edu /May02/MarsTES.html (2298 words)

	Raytheon Company: Products & Services: Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES)
		The primary TES mission is to study the geology of Mars: the composition of surface rocks and ices.
		TES also measures broadband solar reflectance and thermal emittance in the 0.3 - 2.7 µm and 4.5 - 100 µm bands to reveal the energy balance in the polar regions and to map the thermophysical properties of the Martian surface.
		TES scans the Martian surface with three coregistered 2 x 3 detector arrays, two of which are broadband thermal arrays, while the third is located in the image plane of a Michelson interferometer.
	www.raytheon.com /products/tes (333 words)

	[51.06] MGS Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) Atmospheric Results: Thermal Structure, Aerosol Opacity, and Dynamics ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		We report here on the atmospheric thermal structure and the horizontal and vertical distribution of aerosols determined thus far during the mapping phase of the MGS mission.
		Zonal and temporal mean cross sections are used to investigate the seasonal evolution of atmospheric temperatures and zonal winds during a period extending from northern hemisphere mid-summer through the winter.
		Maps of water ice opacity as determined from the thermal infrared show numerous orographic clouds, as well as strong seasonal development and decay of the low latitude aphelion cloud belt, as prominent a feature of northern summer as dust storms are of southern summer.
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v32n3/dps2000/577.htm (272 words)

	Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Scientists frequently refer to infrared emissions as heat or thermal energy.
		For example, water in the ocean always remains cooler than the hot sand on the beach.
		The thermal data radioed back to Earth from TES will allow scientists to determine the general mineral composition of patches of ground as small as 9.0 square kilometers (3.5 square miles) in area.
	mars.jpl.nasa.gov /mgs/sci/tes/tes.html (248 words)

	Results from the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer -- Christensen et al. 279 (5357): 1692 -- Science
		The Thermal Emission Spectrometer spectra of low albedo surface materials suggests that a four to one mixture of pyroxene
		The Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) investigation is designed to study the surface and atmosphere of Mars using thermal
		The strength of the spectral signatures of dust are correlated with emission angle, indicating that a large proportion of
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/full/279/5357/1692 (4258 words)

	NASA's Solar System Exploration: News & Events: 03.15.05: Diagnostic Tests Planned for Instrument on Mars Rover
		Two other types of spectrometers, mounted on the rover's robotic arm, provide additional information about composition when the rover is close enough to touch the target.
		Even a total loss of the miniature thermal emission spectrometer would not end the rover's usefulness.
		The rover team is not restricting use of Spirit's miniature thermal emission spectrometer while troubleshooting the problem on Opportunity.
	solarsystem.nasa.gov /news/display.cfm?News_ID=10556 (739 words)

	Mars Exploration Rover Mission: The Mission
		Mini-TES is an infrared spectrometer that can determine the mineralogy of rocks and soils from a distance by detecting their patterns of thermal radiation.
		This variation in thermal radiation can help scientists identify the minerals on Mars.
		To make observations of the same location from both of the instruments, the Pancam Mast Assembly (the rover's neck) must be commanded to swivel.
	marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov /mission/spacecraft_instru_minites.html (220 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Mini-TES is a descendant of the Mars Global Surveyor's Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) instrument and operates using the same principles.
		The Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) carried on the Mars 2001 Odyssey spacecraft improved on TES by combining a visual imaging system with an infrared imaging system.
		"In these thermal infrared wavelengths," Ruff says, "all minerals have a distinctive infrared signature that's really like a fingerprint." The ASU lab has built up a library of TES spectra using rocks whose mineral composition is known, Ruff says.
	www.astrobio.net /cgi-bin/xml.cgi?sid=755&ext=.html (1100 words)

	Mars Exploration Rover Mission: All Spirit Updates
		It used the miniature thermal emission spectrometer for sky and ground observations and to examine the disturbed soil in the wheel tracks.
		That camera and the miniature thermal emission spectrometer observed targets in the immediate vicinity with informal names "Cheyenne," "Apache," "Kickapoo," "Chickasaw," and "Winnebago." On sol 703, microscopic images were taken of a fin-shaped feature on Comanche.
		Spirit used the miniature thermal emission spectrometer and panoramic camera to study targets on Hillary.
	origin.mars5.jpl.nasa.gov /mission/status_spiritAll.html (16072 words)

	WHAT is TES?
		The Thermal Emission Spectrometer is a scientific instrument that first flew aboard the Mars Observer spacecraft.
		The purpose of TES is to measure the thermal infrared energy (heat) emitted from Mars.
		This technique, called thermal emission spectroscopy, can tell us much about the geology and atmosphere of Mars.
	tes.asu.edu /newwhatstes.html (133 words)

	Untitled Document
		Of the many scientific payloads onboard MGS, the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) will be of interest to those who study the surface composition of Mars.
		Application to Martian Surface Spectra from the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer, J. Geophys.
		(2000) Petrologic Characterization of Mars by Thermal Emission Spectroscopy.
	web.utk.edu /~pgi/personnel/wyatt.html (689 words)

	PSIgate - Physical Sciences Information Gateway: Search/Browse Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) was initially included on the Mars Observer spacecraft and was subsequently included on the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft.
		It was used to measure thermal infrared energy (heat) emitted from Mars, thus providing information about the geology and atmosphere of Mars.
		A searchable spectral library of thermal infrared (2000 - 380 cm-1) emission spectra of over 150 pure minerals (including silicates, carbonates, sulphates, phosphates, halides and oxides) has been prepared for comparison with spectral data from Mars.
	www.psigate.ac.uk /roads/cgi-bin/psifullrecord.pl?handle=2006215-1006 (146 words)

	Universe Today - Problem with Opportunity's Mineral Finding Tool
		The problem is with its miniature thermal emission spectrometer (Mini-TES), which Opportunity uses to sense the mineral composition of distant rocks.
		The problem could be with a broken switch that helps position the mirror that directs infrared light into the Mini-TES.
		However, the spectrometer kept working through the coldest months.
	universetoday.com /am/publish/opportunity_minites_fails.html?1732005 (870 words)

	Student Opportunities
		If you are a prospective student interested in pursuing an M.S. or Ph.D. in planetary geology, the Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) at the University of Hawai'i may be the place for you.
		Projects in Mars geology and surface composition using data from the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (MGS TES) and the Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) present special opportunties for cutting-edge research in Mars remote sensing.
		I am also developing a thermal emission spectroscopy laboratory that will allow students to have hands-on experience acquiring spectral data, maintaining lab equipment, and performing basic spectroscopy research.
	www.higp.hawaii.edu /~hamilton/student.html (314 words)

	Thermal Emission Spectrometer
		The Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) acquires spectra in the 5--40
		Observing the sky, the spectrum of high ice clouds will appear in emission and be measured.
		The spectrometer telescope uses a Cassegrain design that feeds a Michelson interferometer.
	helio.estec.esa.nl /intermarsnet/redreport/node78.html (506 words)

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