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Topic: Thermal energy

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	Thermal energy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Thermal energy is the vibrational energy of the disordered motion of microscopic particles such as molecules and atoms.
		Thermal energy is energy in the form of the vibrations and movements of microscopic particles.
		A power transfer (or energy transfer) is the process of passing working energy from one system or device to another (such as potential energy in coal transferred into thermal energy, or, thermal energy converted to kinetic energy in steam).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thermal_energy (998 words)

	Energy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Energy can be in several forms: mechanical potential—due to possible physical interactions with other objects (for example, gravitational potential energy); kinetic—contained in macroscopic motion; chemical—potential stored in chemical bonds between atoms; electrical—potential due to possible charge interactions; thermal—contained in the kinetic energy of individual molecules; nuclear—potential stored between constituents of nuclei.
		Similarly, gravitational potential energy is converted into the kinetic energy of moving water (and a turbine) in a dam, which in turn is transformed into electric energy by a generator.
		The nature of energy was elusive, however, and it was argued for some years whether energy was a substance (the caloric) or merely a physical quantity, such as momentum.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Energy (2329 words)

	Thermal Energy Encyclopedia Article @ Encyclopedia.LocalColorArt.com (Local Color Encyclopedia) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Temperature is the average amount of thermal energy per particle found in a substance.
		Because of this, thermal energy is often considered a lower grade of energy.
		Since hotter objects tend to emit a higher frequency of light, one way to detect the temperature of objects at room temperature is to detect the frequency of light emitted.
	encyclopedia.localcolorart.com /encyclopedia/Thermal_energy (566 words)

	Thermal Energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Thermal energy of a material is the total kinetic and potential energies of all its particles and dependents on the amount of material.
		Thermal energy that is transferred from one quantity of matter to another because of a difference in temperature.
		The difference between the energy lost by the warm water and the cup (Question 1) and the energy used by the water formed from the ice to raise its temperature to the final temperature (Question 2) must be the energy absorbed by the ice to change state.
	www.uh.edu /hti/cu/1999/v02/02.htm (5419 words)

	Equipartition of Energy
		Equipartition of energy also has implication for electromagnetic radiation when it is in equilibrium with matter, each mode of radiation having kT of energy in the Rayleigh-Jeans law.
		The average translational kinetic energy possessed by free particles given by equipartition of energy is sometimes called the thermal energy per particle.
		It is also useful for comparisons of other types of energy possessed by a particle to that which it possesses simply as a result of its temperature.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/kinetic/eqpar.html#c2 (346 words)

	Lesson 10.2 Heat and Thermal Energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Definition: The temperature of an object is a measure of the average kinetic energy of all of the atoms in the object.
		If you wanted to find the thermal energy of a glass of water, you would have to find the average energy of a single molecule then multiply that by the total number of molecules.
		Sometimes the word heat is used to describe the thermal energy of an object, but that is not quite correct.
	titans-web.s716.ips.k12.in.us /~blachlym/pol/unit_10/10-02.htm (1664 words)

	THERMAL ENERGY
		If energy is added to a system causing a change in the state of matter from a solid to a liquid or from a liquid to a solid, that energy is positive.
		If energy is removed from a system causing a change in the state of matter from a gas to a liquid or from a liquid to a solid, that energy is negative.
		The temperature of an ideal gas is proportional to the kinetic energy of the gas molecules.
	www.pschweigerphysics.com /thermenergy.html (5710 words)

	Energy Storage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		By incorporating thermal energy storage, the plant need not be operated continuously and can be dispatched within some limits.
		The oldest form of energy storage involves harvesting ice from lakes and rivers, which was stored in well insulated warehouses and sold or used throughout the year for almost everything we use mechanical refrigeration for today, including preserving food, cooling drinks, and air conditioning.
		Other forms of energy storage were used to power street cars in the 1890s, including compressed air and high temperature hot water that was flashed into steam to run a steam engine.
	www.energy.rochester.edu /storage (929 words)

	What_is_Energy
		Potential energy appears in many different forms, and is defined as the energy in matter due to its position or the arrangement of its parts.
		Sound is made up of vibrations (put your hand on a stereo speaker), thermal energy consists of moving molecules in air or in an object, and mechanical energy is the combination of kinetic and potential energy of a moving object.
		Thermal energy pertains to the kinetic energy of the molecules within an object.
	www.uwsp.edu /cnr/wcee/keep/Mod1/Whatis/energyforms.htm (859 words)

	Christopher Eccles: Thermal Energy Cell (Gardner Watts Ltd), Cold Fusion
		Such a release of energy is impractical as a means of providing the power to generate electricity and heat for distribution, as it occurs too rapidly with too high a magnitude for it to be manageable.
		The present invention provides a method of releasing energy comprising the steps of providing an electrolyte having a catalyst therein, the catalyst being suitable for initiating transitions of hydrogen and/or deuterium atoms in the electrolyte to a sub-ground energy state, and generating a plasma discharge in the electrolyte.
		Any risk of thermal runaway is minimized whilst demonstrating that the level of energy release from the two stages is far in excess of that which would result from any purely chemical or electrochemical activity.
	www.rexresearch.com /eccles/1eccles.htm (7115 words)

	What is Heat? How is it created?
		The motion of atoms and molecules creates a form of energy called heat or thermal energy which is present in all matter.
		Each time the ball hits the ground, some of the energy of the ball's motion is converted into heating up the ball, causing it to slow down at each bounce.
		Heat is the energy an object has because of the movement of its atoms and molecules which are continuously jiggling and moving around, hitting each other and other objects.
	coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu /cosmic_classroom/light_lessons/thermal/heat.html (731 words)

	Thermal Storage and Deregulation
		Thermal storage for cooling applications depends almost entirely on time differentiated utility rate structures for its existence, and the future form and substance of these rates will determine the directions this industry must take in order to survive and flourish.
		However, energy consumption depends on many factors, such as the type of storage, the type of chiller, the arrangement of the components, the local climate, method of heat rejection, air-side design and operating temperatures.
		Many examples exist of effective thermal storage systems that were installed for little or no additional cost over their conventional alternatives and that also provide significant energy and energy cost reductions.
	www.pwi-energy.com /main/whitepapers/tsdereg.htm (3109 words)

	Heat and Thermal Energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Both refer to the net energy that is transferred form a hot object to a colder one solely as a result of the temperature difference between them.
		The word "thermal" in "thermal energy" is used to differentiate this type of energy from other types, for example, kinetic energy, potential energy, etc. Heat is a more familiar term.
		It was later established that heat was a form of energy, and the expression "thermal energy" was used to differentiate it from other forms of energy as stated above.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /askasci/gen01/gen01153.htm (368 words)

	ENERGYSmart Library for Business
		Thermal energy storage (TES) systems cool a storage medium and then use that cold medium to cool air at a later point in time.
		Thermal energy storage systems are installed for two major reasons: lower initial project costs and lower operating costs.
		Thermal energy storage equipment and installations are available from a number of suppliers.
	www.energyguide.com /library/EnergyLibraryTopic.asp?bid=UEC&prd=20&TID=15988&SubjectID=8176 (534 words)

	Nearctica - Environment - U.S. Law - Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 2
		The program shall include baseline studies of locations where ocean thermal energy conversion facilities or plantships are likely to be sited or operated; and research; and monitoring of the effects of ocean thermal energy conversion facilities and plantships in actual operation.
		The purpose of the program shall be to assess the environmental effects of individual ocean thermal energy facilities and plantships, and to assess the magnitude of any cumulative environmental effects of large numbers of ocean thermal energy facilities and plantships.
		An ocean thermal energy conversion facility or plantship licensed under this subchapter shall be deemed not to be a ''vessel or other floating craft'' for the purposes of section 1362(12)(B) of title 33.
	www.nearctica.com /environ/elaw/42misc/ocean2.htm (3573 words)

	Kinetic Temperature, Thermal Energy
		It is important to note that the average kinetic energy used here is limited to the translational kinetic energy of the molecules.
		The kinetic temperature is the variable needed for subjects like heat transfer, because it is the translational kinetic energy which leads to energy transfer from a hot area (larger kinetic temperature, higher molecular speeds) to a cold area (lower molecular speeds) in direct collisional transfer.
		But this most probable distribution (the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution) is subject to constraints, namely that the number of particles is constant and that the total energy is constant (conservation of energy).
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/kinetic/kintem.html (721 words)

	Energy Efficiency - Nansulate Thermal Insulation - Corrosion Protection
		Passage of thermal energy through an insulating material is an attempt by hotter, fast vibrating molecules to transfer energy to cooler, slow vibrating molecules in order to reach equilibrium.
		Thermal conduction through the solid portion is hindered by the tiny size of the connections between the particles making up the conduction path and the solids that are present consist of very small particles linked in a three-dimensional network (with many "dead-ends").
		Air and gas in the material can inherently also transport thermal energy, but the gas molecules within the matrix experience what is known as the Knudsen effect and the exchange of energy is virtually eliminated.
	www.industrial-nanotech.com /howitworks.htm (681 words)

	thermal infrared energy audit thermography infrared inspection services
		The IR 250 camera is a lightweight thermal imaging system that is ideal for surveillance, energy audits, condition monitoring, flat roof inspections and a wide variety of industrial applications.
		The Fusion 1000x Thermal imager is an ultra long range surveillance thermal imager which packs super sensitive Indium Antimonide sensor for detection ranges in excess of 20 kilometers for vehicular target and 17 kilometers for man sized target.
		The RP long-range mid-wave thermal imaging systems operate in the 3-5 micron spectral region, which is the best choice for marine and high humidity environments.
	www.x26.com /energy.htm (2183 words)

	Thermal Energy Storage Experiments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The stored thermal energy is released when the salt shrinks or freezes during the shade portion of the orbit.
		A total of four thermal cycles over a 10-hour period are planned for characterizing the behavior of the TES salts in a 10 to the minus 3 g environment.
		Thermal energy dissipation needed to cause the salt to freeze is achieved by conducting the thermal energy out of the salt into the solid rod in the center of each canister, and from the rod to the thermal radiator disc.
	zeta.lerc.nasa.gov /expr/tes.htm (938 words)

	Scientific Forms of Energy
		Energy is found in different forms, such as light, heat, sound and motion.
		Geothermal energy is an example of thermal energy.
		Energy changes form, but the total amount of energy in the universe stays the same.
	www.eia.doe.gov /kids/energyfacts/science/formsofenergy.html (918 words)

	What is Thermal Infrared Energy? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Thermal IR energy is more commonly known as "heat".
		Visible light is part of a large spectrum of energy that includes other familiar electromagnetic energy regions: microwaves, radio waves, ultraviolet, and X-rays all are forms of light that we can not see.
		In the case of the rock, its peak radiance is in the thermal IR wavelengths.
	tes.asu.edu /MARS_SURVEYOR/MGSTES/TIR_description.html (326 words)

	Nearctica - Renewable Energy - Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
		Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion(OTEC) is a process which utilizes the heat energy stored in the tropical ocean.
		OTEC is an acronym for ocean thermal energy conversion.
		This web site has basic information on how energy is produced from the differences in temperature of warm water near the surface and cold water from lower down.
	nearctica.com /environ/renew/otec.htm (405 words)

	NREL: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion - What is Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion?
		If less than one-tenth of one percent of this stored solar energy could be converted into electric power, it would supply more than 20 times the total amount of electricity consumed in the United States on any given day.
		Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: An Overview is the primary source document used to create the content on this web site.
		OTEC, or ocean thermal energy conversion, is an energy technology that converts solar radiation to electric power.
	www.nrel.gov /otec/what.html (339 words)

	MEASURING THERMAL ENERGY TRANSFER
		This experiment is designed to show students the relevance of science investigations to "real-life" situations and give them a way to calculate and quantify heat transfer.
		The specific heat of a material is the amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of one kilogram of the material one degree Celsius.
		Jumping into a cold pool can take your breath away on a hot day because the water can take heat away from your body more quickly because its specific heat is much higher than that of the air.
	www.scienceteacherprogram.org /chemistry/bodha00.html (295 words)

	OCEES International, Inc. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Useful energy can be extracted from this thermal heat sink by processes known as Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC).
		This amount of energy, about 300 Quads a year, is approximately equal to the total energy consumption for all human activites.
		Thus, even anticipating the eventual industrialization of the rest of the planet, we will likely never consume more energy than the natural daily fluctuation of this enormous thermal resource, thereby ensuring an environmentally friendly and sustainable energy economy for all peoples for many generations to come.
	www.ocees.com /mainpages/otec.html (308 words)

	Thermal Energy Storage
		Thermal energy storage (TES) systems shift energy usage to a later period to take advantage of cheaper time-based utility rates and/or to reduce overall energy demand.
		In the United States, the primary use of thermal energy storage is for cool storage since summer air conditioning is the dominant electric load.
		TES technologies significantly reduce energy costs by allowing energy-intensive cooling equipment (i.e., chillers, rooftop units) to be predominantly operated during off-peak hours when power rates are lower.
	www.acca.org /tes (240 words)

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