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Topic: Thermal expansion

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	Herguth - TOC - Thermal Expansion
		The coefficient of thermal expansion is the ratio of the relative change of volume to a change in temperature.
		Thermal expansion is expressed as the ratio of volume change to the initial volume after heating 1 degree C. Therefore, the unit is reciprocal degree C, or degree C-1.
		Thermal expansion (or contraction) determinations require the measurement of the volume of a given mass of oil at various temperatures.
	www.herguth.com /table_of_contents/thermal_expansion.htm (231 words)

	Coefficient of thermal expansion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The expansion and contraction of material must be considered when designing large structures, when using tape or chain to measure distances for land surveys, when designing molds for casting hot material, and in other engineering applications when large changes in dimension due to temperature are expected.
		For exactly isotropic materials, the linear thermal expansion coefficient is very closely approximated as one-third the volumetric coefficient.
		Thermal expansion is also used in mechanical applications to fit parts over one another, e.g.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion (735 words)

	Thermal Properties Laboratory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Thermal diffusivity and thermal expansion test capabilities are available, in addition to a variety of metrology and sample preparation capabilities.
		The Thermal Properties Laboratory was recently renovated; it represents a state-of-the-art facility for integrated thermal properties measurements on unirradiated or irradiated materials.
		Thermal expansion tests are performed in inert gas over a temperature range from room temperature to 1500 °C. Thermal expansion is measured using a dual alumina-pushrod dilatometer (shown at right) that utilizes absolute displacement transducers for simplicity of operation and increased reliability.
	www.technet.pnl.gov /dme/nde/thermal.stm (1279 words)

	Thermal Expansion Measurement of Glasses
		The thermal expansion is caused by the asymmetry of the amplitude of thermal vibrations in the glass [1].
		Thermal expansion measurements on glass are usually performed using push rod dilatometers (single push rod, or differential double push rod) [16, 17].
		Stozharov, V. Bogatyreva: "The thermal expansion coefficient and the stability of the refractive index of glasses"; Sov.
	glassproperties.com /expansion/ExpansionMeasurement.htm (1472 words)

	Thermal expansion
		The coefficient of thermal expansion is generally defined as the fractional increase in length per unit rise in temperature.
		The former is related to the slope of the tangent to the length – temperature plot, while the latter is governed by the slope of the chord between two points on this curve.
		Determination of the thermal expansion coefficient requires the measurement of two physical quantities, displacement and temperature, for a sample of the material that is undergoing an appropriate thermal cycle.
	irc.swan.ac.uk /ThExpansion.htm (1201 words)

	Boyle's Law explains thermal expansion
		In each case, a properly sized thermal expansion tank would have prevented premature replacement of the customer's water heater and would have kept the relief valves from leaking.
		The marketplace was inundated with choices for thermal expansion tanks and darn few of them came with adequate instructions regarding proper sizing or the relationship between thermal expansion of the water and the air volume/pressure of the bladder tanks.
		Even today, it remains difficult to ascertain the truth regarding proper sizing of a thermal expansion tank, and it is a subject that stirs heated debate among plumbers, distributors and homeowners.
	www.contractormag.com /articles/0800/cplumbtemp.asp (922 words)

	Thermal expansion valve - Patent 5642858
		A thermal expansion valve for a refrigerating cycle having an evaporator for evaporating refrigerant, said thermal expansion valve expanding refrigerant flowing thereinto by decompressing said refrigerant according to overheat of refrigerant at an exit of said evaporator, said thermal expansion valve comprising:
		Moreover, according to the present invention, the housing of the thermal expansion valve 3 is divided into two housings, the first housing 31 and the second housing 32, and the thermosensitive element 39 is incorporated therebetween.
		After the thermal expansion valve 3 is assembled, the spring force of the coil spring 52 can be adjusted by inserting a tool (not illustrated) into the tool hole 60c of the adjusting screw 60 and adjusting the screw-up position of the adjusting screw 60.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5642858.html (6609 words)

	Electronic apparatus with improved thermal expansion match - Patent 5324987
		Apparatus according to claim 6 wherein the coefficient of thermal expansion of the metal is between those of the substrate and the chip.
		Apparatus according to claim 6 wherein the coefficient of thermal expansion of the metal is higher than that of the substrate and said metal is capable of yielding to thermal stresses.
		However, the thermal expansion difference between gallium arsenide and diamond is even greater than that between gallium arsenide and aluminum nitride, since the coefficient of thermal expansion of CVD diamond is only on the order of 1.5 ppm/.degree.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5324987.html (2647 words)

	Thermal Expansion
		Thermal Expansion is a condition that exists whenever water is heated.
		The resulting pressure buildup or thermal expansion usually causes the pressure relief valve (T and P Valve) on your water heater to open and water is emitted from the drain piping of your water heater.
		The two most common methods are to install either an expansion tank, or a thermal device installed on the cold water line to the tank.
	www.fridayharbor.org /Utilities/thermal_expansion.htm (472 words)

	Negative thermal expansion
		We present dense extremal structures which substantially exceed the bounds for thermal expansion of a two-phase composite, by allowing slip at interfaces between phases download pdf.
		Particulate composites with negative stiffness inclusions in a viscoelastic matrix are shown to have higher thermal expansion than that of either constituent and exceeding conventional bounds.
		In contrast to prior proposed composites with unbounded thermal expansion, neither the assumptions of void spaces nor slip interfaces are required in the present analysis.
	silver.neep.wisc.edu /~lakes/NegAlpha.html (386 words)

	Suburban - Q/A About Thermal Expansion And Cross_Connection Control
		This can easily be accomplished by adding a small expansion tank with a sealed-in compressible air cushion which will compress as thermal expansion occurs....providing a space to hold and store the additional expanded water volume.
		The thermal expansion tank features the sealed-in air cushion....pre-charged to the minimum system pressure before recovery is started.
		The thermal expansion tank for domestic water heaters, sized right, is the only logical answer to the growing problem of thermal expansion in water heaters protected by BFP, check valves or pressure reducing valves.
	www.suburbanwaterheater.com /s_quanda_devic.htm (671 words)

	Thermal expansion of sea water associated with global warming
		The greenhouse-gas-induced thermal expansion contribution to sea-level rise between 1880 and 1985 is estimated at 2-5 cm.
		In principle, modelling the thermal expansion effect would appear to be exceedingly difficult, as a precise determination would require one to be able to model the three-dimensional details of oceanic temperature changes.
		This is because the main contribution to thermal expansion is concentrated in the near-surface layers; this is where both the warming and the thermal expansion coefficient are largest.
	sedac.ciesin.org /mva/WR1987/WR1987.html (4262 words)

	Thermal Expansion Solution for Backflow Prevension
		The thermal expansion tank is designed to absorb the thermally expanded water as the water heater cycles on and off.
		The balcock with built in relief valve might be a solution to the thermal expansion problem, if some one has not turned the water off to the commode because it runs all the time, or replaced it with some other type of balcock.
		The ball valve with built in thermal expansion control is designed to be mounted at the water heater to be used as a duel prupose valve.
	pages.sbcglobal.net /hy-techi/_wsn/page2.html (920 words)

	Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis
		On the basis of observations of ocean temperatures and model results, thermal expansion is believed to be one of the major contributors to historical sea level changes.
		Further, thermal expansion is expected to contribute the largest component to sea level rise over the next hundred years.
		After thermal expansion, the melting of mountain glaciers and ice caps is expected to make the largest contribution to the rise of sea level over the next hundred years.
	www.grida.no /climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/013.htm (1646 words)

	Thermal Expansion - General trends (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The term thermal expansion refers to the increase in size of an object as that object is heated.
		Joints such as this one are used in bridges to accommodate thermal expansion.
		The thermal expansion of objects in the real world often requires the attention of scientists and engineers.
	www.scienceclarified.com /Sp-Th/Thermal-Expansion.html (665 words)

	12.1.2 Thermal expansion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Section 9.1.2) except when it refers to the expansion of a gasket whose material properties are not defined as part of a material definition.
		In such a case the thermal expansion definition should be repeated to define the different thermal expansion effects.
		Thermal expansion will affect the expansion of the gasket in the membrane direction and/or the expansion in the gasket's thickness direction.
	www.engin.brown.edu:2080 /v6.5/books/usb/pt04ch12s01abm41.html (857 words)

	Thermal System - Expansion Tank Design
		First, the expansion tank serves as the safe outlet for the increase in thermal fluid volume due to thermal expansion.
		Surge tank designs essentially are tanks serving as a receiver for thermal fluid from the user with the main circulating pump drawing thermal fluid from the bottom of the tank for return to the heater.
		As the thermal fluid is heated, expansion of the fluid occurs from the first chamber into the second, and then into the main tank.
	www.radcoind.com /TechTips4.htm (459 words)

	Tactile Images and You: A Comparison of Thermal Expansion Machines
		Thermal expansion paper is expensive--ranging in price from $.85 for one 8.5-by-11-inch sheet to $1.70 for one 11-by-17-inch sheet.
		Thermal expansion paper is not the ultimate solution for producing tactile graphics.
		Thermal expansion paper is easy to use, so experiment and see what results you get preparing many touching experiences.
	www.nfb.org /Images/nfb/Publications/bm/bm03/bm0305/bm030507.htm (1320 words)

	Thermal Expansion Illustrated with Video Microscopy
		This is the expansion of a 87mm aluminum tube as it is heated from approximately 20C to 100C.
		This is a variation to the traditional linear thermal expansion demonstration.
		Normally, thermal expansion is measured via some sort of mechanical instrument, such as a dial indicator.
	www.csun.edu /scied/7-microscopy/thermal-expansion/microscopy.htm (597 words)

	Thermal Expansion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Physical properties like density and thermal expansion vary significantly from phase to phase making it one of the more difficult metals to machine and work.
		Large volume expansions and contractions occur between the stable room-temperature alpha phase and the element's liquid state.
		Global warming is likely to cause a rise in sea level for a number of reasons, one of which is the thermal expansion of water.
	hypertextbook.com /physics/thermal/expansion (482 words)

	Thermal Expansion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The push-rod dilatometer is used to measure the expansion of a sample as compared to with a known expansion.
		Please note that the precision length of the sample must be known to properly calculate the expansion.
		This process is done through the use of a high temperature furnace with a window for optical measuremnts of the expansion.
	www.tprl.com /dilat.html (479 words)

	Temperature and thermal expansion
		The coefficient of linear expansion depends only on the material an object is made from.
		If an object is heated or cooled and it is not free to expand or contract (it's tied down at both ends, in other words), the thermal stresses can be large enough to damage the object, or to damage whatever the object is constrained by.
		Often you can neglect any expansion or contraction of the container itself, because liquids generally have a substantially larger coefficient of thermal expansion than do solids.
	physics.bu.edu /~duffy/py105/Temperature.html (856 words)

	Thermal Expansion
		Over small temperature ranges, the linear nature of thermal expansion leads to expansion relationships for length, area, and volume in terms of the linear expansion coefficient.
		The relationship governing the linear expansion of a long thin rod can be reasoned out as follows:
		Over small temperature ranges, the fractional thermal expansion of uniform linear objects is proportional the the temperature change.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/thermo/thexp.html (142 words)

	Axel Thermal Properties
		At Axel Products, the basic thermal properties of thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat of rubber and plastic materials over temperatures ranging from -40C to 200C are measured using a transient plane source method which goes by the trade name Hot Disk(TM).
		Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and specific heat of thin samples from transient measurements with hot disk sensors by Gustafsson and others.
		Thermal Expansion and Tg Thermal Expansion and Tg Introduction
	www.axelproducts.com /pages/Thermal.html (147 words)

	CPVC Duct Thermal Expansion & Contraction—Harvel Plastics, Inc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The coefficient of linear expansion (y) for Harvel CPVC Duct is 3.9 x 10-5 in/in/ªF, the lowest thermal expansion rate of commonly used thermoplastics.
		As with all piping products, thermal expansion and contraction of the system must be considered and properly addressed during the design and installation of the system.
		The effects of thermal expansion and contraction can also be compensated by using the inherent line flexibility of the system to construct expansion loops and offsets where required.
	www.harvel.com /duct-cpvc-expans.asp (235 words)

	TD-8558A Thermal Expansion Apparatus - PASCO scientific
		Then vary the temperature of the tube and remeasure its length to determine the coefficient of linear expansion.
		Built-in Dial Gauge -- While some thermal expansion units only give single point readings of expansion, the PASCO dial gauge measures continuously as the rod expands and gives a very accurate measure of the rod expansion (0.01 mm resolution).
		Expansion tubes -- steel, copper and aluminum; 16 mm dia.
	store.pasco.com /pascostore/showdetl.cfm?&DID=9&Product_ID=55467&Detail=1 (322 words)

	Thermal expansion tanks - Plumbing - BBS - BobVila.com
		Many times installing a variable speed pump, or a larger expansion tank solves the problem.
		The tanks I've seen at the home stores are maybe the size of a propane tank for an outdoor bar-b-que and just look like they have a connection for the water to go in and out.
		They are usually about the size of a propane cylinder and mount on the hot water line.
	www.bobvila.com /BBS/Thermal_expansion_tanks-plumbing-1-F1672.html (670 words)

	Thermal Expansion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Thermal expansion is a relatively small effect which is approximately linear in the absolute temperature:
		Mostly thermal expansion is a nuisance for engineers and there is much interest in creating solids with little or no thermal expansion.
		I am actually working on understanding a new interesting and promising material in this respect which has a negative coefficient of thermal expansion that is it contracts with increasing temperature.
	www.pha.jhu.edu /~broholm/l39/node12.html (172 words)

	Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory
		This method is used to determine the thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity of electrical conductors.
		This is used to measure thermal expansion and CTE.
		This is used to measure the thermal conductivity of a liquid or granular low conductivity materials.
	www.tprl.com (200 words)

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