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Topic: Thermal reactor

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	National Policy Analysis #378: Integral Fast Reactors: Source of Safe, Abundant, Non-Polluting Power - December 2001
		A thermal reactor is a net burner of nuclear fuel, but - and this is very important - all thermal reactors are prolific breeders of plutonium.
		In December, 1995, at the Monju reactor, a temperature sensor broke and sodium leaked from a secondary sodium loop and caught fire.
		Thermal reactors are incredibly profligate with the earth's endowment of potential nuclear fuel.
	www.nationalcenter.org /NPA378.html (4302 words)

	Process for making silicon from halosilanes and halosilicons - Patent 4751067
		Thermal reaction of the precursor gas directly yields molten silicon which flows down on the walls of the reactor to be removed from a bottom thereof in the liquid state.
		Depending upon the size of the reactor, the precursor gas, and the flow rate of the gas, a suitable range of thickness for the septum is about 0.1 cm to 1.0 cm., preferably 0.2 cm to 0.4 cm; and the diameter of the septum hole may range from 0.5 cm to 3.0 cm.
		The reactor apparatus 10 of the present invention is adapted for producing high purity molten silicon in a continuous process by thermal reaction of a suitable silicon containing precursor gas composition.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4751067.html (7791 words)

	Domed wafer reactor vessel window with reduced stress at atmospheric and above atmospheric pressures - Patent 6099648
		The thermal reactor of claim 6 wherein the inward bow of said window portion is spherical with a radius of curvature greater than 50 inches.
		Thermal reactor 300 is formed by a reactor vessel 302 defining a wafer reactor chamber 304.
		Thermal reactor 500 is formed by a reactor vessel 502 defining a wafer reactor chamber 504.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6099648.html (3573 words)

	Thermal, epi-thermal and fast reactors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Reactors in which most fissions are induced by thermal neutrons are called thermal reactors.
		Thermal reactors are by far the most widely used reactors in the world today.
		The reason for the choice of thermal reactors is a simple one: a thermal reactor requires a small amount of fuel to become critical, and thus the fuel is cheap.
	www.iri.tudelft.nl /~rooijen/spectra_en.html (1012 words)

	Breeder Reactors
		This is a satisfactory and efficient way to treat water moderated thermal reactors, but it is not at all desirable for use with fast breeders, since the latter are specifically designed to prevent neutron moderation and to maintain the hardest possible energy spectrum.
		Thermal neutrons are those which have been slowed down by collisions with moderator nuclei and have velocities which are in thermal equilibrium with their surroundings.
		“Thermal reactors” are those which use neutron moderators to “soften” the neutron spectrum via collisions with relatively light weight moderator nuclei.
	members.cox.net /sidelock/pages/breederreactors.html (2501 words)

	UWNR Irradiation Facilities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		It is a metal pipe that runs from the core to the outside of the reactor and it is used to carry a stream (or beam) of neutrons to the outside of the reactor.
		The thermal column, like the beam port, runs from the inside of the reactor to the outside of the reactor and has a thick shielded door which is closed during operation of the reactor.
		The thermal column is different from the beam port in that it is used to produce thermal, or slow, neutrons whereas the beam port uses fast neutrons.
	reactor.engr.wisc.edu /irradiate.htm (614 words)

	logos: What Is a Fast Reactor? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Present day commercial power reactors are called "thermal" reactors because the neutrons have been slowed to thermal energy using a "moderator" — usually water.
		While some fissile plutonium is produced in a thermal reactor, it is not enough to replace the uranium-235 used.
		In addition, many of the long-lived actinides that can not be fissioned in a thermal reactor can be burned in a fast reactor, so the fast reactor is capable of destroying the major source of long-lived radiotoxicity in spent fuel.
	www.anl.gov /Media_Center/logos20-1/afr.htm (305 words)

	Overview of Material Types
		Poor thermal conductivity means that the centerline temperature of the fuel and the temperature difference between the center and the surface of the fuel rod must be very large for sufficient fission heat be extracted from a unit of fuel to make electric power production economical.
		When a thermal neutron is absorbed by this isotope, the number of neutrons produced is sufficiently larger than two, which permits breeding in a thermal nuclear reactor.
		Because the thermal conductivity of a ceramic fuel is not high, it is necessary to generate relatively high temperatures at the centers of ceramic fuel elements.
	www.tpub.com /doematerialsci/materialscience50.htm (2146 words)

	Some Physics of Uranium
		A neutron is said to have thermal energy when it has slowed down to be in thermal equilibrium with the surroundings (when the kinetic energy of the neutrons is similar to that possessed by the surrounding atoms due to their random thermal motion).
		Such reactors are more efficient at converting fertile material than ordinary thermal reactors because of the arrangement of fissile and fertile materials, and there is some advantage from the fact that Pu-239 yields more neutrons per fission than U-235.
		An important aspect of fast reactor economics lies in the value of the plutonium fuel which is bred; unless this shows an advantage relative to contemporary costs for uranium, there would be little benefit from the use of this type of reactor.
	www.uic.com.au /uicphys.htm (3845 words)

	Self-Shielded Thermal Reactor Problems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Thermal neutrons are usually important when light materials (for example, water or graphite) are present.
		Thermal upscatter cross sections are available on some of the MATXS libraries, and the heterogeneity is usually treated by fine-group structures and/or heterogeneous self-shielding methods.
		Most ENDF/B-VI thermal evaluations give the scattering from an atom as bound in a molecule or crystal lattice, and the effects of the different atoms in a molecule must be combined in TRANSX to obtain the net thermal scattering cross sections.
	t2.lanl.gov /codes/transx-hyper/samp9.html (719 words)

	Fast breeder reactor Summary
		Surrounding the reactor core is a blanket of tubes containing non-fissile uranium-238 which, by capturing fast neutrons from the reaction in the core, is partially converted to fissile plutonium 239 (as is some of the uranium in the core), which can then be reprocessed for use as nuclear fuel.
		Built at Cadarache near Aix-en-Provence, Rapsodie was a loop-type reactor with a thermal output of 40MW and no electrical generation facilities, and closed in 1983.
		One design of fast neutron reactor, specifically designed to address the waste disposal and plutonium issues, was the Integral Fast Reactor (also known as an Integral Fast Breeder Reactor, although the original reactor was designed to not breed a net surplus of fissile material) [4] [5].
	www.bookrags.com /Fast_breeder_reactor (2733 words)

	ISNPS - Reactor Thermal Hydraulics Publications
		Morley, N.J. and M.S. El-Genk, "Neutronics and Thermal-Hydraulics Analyses of the Pellet Bed Reactor for Nuclear Thermal Propulsion," J.
		Morley, N.J. and M.S. El-Genk, "Thermal-Hydraulic Analysis of the Pellet Bed Reactor for Nuclear Thermal Propulsion," J.
		On Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics, Grenoble, France, Oct. 5-8, 1993, 835-842.
	www.unm.edu /~isnps/resources/thermalhydr.html (366 words)

	What is a fast reactor?
		Present day commercial power reactors are called "thermal" reactors because the neutrons have been slowed to thermal energy using a "moderator"—usually water.
		In a fast reactor, however, enough plutonium can be produced and fissioned to more than make up for the uranium-235 used.
		In addition, many of the long-lived actinides that cannot be fissioned in a thermal reactor can be burned in a fast reactor, so the fast reactor is capable of destroying the major source of long-lived radiotoxicity in spent fuel.
	www.anl.gov /Media_Center/Frontiers/2003/d4ee3.html (256 words)

	Chris Perkins at TEAM WEIMER
		ZnO) is passed through a solar thermal reactor and undergoes a thermal dissociation reaction.
		The solar thermal dissociation is performed in a high flux solar furnace, where radiant energy from the sun is concentrated up to 10,000 times by parabolic mirrors and focused on a chemical reactor.
		ZnO is used in the thermal dissociation step, and thermodynamic simulations suggest that it should react to completion between 2100 K and 2300 K. The water splitting step employs the reduced Zn metal, and will react exothermally around 700 K.
	www.colorado.edu /che/TeamWeimer/perkins.htm (322 words)

	M110 thermal reactor- still available? - ShopForum
		A thermal reactor is not the same as a catalytic converter (although they both perform a similar function).
		As best as I understand it, thermal reactors use air injected into a chamber, which is installed in place of the exhaust manifold, to oxidise the CO and HC in the exhaust stream.
		The thermal reactors are grapefruit-sized bulbous objects that are bolted right to the exhaust side of the cylinder head.
	www.mercedesshop.com /shopforum/showthread.php?t=44007 (1762 words)

	Fast neutron reactor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A fast neutron reactor or simply a fast reactor is a category of nuclear reactor in which the fission chain reaction is sustained by fast neutrons.
		Such a reactor needs no neutron moderator, but must use fuel that is relatively rich in fissile material when compared to that required for a thermal reactor.
		Because absorption in the moderator is a major loss of neutrons in a thermal reactor, a fast reactor has an inherently superior neutron economy; that is, there is a much larger excess of neutrons not required to sustain the chain reaction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fast_neutron_reactor (648 words)

	SEI TECHNICAL CONCEPTS - Nuclear Thermal Propulsion
		Two liquid core reactors were identified, with operating temperatures in the range of 3000 K to 9000 K. Major technical uncertainties include the effectiveness of heat transfer from the reactor to the propellant, as well as the risk of significant fuel droplet loss through the nozzle.
		Pressure-fed nuclear reactors were considered in the early 1960s, but the conventional graphite core reactors of that period operated at such high core pressures as to render the concept impractical.
		In this concept, hydrogen propellant passes through the center of the reactor core and is heated as it passes over a surface molten Uranium, which is maintained in a liquid annulus on a substrate of solid uranium supported by a rotating Be moderator, which is in turn supported by a stationary moderator.
	www.fas.org /nuke/space/c07sei_2.htm (8015 words)

	The Molten Salt Hybrid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The second problem, the control of tritium produced by the neutron bombardment of the lithium constituent in the salt, was solved when it was discovered that the coolant salt, sodium fluoroborate, trapped nearly 98 percent of the tritium diffusing across the heat exchanger boundary.
		It should be noted that the results of in-reactor tests conducted in both England and France showed the LMFBR to be intrinsically safe because of the large sodium heat sink's ability to remove after-heat by natural convection if pumps failed.
		Thermal reactor -- a fission reactor in which the neutrons are in thermal equilibrium with the core.
	www.paulhager.org /libertarian/FFhybrid.html (3432 words)

	NUCLEAR REACTOR OPERATOR TRAINING HOMEPAGE - NUKEFACTS
		This site is dedicated to the subject of basic reactor behavior as needed by nuclear reactor operators everywhere in order to understand and safely operate a nuclear reactor.
		The treatment is limited to thermal reactors only, some topics being generic, and other topics being specific to the typical commercial U.S. Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) and Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) which are fueled with slightly enriched uranium.
		Every reactor operator, every prospective reactor operator, all nuclear engineers, and all students in a nuclear engineering programs are invited to use the Student Edition as an invaluable tool of their profession.
	www.pipeline.com /~rstater/index.html (999 words)

	Thermal reactor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A thermal reactor has moderating materials to reduce the speed of neutrons to low velocity thermal neutrons, so that uranium-235 will be more likely to fission when it is struck by the neutrons and fewer neutrons will be captured by uranium-238.
		Thermal reactors are the most common type of nuclear reactor.
		For further information on thermal reactor types, see Types of nuclear reactor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thermal_reactor (105 words)

	Graduate Courses
		Experiments with the thermal column and neutron beam port are also demonstrated.
		Includes such topics as: thermal, mechanical and electrical aspects of nuclear power facilities, and the nuclear fuel cycle.
		Application of the point kinetics model in fast, thermal reactor dynamics, internal and external feedback mechanism.
	www.nuc.umr.edu /graduate/gradcourses.html (1222 words)

	PRATT & WHITNEY THERMAL NUCLEAR ROCKET ENTRY: TRITON
		In this sub-level thermal power mode, the reactor is used to heat a mixture of helium and xenon to drive a closed-loop power conversion cycle.
		When used in TRITON nuclear thermal rocket, the fast-spectrum CERMET reactor provides thrust in propulsion mode by using Hydrogen which is gasified by the high temperature of the full-power reactor and the gaseous hydrogen is accelerated out through the nozzle giving you Isp values (i.e.
		Essentially it helps to 'poison' the internal nature of the reactor so in the worst case event at launch, if the reactor were to end up in sand or saltwater it will keep it from resorting to a super-critical state.
	www.nuclearspace.com /A_PWrussview_FINX.htm (8662 words)

	Idaho National Laboratory - Nuclear Energy - INL’s 52 Reactors
		Advanced Test Reactor — the largest test reactor in the world, is used to study the effects of radiation on materials and also produces rare and valuable medical and industrial isotopes.
		Submarine Thermal Reactor — the submarine thermal reactor was the prototype power plant for the nation's first nuclear submarine, the USS Nautilus.
		INL designed and constructed 52 reactors since its establishment in 1949 as the National Reactor Testing Station.
	nuclear.inl.gov /52reactors.shtml (533 words)

	Undergraduate Courses
		221 Reactor Fluid Mechanics [Lect 3.0] A study of the fundamental principles of incompressible viscous and inviscid flows in ducts, nozzles, tube bundles and applications to nuclear engineering; fluid statics; dimensional analysis and similitude; boundary layer theory.
		223 Reactor Heat Transfer [Lect 3.0] A study of the fundamental principles of conduction, convection and thermal radiation with volumetric source terms for nuclear engineering applications; empirical correlations; finite difference methods; analysis of nuclear reactor cores.
		Includes such topics as: thermodynamics, thermal hydraulics, and mechanical and electrical aspects of nuclear power facilities.
	www.nuc.umr.edu /undergraduate/ugcourses.html (1058 words)

	Computer Codes: SAS-DIF3DK - Nuclear Engineering Division (Argonne), Activities
		Detailed, mechanistic models of steady-state and transient thermal, hydraulic, and neutronic phenomena are employed to describe the response of the reactor core to upsets caused by loss of coolant flow, loss of heat rejection, or control rod motions.
		The space-time neutronics capabilities of the DIF3D-K computer code are linked to a detailed reactor core thermal hydraulics model, which consists of transient fuel-cladding-coolant heat transfer calculations integrated with a single and two-phase water/steam fluid dynamics calculation.
		Transient reactor power distributions calculated with DIF3D-K are used to drive the SAS channel thermal hydraulics simulation.
	www.ne.anl.gov /codes/sasdif3dk (785 words)

	NRE 4214 Reactor Engineering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Nuclear heat generation; fuel elements' thermal analysis; single and two phase flow and heat transfer in reactor systems; core thermal design and treatment of uncertainties
		Goals: This course provides the student with the necessary background to analyze the thermal-hydraulic performance and thermal design of fission reactor systems with attention to design uncertainty analysis.
		Objective 1: To familiarize the students with various reactor types and their main design and operational characteristics.
	www.me.gatech.edu /me/semester_conversion/NRE4214ReactorEng.htm (802 words)

	Iso Thermal Shift Reactor Of Ammonia Production - ChE Forums
		In Isothermal shift reactor, Copper-Zinc catalysts is used to reduce CO content bare minimum.
		Topfed reactor has its hot-spot(ie Reactive zone) coming down faster after one annual shut down.
		Of course, Reformer new catalyst desulfurisation is performed well in total isolation of Iso thermal reactor with inert blanketing.
	www.cheresources.com /invision/index.php?showtopic=1090 (255 words)

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