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Topic: Thermal wind

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	Thermal wind applied
		Strong westerly winds blow in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere of the midlatitudes.
		The strength of the wind is proportional to the pressure gradient between A and B, i.e.
		As an example we test whether the observed zonal wind in a cross section of the troposphere through western Australia and eastern Siberia, during the southern summer, is in thermal wind balance with the observed meridional temperature field (Fig 2).
	www-das.uwyo.edu /~geerts/cwx/notes/chap12/thermal_wind.html (729 words)

	Vorticity - omega equation - thermal wind - Meteoblue
		Vorticity - omega equation - thermal wind - Meteoblue
		Now the thermal wind is only a mathematical construct (vector difference between geostrophic winds at two different heights or pressures) and not an actual wind.
		By the thermal wind relationship, the horizontal temperature gradient causes the geostrophic wind to change with altitude (how much is shown by a thermal wind vector).
	pages.unibas.ch /geo/mcr/3d/meteo/info/vorticity.en.htm (455 words)

	Thermal winds ... and some notes on advection and development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A thermal wind is defined as the vector difference between two actual winds at different levels in the atmosphere, conventionally calculated (as in the case of thickness q.v.), by subtracting the lower-level wind from the upper-level wind.
		So, a thermal difference exists between the two columns, this giving rise to the notional "thermal wind", which is a convenient way of visualising the way real pressure differences are set up, leading to real winds at upper levels.
		Because low level winds in a developmental (mid-latitude) situation are much less than those at jet levels, from the definition of the TWC, the polar front jet is really a large-scale hemispheric thermal wind -- blowing in response to large scale changes in distribution of air of differing temperature -- i.e.
	homepage.ntlworld.com /booty.weather/thwind.htm (763 words)

	Weather Forecasting On-Line
		Thermal wind is a theoretical concept that describes the wind shear between two levels in terms of the geostrophic wind at those two levels.
		The farther apart the thickness contours, the weaker the thermal wind and hence the smaller the vertical geostrophic wind shear.
		The thermal wind vector is shown as the wind shear vector between the two layers.
	wxman256.home.att.net /fcst/wf-pt5e.html (870 words)

	Therm_wind
		The basic tenet of the "thermal wind relationship" is that in the presence of a horizontal temperature gradient, the wind speed must increase with increasing height.
		The thermal wind vector points such that cold air is to the left, and warm air is to the right.
		The greater the thickness gradient, the greater is the thermal wind, i.e.
	opwx.db.erau.edu /~mullerb/Therm_wind.html (384 words)

	Wind
		Wind speed is officially reported in knots, nautical miles per hour, apparently because of the connection with air navigation, even though traditional graphical navigational procedures that are facilitated by this unit are probably no longer used.
		The correlation of the wind speed observed with an anemometer to the free wind speed is a difficult subject.
		The winds are the principal evidence of the tropical storm, together with the clouds and rain.
	www.du.edu /~etuttle/weather/wind.htm (12831 words)

	AudiWorld News Feature: Audi AG Wind Tunnel
		The aeroacoustic wind tunnel serves primarily to investigate airflow round the vehicle and sources of noise.
		The thermal wind tunnel's central task is to optimise airflow through the vehicle's engine compartment and the car's cooling system.
		Also new and unique in the area of aeroacoustic wind tunnels for passenger-car development is the technology which enables relative motion between the road and the vehicle to be simulated.
	www.audiworld.com /news/99/wind/content.shtml (1331 words)

	India, 5th largest wind energy producer
		India currently produces approximately 3,000 MW of wind energy annually (only marginally behind Denmark, which is at a total installed capacity of 3,117 MW, according to a recent World Wind Energy Association report), and had a growth rate last year of over 40 per cent.
		Wind energy costs only marginally more per unit than conventional energy (Rs 4-4.5 crore/MW, compared with thermal power costs of Rs 3.7 crore/MW), and even this difference becomes insignificant, say proponents of the renewable energy sector, if not non-existent, when you factor in the great environmental costs of thermal energy.
		Also, the capital investment in wind and thermal energy is the same; what you need more of is land.
	www.rediff.com /money/2005/mar/29wind.htm (962 words)

	Air pressure and wind
		Wind results from a horizontal difference in air pressure and since the sun heats different parts of the Earth differently, causing pressure differences, the Sun is the driving force for most winds.
		The geostrophic wind is a wind that parallels the isobars.
		The thermal wind is parallel to the isotherms.
	www.ux1.eiu.edu /~cfjps/1400/pressure_wind.html (1920 words)

	WHAT IS THE THERMAL WIND? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The thermal wind occurs above the boundary layer since friction is not an influence on altering the wind direction aloft.
		The thermal wind can be thought of as a steering influence for the direction and magnitude that storms move.
		In conclusion, the thermal wind is a wind that flow parallel to the temperature gradient in the troposphere.
	www.theweatherprediction.com /habyhints2/407 (586 words)

	Local and regional wind systems - Encyclopedia of Earth
		Sea and land breezes are types of thermal circulation systems that develop at the interface of land and ocean.
		Like land/sea breezes, these wind systems are created by the temperature contrasts that exist between the surfaces of land and ocean.
		Onshore winds blowing inland from the warm ocean are very high in humidity, and slight cooling of these air masses causes condensation and rain.
	www.eoearth.org /article/Local_and_regional_wind_systems (1529 words)

	Low-Level Coastal Jets Print Version (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Winds at 500 hPa reverse direction in response to the reversal in horizontal pressure gradient between 850 and 500 hPa.
		When winds blow with persistence over an ocean surface, the Coriolis force acts to move surface water at an angle to the wind direction: to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere.
		The wind maximizes above the surface, near the base of the inversion, due to frictional slowing of the wind closer to the surface.
	meted.ucar.edu /mesoprim/coastaljets/print.htm (5267 words)

	[No title]
		It is important to note that the thermal wind is not a wind, but is the difference in geostrophic wind between two levels in the atmosphere — it is a wind shear vector (VT).
		The thermal wind is a theoretical wind that blows parallel to the thickness lines, which is analogous to how the geostrophic wind blows parallel to the height contours.
		The significance of the thermal wind is that it correlates the vertical geostrophic wind shear between two levels of a sounding to the mean horizontal temperature gradient in the layer between the same two levels.
	www.raob.com /UserManualFront.doc (650 words)

	Detecting Thermals
		Higher winds harm the development potential of thermals, it is hard for a large mass of air to be significantly heated before being blown away from the heat source.
		As a thermal approaches the farthest pole may give the first clue of a thermal if the thermal passes near enough to it, as shift in wind direction or velocity or both (the need to tell velocity at long distance is why some form of windsock is desirable).
		On an average "good" day for thermals, when a thermal does come through there may be a rise of from 2 to as much as 4 degrees F, depending on the day, thermal strength, and nearness to the core.
	www.apogeerockets.com /education/detecting_thermals.asp (6387 words)

	The Contribution of Organized Roll Vortices to the Surface Wind Vector in Baroclinic Conditions
		The theory shows that the thermal wind not only affects the boundary layer mean flow, it also produces major modifications to the roll vortices that result in a significantly different mean flow from that of a baroclinic flow without rolls, a barotropic flow with rolls, or a linear superposition of the two.
		is the angle of the thermal wind from the surface isobars.
		It is notable that the presence of rolls in a neutrally stratified, baroclinic PBL causes an asymmetry in the cross-isobar angle with respect to thermal wind orientation that is consistent with observations.
	www.atmos.washington.edu /~gad/ams.html (3948 words)

	Virtual Learning: Thermals Part 3
		Thermal size is determined by many factors; the size of the thermal generator, wind direction and velocity, terrain, air pressure, etc. Back to the boiling water analogy...
		Wind gradients and sheer tend to tear thermals apart, forming smaller bubbles, branching columns and distorted shapes.
		Thermal bubbles are "sticky"; they tend to cling to the ground until they are disturbed or drift up inclines and release off of protrusions.
	www.flytorrey.com /lessons/thermals3.php (585 words)

	How Thermal Winds Affect Kiteboarding in Chicago
		As the wind comes in over the lake and nears the city, this upward component of wind takes effect near the shoreline.
		This off-shore component working in the opposite direction pretty much cancel the wind at ground level and kitesurfing at the city beaches is very difficult as a result.
		Coastal and low-level winds tend to follow the terrain of the land.
	www.chicagokitesurfing.com /lakemichiganwind/thermals.html (502 words)

	Wind Power
		Model flyers know that wind is usually light early morning and in the evening, thermal air currents are strongest in the middle of the day, and listen to weather forecasts for wind predictions.
		Thermal flying is best in light wind on days when the temperature rises greatly from early morning to afternoon.
		Thermal pilots know that the wind will completely change directions for brief time from a thermal in the immediate area, or it can become completely still for a brief time.
	www.maxconrad.com /windpower.htm (611 words)

	Tom Kelloggs' Cycling Apparel Tips
		A thermal layer can be a thermal jersey such as a Spectrum TU long sleeve or an Assos EVO or even a...
		The best thermal jackets are the Assos jackets that have been on the market in various forms for a couple of years now.
		Add a thermal layer between the two other layers, like the Assos Powerstatic Plus Long Sleeve and the comfort range is about 15 to 35 degrees.
	www.cyclefixx.com /tom_kellogg.php (1660 words)

	AMA INSIDER\| July 2005 \| Find that Thermal
		Thermals are easier to work with if you work them upwind.
		Straight-line wind is one thing, but when the trees swirl or move haphazardly, they are probably in the midst of a thermal.
		I determine a thermal is dead when I cannot gain altitude and have been losing it steadily for 30 seconds.
	www.modelaircraft.org /insider/05_07/04.html (637 words)

	Thickness and Thermal Wind
		So the Thermal wind is not an actual wind, but a the difference between two winds at different levels.
		The thermal wind describes the vertical geostrophic wind shear.
		The thermal wind always is point parallel to lines of constant thickness with lower thicknesses to the left, therefore, the thermal wind will always have the colder air to the left.
	www.aos.wisc.edu /~aalopez/aos101/wk12.html (366 words)

	INLAND SLOPES AND SLERMALS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The thermal at C will graze the hill at an angle, then drift southward, moving toward its uphill side, even though it’s in a crosswind direction, because air is flowing into its base everywhere but along the uphill side to the south.
		When a thermal drifts up against a hillside, the lift is due to both effects: the rising air in the thermal augments and extends the slope lift out away from the hillside, as in Figure 3.
		On this winter day, the wind and thermals were very light, with a low-level inversion, but this 8-ounce, flaperon-equipped 48” DLG got away in several good low-level thermals, then played in weak slope lift, hugging the rocks between thermals, running its batteries down after more than an hour of air time on several long flights.
	www.coloradogliders.com /inlandslope/InlandSlopesandThermals.htm (3728 words)

	Combining the Two Forcing Terms in the QG-Omega Equation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In this example, it appears that the vorticity advection and thermal advection terms are opposing one another.
		The "thermal wind" blows parallel to the thickness contours, clockwise around highs and counterclockwise around lows.
		Where the thermal wind blows from high to low values of vorticity (positive isothermal vorticity advection--piva or positive or cyclonic voriticty advection by the thermal wind), there is quasigeostrophic forcing for upwards omega and vice versa.
	home.earthlink.net /~montever/warmadv/trenberth.html (454 words)

	Pros and Cons of Various Methods of Generating Electricity
		Fossil fuel electricity is only cheaper than the more viable of the environmentally friendly options (for example, wind farms and hot dry rock geothermal) because the fossil fuel power station operators are allowed to dump their toxic waste (carbon dioxide) into the atmosphere at no cost to themselves.
		Wind farm electricity wholesales for around 7 to 8 cents per KWhr (without any subsidies), and one prominent developer of hot dry rock electricity estimates that it will be able to wholesale at 4 cents per KWhr.
		Wind Power discusses the subject in general as well as its use in South Australia.
	www.geocities.com /daveclarkecb/ElecGenProsCons.html (3421 words)

	No Title
		We also assume that at maximum intensity, the anticyclone at the storm top is fully developed (zero absolute vorticity) and that the gradient wind may be approximated by the cyclostrophic wind at the radius of maximum winds.
		When these conditions are satisfied, the thermal wind equation can be combined with an equation governing entropy in the boundary layer in regions near the eyewall where little entrainment of dry air through the top of the boundary layer occurs, resulting in:
		Lastly, we estimate the central pressure as in E95 by assuming that the flow inside the radius of maximum winds is in solid body rotation and cyclostrophic balance.
	wind.mit.edu /~emanuel/pcmin/pclat/pclat.html (678 words)

	Lake Garda wind & weather / Gardasee Wetter
		If wind from the north is predicted, so forecast is made for Malcesine (best surfspot for norterhly wind).
		The Ora is a thermal wind which develops at around noon or in the early afternonn when the sun heats up the mountain ranges to the North (the Alps) which causes the air to rise.
		The wind usually reaches around 4-5 Beaufort on the northern part of the lake near Torbole and Riva.
	www.windfinder.com /weather/gardawinds.htm (409 words)

	seethrmal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		We keep an average of these observations, because values for ambient wind speed and direction are key elements in the calculations we make when we think a thermal is active.
		The direction of the thermal from the end of Ww to the end of Wmeas is angle beta.
		In the context of this challenge, “demonstrating that it works” means showing that the system can identify the existence of thermals and spot their location well enough that a competent HLG pilot can consistently launch into the indicated lift and make thermal flights.
	www.mvsaclub.com /docs/seethrmal.htm (1057 words)

	Solar Thermal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Wind power is a great renewable energy source, and the costs are coming down, but again if you are in a solar region, with sparse amounts of wind, solar thermal is the only choice.
		Solar thermal energy is eminently practical and soon to be available to all home power enthusiasts.
		Solar Pump - thermal hydraulic water pumps - Deluge, Inc. is a Phoenix, Arizona based manufacturer of thermal hydraulic-powered water pumping systems with important implications for remote locations and developing regions.
	www.green-trust.org /thermal.htm (1152 words)

	35.2.1.1 The thermal wind Richardson number and the depth range
		Using the thermal wind Richardson number (34.87) brings the squared inverse time scale to the form
		Again, the source of this cancellation is the use of thermal wind balance for computing the Richardson number.
		Consequently, the time scale is an explicit function only of the vertically averaged horizontal and vertical stratification.
	www.gfdl.noaa.gov /~smg/MOM/web/guide_parent/s7node262.html (382 words)

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