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Topic: Thermobaric weapon

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Thermobaric weapon

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	9-11 Research: Thermobarics
		A 'thermobaric' weapon is one that uses atmospheric oxygen, instead of carrying its own oxidizer, to achieve an explosion.
		The most common type of thermobaric weapon uses a primary charge to disperse its fuel into an aerosol, and a secondary charge to ignite the aerosol.
		The use of hydrogen-based thermobarics is thus consistent with the absence of colorful fireworks in the destruction of the Twin Towers.
	911research.wtc7.net /wtc/analysis/theories/thermobarics.html (1113 words)

	Thermobaric weapon - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Thermobaric weapons distinguish themselves from conventional weapons by using atmospheric oxygen, instead of carrying an oxidizer in their explosives.
		Thermobaric weapons work by first expelling a cloud of explosive mist using a small charge, then igniting it with a second charge.
		A thermobaric weapons consists of a container of a volatile liquid, in some designs including a finely powdered explosive component as a slurry, and (typically) two separate explosive charges.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Fuel-air_explosive (715 words)

	Thermobaric weapon
		A high-impulse thermobaric weapon (HIT), also known as a fuel-air explosive (FAE or FAX), a "heat and pressure" weapon, or a "vacuum bomb," consists of a container of a slurry of volatile liquid or finely powdered explosive and two separate explosive charges.
		After the munition is dropped or fired, the first explosive charge bursts open the container at a predetermined height and disperses the fuel in a cloud that mixes with atmospheric oxygen (the size of the cloud varies with the size of the munition, and can also be created without explosives).
		Russian forces have a wide array of these weapons and reportedly used them against Chinese forces in a 1969 border conflict, and certainly used them in Afghanistan and in Chechnya.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/th/Thermobaric_weapon.html (321 words)

	Fuel Air (Thermobaric) Weapons
		Thermobaric weapons have been used by the Russians since the 1960's and were combat tested during the Russians campaign in Afghanistan in the 1980's and have been used during the modern Russian campaigns in Chechnya during the late 1990's and early 21st century.
		The apart from weapons delivered by air the Russians developed the 'Buratino' a 30 barrel 220mm MLRS based on a T-72 Chassis which was first used in the 1980's in Afghanistan with a range of 3.5-5km and a minimum range of 400 meters.
		Thermobaric weapons although very effective are not without their critics, the use of them against Chechen rebels by Russians has lead to accusations of indiscrimate use and civilian deaths especially during urban combat.
	www.historyofwar.org /articles/weapons_thermobaric.html (439 words)

	Omnipelagos.com ~ article "Thermobaric weapon"
		Thermobaric weapons distinguish themselves from conventional explosive weapons by using atmospheric oxygen, instead of carrying an oxidizer in their explosives.
		Thermobaric weapons relate to closed-zone convection or air displacement as the primary objective.
		The weapon is detonated upon dropping or firing, and the first explosive charge (or some other dispersal mechanism) bursts open the container at a predetermined height and disperses the fuel in a cloud that mixes with atmospheric oxygen.
	www.omnipelagos.com /entry?n=thermobaric_weapon (1463 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Scud
		A high-impulse thermobaric weapon (HIT), also known as a fuel-air explosive (FAE or FAX), a heat and pressure weapon, or a vacuum bomb, consists of a container of a volatile liquid, in some designs including a finely powdered explosive component as a slurry, and (typically) two separate explosive...
		This mobility allows for a choice of firing position and increases the survivability of the weapon system (to such an extent that, of the approximately 100 launchers claimed destroyed by coalition pilots and special forces in the Gulf War, not a single destruction could be confirmed afterwards).
		Weapons of Iraq This list of missiles by country displays the names of missiles in order of the country where they originate, with the countries listed alphabetically and annotated with their continent (and defence alliance, if applicable).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Scud (3025 words)

	Defense Update - News Analysis by David Eshel: Thermobaric Explosives - the Perfect Weapon for Urban Terrorists
		This kind is of weapon, developed during the Cold War in the former Soviet Union, is known highly lethal in confined surroundings, such as underground tube systems and rail carriages.
		The Thermobaric bomb is just about the most vicious weapon you can imagine - igniting the air, sucking the oxygen out of an enclosed area, and creating a massive pressure wave crushing anything unfortunate enough to have lived through the conflagration.
		The soviet Union developed a wide range of thermobaric weapons, which were used by Russia in the Chechnya campaign of 1999.
	www.defense-update.com /2006/01/thermobaric-explosives-perfect-weapon.html (465 words)

	Total Military Affairs Forum (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Explosives used in thermobaric weapons are generally oxygen-deficient; additional oxygen from the air is required to achieve complete combustion of the charge.
		Thermobaric warheads are also employed in artillery shells and multi-round rocket systems like the GUP TOS-1 (220mm, 30-round launcher).2 Weapons of this nature are advertised in arms shows and seem to be readily available to any country or terrorist organisation.
		Thermobaric weapons are able to overcome shortcomings of conventional blast/fragmentation and shaped-charge munitions for specific targets.
	www.network54.com /Forum/527082/thread/1160348150/last-1162221565/Thermobaric+Weapons-+Hell+in+the+Battlefield (1664 words)

	Defense Tech: THERMOBARIC TERRORISTS?
		The thermobaric bomb is just about the most vicious weapon you can imagine -- igniting the air, sucking the oxygen out of an enclosed area, and creating a massive pressure wave crushing anything unfortunate enough to have lived through the conflagration.
		Thermobaric bombs, which the U.S. military is striving to perfect, may also be emerging as a weapon of choice for terrorists, according to a bomb expert at Battelle, a research institute...
		They are not being provided with important information about thermobaric weapons, such as safe standoff distances, how the much more powerful blast of a thermobaric weapon would be deflected and channeled by buildings and how to render thermobaric weapons safe, he said.
	www.defensetech.org /archives/000747.html (0 words)

	Thermobaric weapon Information
		Some thermobaric weapons work by first expelling a cloud of explosive mist using a small charge, then igniting it with a second charge.
		Many newer types of thermobaric weapons do not disperse the fuel before igniting it, but are "single stage" bombs which have one explosive charge that both ignites and disperses the fuel.
		A fuel-air device was used to destroy the submarine USS Ethan Allen in the novel The Hunt for Red October, to cover the escape of the defecting Soviet submarine.
	www.bookrags.com /Fuel-air_explosive (1262 words)

	Defense Tech: THERMOBARIC TERRORISTS? (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The thermobaric bomb is just about the most vicious weapon you can imagine -- igniting the air, sucking the oxygen out of an enclosed area, and creating a massive pressure wave crushing anything unfortunate enough to have lived through the conflagration.
		Thermobaric bombs, which the U.S. military is striving to perfect, may also be emerging as a weapon of choice for terrorists, according to a bomb expert at Battelle, a research institute...
		They are not being provided with important information about thermobaric weapons, such as safe standoff distances, how the much more powerful blast of a thermobaric weapon would be deflected and channeled by buildings and how to render thermobaric weapons safe, he said.
	72.10.47.119 /archives/000747.html (291 words)

	Thermobaric weapon (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A high-impulse thermobaric weapon (HIT), also known as a fuel-air explosive (FAE or FAX), a "heat andpressure" weapon, or a "vacuum bomb," consists of a container of a volatile liquid, insome designs including a finely powdered explosive component as a slurry, and(typically) two separate explosive charges.
		After the munition is dropped or fired, the first explosive charge (or some otherdispersal mechanism) bursts open the container at a predetermined height and disperses the fuel in a cloud that mixes withatmospheric oxygen.
		Russian forces have a wide array of these weapons ([1]) and reportedly used them against Chinese forces in a 1969 border conflict, and certainly usedthem in Afghanistan and in Chechnya.
	www.therfcc.org /thermobaric-weapon-46376.html (528 words)

	News \| Gainesville.com \| The Gainesville Sun \| Gainesville, Fla. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The term thermobaric is derived from the Greek words for 'heat' and 'pressure'—'therme' (Θερμό) and 'baros' (Βάρος), respectively.
		Arguably, the use of flamethrowers in the trench warfare of World War I (the modern flamethrower was a German invention) could constitute the first use of a primitive "vacuum weapon", in that they could suffocate people protected from the direct weapon effects inside a pillbox or bunker.
		TOS-1 "Buratino" is another Russian Army FAE weapon system, composed of a multiple rocket launcher mounted on a T-72 chassis.
	www.gainesville.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Thermobaric_weapon_ (1537 words)

	BBC News \| SOUTH ASIA \| Analysis: How thermobaric bombs work
		The weapons create a huge pressure wave which effectively sucks the air out of the lungs of anyone unfortunate enough to be within range.
		The thermobaric weapon reproduces this situation to order, distributing a very fine cloud of explosive material throughout the target which is then ignited.
		Thermobaric weapons are closely related to so-called fuel-air explosives - where the explosive cloud is provided by a volatile gas or liquid.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/south_asia/1854371.stm (0 words)

	Defense Tech: Thermobaric Foes: Explosive Threat
		Thermobaric warheads put the power to demolish buildings into the hands of the average U.S. marine.
		In effect it is a shove rather than a punch: a thermobaric explosion does not smash a hole in a wall, it pushes the wall over.
		In 1988, the Russians were the first to field a shoulder-launched thermobaric weapon, the RPO-A.
	www.defensetech.org /archives/001969.html (0 words)

	Thermobaric weapons under fire again - gizmag Article
		The term "thermobaric" is derived from the effects of temperature (the Greek word "therme" means "heat") and pressure (the Greek word "baros" means "pressure") on the target.
		Thermobarics first disperse a flammable mist of underoxidised fuel which ignites to create a gigantic explosion of immense destructiveness.
		The thermobaric weapon integrates, demonstrates and delivers an improved weapon system for the functional defeat of tunnel targets.
	www.gizmag.com /go/4856 (782 words)

	todd
		The thermobaric weapon works by propelling a warhead that scatters an aerosol explosive on or before impact with the target and then immediately igniting this to create a high-pressure blast wave.
		Russian variants of this latter weapon include one that combines a thermobaric warhead with a small hollow charge, which is designed to penetrate structures prior to detonation of the main warhead, thus considerably enhancing its effects.
		The anti-personnel effects of these Russian weapons -- larger than the one under development in the UK -- are devastating: any troops in the target area are crushed to death, while those further away from the blast site experience crushing injuries, concussions, numerous internal injuries or even displacement of the eyes from their sockets.
	www.powmadeak47.com /nato/ddnato010104fuelair.html (516 words)

	BLU-82B - Dumb Bombs
		The BLU-82B/C-130 weapon system, nicknamed Commando Vault in Vietnam and Daisy Cutter in Afghanistan, is a high altitude delivery of 15,000 pound conventional bomb, delivered from an MC-130 since it is far too heavy for the bomb racks on any bomber or attack aircraft.
		Originally designed to create an instant clearing in the jungle, it has been used in Afghanistan as an anti-personnel weapon and as an intimidation weapon because of its very large lethal radius (variously reported as 300-900 feet) combined with flash and sound visible at long distances.
		The weapon produces an overpressure of 1000 psi [pounds per square inch] near ground zero, tapering off as distance increases.
	www.fas.org /man/dod-101/sys/dumb/blu-82.htm (460 words)

	New thermobaric weapon used by Marines in Iraq - Tactical Gamer
		Thermobaric weapons like this have always gotten harsh criticisms when they were used in Afghanistan and Chetchnya by the Soviets/Russians for their disproportionate response, lack of precise and consequent noncombatant casualties.
		If the thermobaric round is adapted to the rapid fire grenade launcher on the new service rifle, I can only image this turning into a PR nightmare.
		Honestly precision aim needed for thermobarics would mean the GL airburst function on the programable rangefinder on the new service rifle would be better suited to frag grenades anyway.
	www.tacticalgamer.com /battlefield-2-general-discussion/62842-new-thermobaric-weapon-used-marines-iraq.html (1149 words)

	Defense Tech: Marines Quiet About Brutal New Weapon
		Thermobaric weapons almost invariable lead to civilian deaths.
		The Soviet Union was heavily criticized for using thermobaric weapons in Afghanistan because they were held to constitute "disproportionate force," and similar criticisms were made when thermobarics were used in the Chechen conflict.
		Posted by: Michael at September 13, 2007 06:40 AM Thermobaric weapons are an advance in war technology but they are troubling because of their propensity to kill and maim civilians - like chemical weapons or cluster bombs.
	www.defensetech.org /archives/001944.html (0 words)

	PREVIEW: Sucking the Oxygen Out of a Cave
		The Russians used thermobaric weapons during the 1994-1996 war in Chechnya and in Dagestan in 1999.
		According to GlobalSecurity.org, "conventional weapons could not force out the Chechens and the Russian Army looked for other ways to move them." The Russians ruled out chemical weapons and resorted to "ground-delivered thermobaric weapons." (It is believed that only the United States, Russia, and the United Kingdom possess versions of the thermobaric bomb.)
		That certainly seems to be the case with thermobaric weapons--deployed against the Taliban now, then improved and enhanced, and made ready for the next war.
	www.weeklystandard.com /Utilities/printer_preview.asp?idArticle=1005&R=4F58212E3 (917 words)

	thermobaric weaponry, the anti sniper round. Weaponry - Single Post
		Thermobaric weapons almost invariable lead to civilian deaths.
		The Soviet Union was heavily criticized for using thermobaric weapons in Afghanistan because they were held to constitute “disproportionate force,” and similar criticisms were made when thermobarics were used in the Chechen conflict.
		According to Human Rights Watch, thermobaric weapons “kill and injure in a particularly brutal manner over a wide area.
	www.abovetopsecret.com /forum/single/1830678.html (451 words)

	Uranium weapons 2001-2003 hazards for Iraq - summary
		This is a summary of a new analysis that questions the weapons that may be used by US and allied forces in the proposed war on Iraq and issues for international decision makers and media.
		Weapons of mass destruction cause sudden death or destruction in target areas, some with long term or widespread effects.
		They have been updated for the two new US hard target weapons - the Thermobaric bomb GBU-118/B first used in February and the 20,000 lb Big BLU (8) reported to be under development in March 2002 (planned since 1997 and probably operational now).
	www.eoslifework.co.uk /u23.htm (2866 words)

	Does Britain's new weapon break Geneva Convention?
		The procurement of the so-called anti-structure weapons is to be officially announced in Parliament tomorrow by the defence procurement minister, Lord Drayson.
		The new weapon will be around 3ft long, weigh less than 20lb but be capable of accurately firing wall-busting grenades from hundreds of yards.
		The new weapon is not likely to come in time to support infantry operations for some time to come, however.
	www.prisonplanet.com /articles/february2006/050206weapon.htm (529 words)

	When a Gun Is More Than a Gun
		The 33-inch-long weapon is designed to fire two types of rounds: standard bullets and programmable, grenade-like ammunition that explode in the air.
		Thermobaric grenades and mini-rockets were among dozens of current and future munitions the military demonstrated this week at Picatinny Arsenal, the Army's lone research-and-development center for armaments and ammunition.
		The fuel that's shot out of a thermobaric weapon is underoxidized, according to Judah Goldwasser, a program officer at the Office of Naval Research.
	www.wired.com /news/conflict/0,2100,58094,00.html (0 words)

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